{
  "block": 106144759,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7117.046814 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-18T01:21:06",
  "trx_id": "7fe42118160ff0f44d891bc0292fef48897fc47d",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 105981039,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4404.836409 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-05-12T08:17:27",
  "trx_id": "94e13948bb13aeb72c3b94fb52b8854355b222d2",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 105512378,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7129.562570 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-04-26T00:40:06",
  "trx_id": "86287d846f1b83a7f6e9dc02925d6f7aa357e149",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 102855348,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4446.383228 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2026-01-23T10:45:09",
  "trx_id": "f50a53ef2b7855e3a21c8a2b5808626eb3944c58",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 91301708,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4610.602425 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-12-17T06:02:24",
  "trx_id": "e5b7dbc6e6bed6b524f85c8045f3fb26cedeb527",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 79855898,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "4779.735957 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-13T21:44:39",
  "trx_id": "e7863af5b6981d3b1d8b509127fee18921c306bc",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 78349380,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7717.014743 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-09-21T23:07:33",
  "trx_id": "409034af28c1c5ed1c7345eec3266266350f2a39",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 69114511,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "7938.696181 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-11-03T12:45:00",
  "trx_id": "498ee83dd3f96606ce3df7ddb0c04924b9988369",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 60810574,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8159.229412 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-17T11:55:39",
  "trx_id": "bbc3b7e0e4e005f6bf110d6c9b079497e0ef4dbf",
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 54608904,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8342.998070 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-06-14T01:48:12",
  "trx_id": "123e8b2458544f44a555436c9fc94944bd38aaab",
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 49356320,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8530.420044 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-11T12:05:42",
  "trx_id": "450d291ccb5a6b45d7b3c6efb2a9e25346b7347a",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 49207879,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1912.543513 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-06T05:42:36",
  "trx_id": "99d57ce6b34cce3fbafdf0ceda98e583b65b0f8f",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 49191413,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8536.627898 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-05T15:43:30",
  "trx_id": "fbd9a143c92caca9d05379ee9aa9079666306972",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 48260213,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1920.017158 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-11-02T17:41:09",
  "trx_id": "45943d1eed65bd67885283d035ae1f7dfd52ccd0",
  "trx_in_block": 11,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 43218142,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8739.433257 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-09T06:40:54",
  "trx_id": "85dceb3f02f05886df31071a191df0ee99bf6086",
  "trx_in_block": 12,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 43194408,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "1953.311140 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-05-08T10:25:48",
  "trx_id": "4c009c9919bdb99b5d4b0407b14ff6f7b3bfdebe",
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 42565930,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8752.320705 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-04-16T00:31:03",
  "trx_id": "c7c401a4ae57c2a4520989821e3239c046cebf73",
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 38406379,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @idhem! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@idhem/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@idhem) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=idhem)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-idhem-20191122t195947000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-11-22T19:59:48",
  "trx_id": "eb5cd23229670878c708c7b6b58120cc80a92cc8",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 32848727,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "8947.937518 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-05-12T17:36:12",
  "trx_id": "3aae87554a0932438240c1296540e4b0deecf268",
  "trx_in_block": 33,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 27931950,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @idhem! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@idhem/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board of Honor](https://steemitboard.com/@idhem)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-the-results-the-winners-and-the-prizes\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeLukvNFRsa7RURqsFpiLGEZZD49MiU52JtWmjS5S2wtW/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-the-results-the-winners-and-the-prizes\">Meet the Steemians Contest - The results, the winners and the prizes</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-special-attendees-revealed\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeLukvNFRsa7RURqsFpiLGEZZD49MiU52JtWmjS5S2wtW/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-special-attendees-revealed\">Meet the Steemians Contest - Special attendees revealed</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-intermediate-results\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeLukvNFRsa7RURqsFpiLGEZZD49MiU52JtWmjS5S2wtW/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemfest/@steemitboard/meet-the-steemians-contest-intermediate-results\">Meet the Steemians Contest - Intermediate results</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-idhem-20181122t200650000z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-22T20:06:51",
  "trx_id": "129982fbbfee358f3d48372dd15ff268fc42d0c0",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 22489927,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "9147.585916 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-05-16T20:21:18",
  "trx_id": "d04d8910bfc9ee4b5fc8d58de66cca0a929b47f8",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 21771179,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "29535.554956 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-04-21T20:44:33",
  "trx_id": "9b1be734e45afbe0f9e5c334e16fdf1ffebc3f32",
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 18032608,
  "op": [
    "delegate_vesting_shares",
    {
      "delegatee": "idhem",
      "delegator": "steem",
      "vesting_shares": "29739.387008 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-12T22:21:15",
  "trx_id": "0b60852b3bf2a6c8aeb566520432b9a5bc045f8a",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17735773,
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "sbd_payout": "0.013 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.000 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "26.678679 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-02T14:51:06",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": 2
}

{
  "block": 17699015,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "voter": "sirkim",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-12-01T08:12:57",
  "trx_id": "43fd0e32bb75d18dff3951fac1776c675c43759a",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17684305,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "the.big",
      "body": "Nice topic",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"causes\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "permlink": "re-idhem-what-causes-hunger-around-the-world-20171130t195720591z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:57:24",
  "trx_id": "90bdc3ff9d22641984c02e3fb6f1fdd515e9fb54",
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17684301,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "voter": "the.big",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:57:12",
  "trx_id": "19ded8622c29eed27c5101f1bdc633a60929be1a",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17684076,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "aherbil",
      "body": "Good job",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"causes\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "permlink": "re-idhem-what-causes-hunger-around-the-world-20171130t194554047z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:45:57",
  "trx_id": "79e372bc0c0d8a9cc7fd45ba4a67afc196bf0db8",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17684071,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "voter": "aherbil",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:45:42",
  "trx_id": "aecf8bea20dc0bf1b24716e2bccefe535cd4f546",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17683928,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "imadox",
      "body": "nice",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"causes\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "permlink": "re-idhem-what-causes-hunger-around-the-world-20171130t193833532z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:38:33",
  "trx_id": "ccc2735064902672be641bc11294c91d69648f2f",
  "trx_in_block": 25,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17683922,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "voter": "imadox",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T19:38:15",
  "trx_id": "c8cc14f22f2bd2439fbe0d64ee653d5629dfe365",
  "trx_in_block": 31,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17682994,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "In 1993, the American magazine New York Times published one of the most sorrowful pictures in the history of humanity. It was a photo of a Sudanese toddler dying of hunger while a big vulture is waiting for her fatal moment to make her body its prey. The picture illustrates a hazardous idea of how monstrous and dreadful the calamity of famine can be.\n\n![time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcjyg4Wd4Ks7tsdituJPP1fGASd8q4VWqFwb1HCsMaT3e/time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg)\n\nEven after 24 years of that tragic death of the Sudanese child, the problem of hunger is still spreading around the world. So then, what are the main causes of the famine? Actually, there are three principle reasons for the propagation of hunger: **overpopulation, inefficient agriculture**, and **disasters**.\n\n**1- Overpopulation**\nMany reports have proven that the issue of overpopulation is the first main reason of hunger. Statistics show that countries whose populations rise remarkably, have more exposure to be hit by the epidemic of famine. Moreover, developing countries usually come on the top of the list. Accordingly, poverty also contributes to the spread of famine. As a matter of example, some poor families tend to have so many children; consequently, as the demand for food rises, parents cannot provide it sufficiently to all the members.\n\n![téléchargement.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSNBkaYAJsQC17n7Vnc2CM8WQKTMDfv3dXPTVkVxfKNcT/t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement.jpg)\n\nFor this reason, in order to fight against hunger, several countries have promulgated laws that concern birth-control. For instance, China had known a noticeable decrease in hunger rates after its qualitative procedure of birth-control. Therefore, so many other countries have followed the same path as China in order to stop the population growth, and fight the famine. \n\n**2- Inefficient Agriculture**\nThe inefficient agriculture causes food shortages; therefore, it causes hunger. As a matter of fact, producing sufficient food depends certainly on a well-sophisticated agriculture field. For the most part, developing countries cannot accommodate all nutritional needs of the people. This is due to crumbling infrastructure and poor agricultural practices. So then, they’re obliged to import it from other countries. For instance, American grain products, especially corn, are exported to many African countries like Morocco. These countries, which cannot achieve self-sufficiency of food, may face a serious problem of hunger. Therefore, the trade of food has a major impact on reducing famine and poverty in the third world.\n\n![0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWSozmRZ1LcxBt356XxGPD8bvW4Py3CNEKq8GPfT3fwGH/0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg)\n\n**3- Disasters**\nThe third major cause of famine is disasters. In addition to extreme climate changes and natural catastrophes, this last reason behind hunger also includes wars and conflicts. So then, calamities, whether they were natural disasters or wars, leave dramatic impacts on the production of arable land. For example, storms, earthquakes, flood and droughts can cause communities a lot of destruction and an unimaginable damage of food sources. It’s no coincidence that many countries which are exposed to natural disasters are also the regions most ravaged by hunger. Haiti and Ethiopia make perfect examples of countries whose populations were destroyed by famine. On another hand, wars and conflicts are also major causes of hunger. As they force people to abandon their homes, these calamities contribute in famine spread. In many cases, families face a drop in income and access to arable land. Worse than that, food is often seized and directed to fighters, leaving the really needy people to suffer.\n\n![Famine-1200-1024x576.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmby6S6LqNdyGojSXYuikLjb42ChQrpYVsLVk462mPrXfz/Famine-1200-1024x576.png)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"hunger\",\"reasons\",\"causes\",\"famine\",\"sudan\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcjyg4Wd4Ks7tsdituJPP1fGASd8q4VWqFwb1HCsMaT3e/time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmSNBkaYAJsQC17n7Vnc2CM8WQKTMDfv3dXPTVkVxfKNcT/t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmWSozmRZ1LcxBt356XxGPD8bvW4Py3CNEKq8GPfT3fwGH/0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmby6S6LqNdyGojSXYuikLjb42ChQrpYVsLVk462mPrXfz/Famine-1200-1024x576.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "causes",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "title": "What Causes Hunger Around the World?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T18:51:51",
  "trx_id": "7361ce878885127bb81d47faf5678930f2188261",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17682905,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "In 1993, the American magazine New York Times published one of the most sorrowful pictures in the history of humanity. It was a photo of a Sudanese toddler dying of hunger while a big vulture is waiting for her fatal moment to make her body its prey. The picture illustrates a hazardous idea of how monstrous and dreadful the calamity of famine can be.\n\n![time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcjyg4Wd4Ks7tsdituJPP1fGASd8q4VWqFwb1HCsMaT3e/time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg)\n\nEven after 24 years of that tragic death of the Sudanese child, the problem of hunger is still spreading around the world. So then, what are the main causes of the famine? Actually, there are three principle reasons for the propagation of hunger: **overpopulation, inefficient agriculture**, and **disasters**.\n\n**1- Overpopulation**\nMany reports have proven that the issue of overpopulation is the first main reason of hunger. Statistics show that countries whose populations rise remarkably, have more exposure to be hit by the epidemic of famine. Moreover, developing countries usually come on the top of the list. Accordingly, poverty also contributes to the spread of famine. As a matter of example, some poor families tend to have so many children; consequently, as the demand for food rises, parents cannot provide it sufficiently to all the members.\n\n![téléchargement.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSNBkaYAJsQC17n7Vnc2CM8WQKTMDfv3dXPTVkVxfKNcT/t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement.jpg)\n\nFor this reason, in order to fight against hunger, several countries have promulgated laws that concern birth-control. For instance, China had known a noticeable decrease in hunger rates after its qualitative procedure of birth-control. Therefore, so many other countries have followed the same path as China in order to stop the population growth, and fight the famine. \n\n**2- Inefficient Agriculture**\nThe inefficient agriculture causes food shortages; therefore, it causes hunger. As a matter of fact, producing sufficient food depends certainly on a well-sophisticated agriculture field. For the most part, developing countries cannot accommodate all nutritional needs of the people. This is due to crumbling infrastructure and poor agricultural practices. So then, they’re obliged to import it from other countries. For instance, American grain products, especially corn, are exported to many African countries like Morocco. These countries, which cannot achieve self-sufficiency of food, may face a serious problem of hunger. Therefore, the trade of food has a major impact on reducing famine and poverty in the third world.\n\n![0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWSozmRZ1LcxBt356XxGPD8bvW4Py3CNEKq8GPfT3fwGH/0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg)\n\n**3- Disasters**\nThe third major cause of famine is disasters. In addition to extreme climate changes and natural catastrophes, this last reason behind hunger also includes wars and conflicts. So then, calamities, whether they were natural disasters or wars, leave dramatic impacts on the production of arable land. For example, storms, earthquakes, flood and droughts can cause communities a lot of destruction and an unimaginable damage of food sources. It’s no coincidence that many countries which are exposed to natural disasters are also the regions most ravaged by hunger. Haiti and Ethiopia make perfect examples of countries whose populations were destroyed by famine. On another hand, wars and conflicts are also major causes of hunger. As they force people to abandon their homes, these calamities contribute in famine spread. In many cases, families face a drop in income and access to arable land. Worse than that, food is often seized and directed to fighters, leaving the really needy people to suffer.\n\n![Famine-1200-1024x576.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmby6S6LqNdyGojSXYuikLjb42ChQrpYVsLVk462mPrXfz/Famine-1200-1024x576.png)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"causes\",\"reason\",\"famine\",\"sudan\",\"hunger\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcjyg4Wd4Ks7tsdituJPP1fGASd8q4VWqFwb1HCsMaT3e/time-100-influential-photos-kevin-carter-starving-child-vulture-87.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmSNBkaYAJsQC17n7Vnc2CM8WQKTMDfv3dXPTVkVxfKNcT/t%C3%A9l%C3%A9chargement.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmWSozmRZ1LcxBt356XxGPD8bvW4Py3CNEKq8GPfT3fwGH/0da65c68d580f9b97dd69e49e37c2137.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmby6S6LqNdyGojSXYuikLjb42ChQrpYVsLVk462mPrXfz/Famine-1200-1024x576.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "causes",
      "permlink": "what-causes-hunger-around-the-world",
      "title": "What Causes Hunger Around the World?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-30T18:47:24",
  "trx_id": "c4e3007cba2f4256648e6c1ef5c50ff4a981714a",
  "trx_in_block": 10,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17535361,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "Thanks for the input",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "ruth-girl",
      "parent_permlink": "re-idhem-why-is-animal-testing-important-20171125t154301202z",
      "permlink": "re-ruth-girl-re-idhem-why-is-animal-testing-important-20171125t155322247z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T15:47:06",
  "trx_id": "3aa55e4cea4e707c3edeadd3517c4d2427bdb192",
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17535276,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "ruth-girl",
      "body": "https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0ip5G0ssjJg/WdDhNtpad7I/AAAAAAAAALo/ZlCZ75cpmJAJu6JN1b_OvP1JHhWI3QT_QCLcBGAs/s640/stem%2Btag.jpg",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\"],\"image\":[\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0ip5G0ssjJg/WdDhNtpad7I/AAAAAAAAALo/ZlCZ75cpmJAJu6JN1b_OvP1JHhWI3QT_QCLcBGAs/s640/stem%2Btag.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}",
      "parent_author": "idhem",
      "parent_permlink": "why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "permlink": "re-idhem-why-is-animal-testing-important-20171125t154301202z",
      "title": ""
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T15:42:51",
  "trx_id": "1617ff217d6b7c2aa2858856879f577e9f507470",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534588,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "z4tad-why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "voter": "fivestargroup",
      "weight": 2
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T15:08:27",
  "trx_id": "3cccf992479fe3fb4c362645eeb66b86746918f1",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534523,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "voter": "idhem",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T15:05:12",
  "trx_id": "dc60df041a1a7dff7121c0e0a0a3cf36423df8d8",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534388,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "z4tad-why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "voter": "hotrix",
      "weight": 3000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:58:27",
  "trx_id": "26a24ab545483cce1c2ef9461913e3c1e7aee8fd",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534387,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "The evolution of science has become massive in the last years. Whether it is medicine, astronomy, biology, physics or chemistry, the recent findings of scientific research are absolutely impressive. For the most part, research requires a long process of experiments. Therefore, many laboratories tend to exploit animals in their research. However, there might be a different perspective concerning this scientific use. In fact, this topic usually creates a heated controversy between two opposing sides. By and large, although many organizations appeal for the respect of animal rights, scientific research makes it fundamental to use them for experiments.\n\n![Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg)\n\n\n**1- Animal testting doesn't mean inflicting serious wounds and pain on animals!**\nMany people oppose to the use of animals in science, and support their position by considering animal testing as a harmful act toward these beings. They also justify this objection by the popular belief that animals are generally subjected to radical changes of their natural lifestyle, food deprivation, consecutive and forced injections, or even worse: mutilation. However, as a matter of fact, these are only stereotypes and fallacious ideas about this topic. The reality is that only 8% of scientific experiments actually inflict serious wounds and pain on animals. Meanwhile, the majority of cases represents no danger or harm as many severe laws are in place to ensure humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, although these procedures could sometimes be dangerous, they actually aim to examine the effect of a product or a certain operation on a living being which will absolutely contribute to hundreds of life-saving remedies and treatments. According to the website Aalasfoundation, “Today’s children routinely receive a vaccine that provides a lifetime of protection from the disease. Untold millions of people around the world are healthy adults because of these vaccines, which were made possible through animal research”. Therefore, animal testing is not cruel, yet it is an absolute life-saving procedure.\n\n![animal-testing-wide.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg)\n\n\n**2- Animals and humans are physiologically similar!**\nIn the second place, many support their objection to animal testing by their difference to human beings and therefore give inadequate and inaccurate results. However, it’s just a fallacy and a stereotype just like the previous one. Scientists take the position that animals and humans are similar in many ways. Therefore, the use of animals in science makes an appropriate mean of research, and gives accurate findings. According to the website procon.org, “chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. All mammals, including humans, are descended from common ancestors, and all have the same set of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in essentially the same way with the help of a bloodstream and central nervous system”. Based on that, animal testing is a proper way of experimental verification. Moreover, it gives exact results especially in the medical field thanks to the remarkable similarity between animals and humans. For instance, to check the result of a daily consumption of a vitamin pill or a substance that leads to some specific side effects, we must test it on animals first before allowing people to use it safely. Therefore, animal testing should be required in science acknowledging the great similarity between animals and human beings.\n\n![guinea pig and researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg)\n\n\n**3- If research abuses animal sources, we must realize that we acctually eat more than we use!**\nUltimately, opponents of animal testing argue that the overuse of animals is the major cause of inadequate sources of animals. Although this might be true, I do find it a lame excuse and a poor justification. Is it true that scientific research abuses animal sources? What about food? According to researcher Dave Anderson, “while the figure above of 26 million animals used in research each year sounds frighteningly large, it is in fact quite small.  Of those 26 million 95% are rodents (rats, mice etc), birds and fish, relatively few higher mammals are used. The human population of the United States eats about 9 billion chickens each year or more than 340 chickens for each animal used in research (3)”. Therefore, we can see exactly how the demand of food surpasses enormously the demand of animals in science. So then, the sources of animals used for scientific research is quite reasonable and rationalized. Besides, laboratories test on animals that have a short life-cycle and scattered in abundance. For instance, they use rats, mice, Guinea pigs or hamsters. Therefore, the use of animals in scientific research is harmless, essential and Irreplaceable.\n\n![102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg)\n\nAs a conclusion, it is imperative to use animals in scientific research. This procedure provides a good quality of scientific findings, and contributes to the development of science. Although, many people oppose to animal testing, I personally stand for such experiments. We would certainly contribute to saving hundreds of lives thanks to this method of scientific exploration. In contrast, if the animal testing was banned, we will be sacrificing the future of science. Modern methods of scientific study are not only based on theories, but also on experimental verification that requires a living whole-body system; therefore, we cannot abandon the use of animals in science. \n\n**Further hypothesis:** To which extent do ethical considerations and religious traditions affect the use of animals in scientific research?",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\",\"testing\",\"science\",\"research\",\"experimentation\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animal",
      "permlink": "z4tad-why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "title": "Why is Animal Testing Important? Explained reasons + Further scientific hypothesis"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:58:24",
  "trx_id": "e701fe7b07a4a9183db4c605be93508ffc5fa122",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534384,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "The evolution of science has become massive in the last years. Whether it is medicine, astronomy, biology, physics or chemistry, the recent findings of scientific research are absolutely impressive. For the most part, research requires a long process of experiments. Therefore, many laboratories tend to exploit animals in their research. However, there might be a different perspective concerning this scientific use. In fact, this topic usually creates a heated controversy between two opposing sides. By and large, although many organizations appeal for the respect of animal rights, scientific research makes it fundamental to use them for experiments.\n\n![Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg)\n\n\n**1- Animal testting doesn't mean inflicting serious wounds and pain on animals!**\nMany people oppose to the use of animals in science, and support their position by considering animal testing as a harmful act toward these beings. They also justify this objection by the popular belief that animals are generally subjected to radical changes of their natural lifestyle, food deprivation, consecutive and forced injections, or even worse: mutilation. However, as a matter of fact, these are only stereotypes and fallacious ideas about this topic. The reality is that only 8% of scientific experiments actually inflict serious wounds and pain on animals. Meanwhile, the majority of cases represents no danger or harm as many severe laws are in place to ensure humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, although these procedures could sometimes be dangerous, they actually aim to examine the effect of a product or a certain operation on a living being which will absolutely contribute to hundreds of life-saving remedies and treatments. According to the website Aalasfoundation, “Today’s children routinely receive a vaccine that provides a lifetime of protection from the disease. Untold millions of people around the world are healthy adults because of these vaccines, which were made possible through animal research”. Therefore, animal testing is not cruel, yet it is an absolute life-saving procedure.\n\n![animal-testing-wide.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg)\n\n\n**2- Animals and humans are physiologically similar!**\nIn the second place, many support their objection to animal testing by their difference to human beings and therefore give inadequate and inaccurate results. However, it’s just a fallacy and a stereotype just like the previous one. Scientists take the position that animals and humans are similar in many ways. Therefore, the use of animals in science makes an appropriate mean of research, and gives accurate findings. According to the website procon.org, “chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. All mammals, including humans, are descended from common ancestors, and all have the same set of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in essentially the same way with the help of a bloodstream and central nervous system”. Based on that, animal testing is a proper way of experimental verification. Moreover, it gives exact results especially in the medical field thanks to the remarkable similarity between animals and humans. For instance, to check the result of a daily consumption of a vitamin pill or a substance that leads to some specific side effects, we must test it on animals first before allowing people to use it safely. Therefore, animal testing should be required in science acknowledging the great similarity between animals and human beings.\n\n![guinea pig and researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg)\n\n\n**3- If research abuses animal sources, we must realize that we acctually eat more than we use!**\nUltimately, opponents of animal testing argue that the overuse of animals is the major cause of inadequate sources of animals. Although this might be true, I do find it a lame excuse and a poor justification. Is it true that scientific research abuses animal sources? What about food? According to researcher Dave Anderson, “while the figure above of 26 million animals used in research each year sounds frighteningly large, it is in fact quite small.  Of those 26 million 95% are rodents (rats, mice etc), birds and fish, relatively few higher mammals are used. The human population of the United States eats about 9 billion chickens each year or more than 340 chickens for each animal used in research (3)”. Therefore, we can see exactly how the demand of food surpasses enormously the demand of animals in science. So then, the sources of animals used for scientific research is quite reasonable and rationalized. Besides, laboratories test on animals that have a short life-cycle and scattered in abundance. For instance, they use rats, mice, Guinea pigs or hamsters. Therefore, the use of animals in scientific research is harmless, essential and Irreplaceable.\n\n![102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg)\n\nAs a conclusion, it is imperative to use animals in scientific research. This procedure provides a good quality of scientific findings, and contributes to the development of science. Although, many people oppose to animal testing, I personally stand for such experiments. We would certainly contribute to saving hundreds of lives thanks to this method of scientific exploration. In contrast, if the animal testing was banned, we will be sacrificing the future of science. Modern methods of scientific study are not only based on theories, but also on experimental verification that requires a living whole-body system; therefore, we cannot abandon the use of animals in science. \n\n**Further hypothesis:** To which extent do ethical considerations and religious traditions affect the use of animals in scientific research?",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\",\"testing\",\"science\",\"research\",\"experimentation\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animal",
      "permlink": "z4tad-why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "title": "Why is Animal Testing Important? Explained reasons + Further scientific hypothesis"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:58:15",
  "trx_id": "1bd6d76e2206515e97ed8386fe9cf9391d7fe823",
  "trx_in_block": 7,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534347,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "The evolution of science has become massive in the last years. Whether it is medicine, astronomy, biology, physics or chemistry, the recent findings of scientific research are absolutely impressive. For the most part, research requires a long process of experiments. Therefore, many laboratories tend to exploit animals in their research. However, there might be a different perspective concerning this scientific use. In fact, this topic usually creates a heated controversy between two opposing sides. By and large, although many organizations appeal for the respect of animal rights, scientific research makes it fundamental to use them for experiments.\n\n![Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg)\n\n\n**1- Animal testting doesn't mean inflicting serious wounds and pain on animals!**\nMany people oppose to the use of animals in science, and support their position by considering animal testing as a harmful act toward these beings. They also justify this objection by the popular belief that animals are generally subjected to radical changes of their natural lifestyle, food deprivation, consecutive and forced injections, or even worse: mutilation. However, as a matter of fact, these are only stereotypes and fallacious ideas about this topic. The reality is that only 8% of scientific experiments actually inflict serious wounds and pain on animals. Meanwhile, the majority of cases represents no danger or harm as many severe laws are in place to ensure humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, although these procedures could sometimes be dangerous, they actually aim to examine the effect of a product or a certain operation on a living being which will absolutely contribute to hundreds of life-saving remedies and treatments. According to the website Aalasfoundation, “Today’s children routinely receive a vaccine that provides a lifetime of protection from the disease. Untold millions of people around the world are healthy adults because of these vaccines, which were made possible through animal research”. Therefore, animal testing is not cruel, yet it is an absolute life-saving procedure.\n\n![animal-testing-wide.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg)\n\n\n**2- Animals and humans are physiologically similar!**\nIn the second place, many support their objection to animal testing by their difference to human beings and therefore give inadequate and inaccurate results. However, it’s just a fallacy and a stereotype just like the previous one. Scientists take the position that animals and humans are similar in many ways. Therefore, the use of animals in science makes an appropriate mean of research, and gives accurate findings. According to the website procon.org, “chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. All mammals, including humans, are descended from common ancestors, and all have the same set of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in essentially the same way with the help of a bloodstream and central nervous system”. Based on that, animal testing is a proper way of experimental verification. Moreover, it gives exact results especially in the medical field thanks to the remarkable similarity between animals and humans. For instance, to check the result of a daily consumption of a vitamin pill or a substance that leads to some specific side effects, we must test it on animals first before allowing people to use it safely. Therefore, animal testing should be required in science acknowledging the great similarity between animals and human beings.\n\n![guinea pig and researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg)\n\n\n**3- If research abuses animal sources, we must realize that we acctually eat more than we use!**\nUltimately, opponents of animal testing argue that the overuse of animals is the major cause of inadequate sources of animals. Although this might be true, I do find it a lame excuse and a poor justification. Is it true that scientific research abuses animal sources? What about food? According to researcher Dave Anderson, “while the figure above of 26 million animals used in research each year sounds frighteningly large, it is in fact quite small.  Of those 26 million 95% are rodents (rats, mice etc), birds and fish, relatively few higher mammals are used. The human population of the United States eats about 9 billion chickens each year or more than 340 chickens for each animal used in research (3)”. Therefore, we can see exactly how the demand of food surpasses enormously the demand of animals in science. So then, the sources of animals used for scientific research is quite reasonable and rationalized. Besides, laboratories test on animals that have a short life-cycle and scattered in abundance. For instance, they use rats, mice, Guinea pigs or hamsters. Therefore, the use of animals in scientific research is harmless, essential and Irreplaceable.\n\n![102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg)\n\nAs a conclusion, it is imperative to use animals in scientific research. This procedure provides a good quality of scientific findings, and contributes to the development of science. Although, many people oppose to animal testing, I personally stand for such experiments. We would certainly contribute to saving hundreds of lives thanks to this method of scientific exploration. In contrast, if the animal testing was banned, we will be sacrificing the future of science. Modern methods of scientific study are not only based on theories, but also on experimental verification that requires a living whole-body system; therefore, we cannot abandon the use of animals in science. \n\n**Further hypothesis:** To which extent do ethical considerations and religious traditions affect the use of animals in scientific research?",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\",\"testing\",\"science\",\"research\",\"experimentation\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animal",
      "permlink": "z4tad-why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "title": "Why is Animal Testing Important?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:56:24",
  "trx_id": "b3723203bf9500f666ea966437aad00e73985e0c",
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534243,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "permlink": "why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "voter": "pal",
      "weight": 5
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:51:12",
  "trx_id": "c1d9e30e59b4960cfec7dc27912f535a939d058b",
  "trx_in_block": 17,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17534241,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "idhem",
      "body": "The evolution of science has become massive in the last years. Whether it is medicine, astronomy, biology, physics or chemistry, the recent findings of scientific research are absolutely impressive. For the most part, research requires a long process of experiments. Therefore, many laboratories tend to exploit animals in their research. However, there might be a different perspective concerning this scientific use. In fact, this topic usually creates a heated controversy between two opposing sides. By and large, although many organizations appeal for the respect of animal rights, scientific research makes it fundamental to use them for experiments.\n\n![Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg)\n\n\n**1- Animal testting doesn't mean inflicting serious wounds and pain on animals!**\nMany people oppose to the use of animals in science, and support their position by considering animal testing as a harmful act toward these beings. They also justify this objection by the popular belief that animals are generally subjected to radical changes of their natural lifestyle, food deprivation, consecutive and forced injections, or even worse: mutilation. However, as a matter of fact, these are only stereotypes and fallacious ideas about this topic. The reality is that only 8% of scientific experiments actually inflict serious wounds and pain on animals. Meanwhile, the majority of cases represents no danger or harm as many severe laws are in place to ensure humane treatment of animals. Furthermore, although these procedures could sometimes be dangerous, they actually aim to examine the effect of a product or a certain operation on a living being which will absolutely contribute to hundreds of life-saving remedies and treatments. According to the website Aalasfoundation, “Today’s children routinely receive a vaccine that provides a lifetime of protection from the disease. Untold millions of people around the world are healthy adults because of these vaccines, which were made possible through animal research”. Therefore, animal testing is not cruel, yet it is an absolute life-saving procedure.\n\n![animal-testing-wide.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg)\n\n\n**2- Animals and humans are physiologically similar!**\nIn the second place, many support their objection to animal testing by their difference to human beings and therefore give inadequate and inaccurate results. However, it’s just a fallacy and a stereotype just like the previous one. Scientists take the position that animals and humans are similar in many ways. Therefore, the use of animals in science makes an appropriate mean of research, and gives accurate findings. According to the website procon.org, “chimpanzees share 99% of their DNA with humans, and mice are 98% genetically similar to humans. All mammals, including humans, are descended from common ancestors, and all have the same set of organs (heart, kidneys, lungs, etc.) that function in essentially the same way with the help of a bloodstream and central nervous system”. Based on that, animal testing is a proper way of experimental verification. Moreover, it gives exact results especially in the medical field thanks to the remarkable similarity between animals and humans. For instance, to check the result of a daily consumption of a vitamin pill or a substance that leads to some specific side effects, we must test it on animals first before allowing people to use it safely. Therefore, animal testing should be required in science acknowledging the great similarity between animals and human beings.\n\n![guinea pig and researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg)\n\n\n**3- If research abuses animal sources, we must realize that we acctually eat more than we use!**\nUltimately, opponents of animal testing argue that the overuse of animals is the major cause of inadequate sources of animals. Although this might be true, I do find it a lame excuse and a poor justification. Is it true that scientific research abuses animal sources? What about food? According to researcher Dave Anderson, “while the figure above of 26 million animals used in research each year sounds frighteningly large, it is in fact quite small.  Of those 26 million 95% are rodents (rats, mice etc), birds and fish, relatively few higher mammals are used. The human population of the United States eats about 9 billion chickens each year or more than 340 chickens for each animal used in research (3)”. Therefore, we can see exactly how the demand of food surpasses enormously the demand of animals in science. So then, the sources of animals used for scientific research is quite reasonable and rationalized. Besides, laboratories test on animals that have a short life-cycle and scattered in abundance. For instance, they use rats, mice, Guinea pigs or hamsters. Therefore, the use of animals in scientific research is harmless, essential and Irreplaceable.\n\n![102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg)\n\nAs a conclusion, it is imperative to use animals in scientific research. This procedure provides a good quality of scientific findings, and contributes in to the development of science. Although, many people oppose to animal testing, I personally stand for such experiments. We would certainly contribute to saving hundreds of lives thanks to this method of scientific exploration. In contrast, if the animal testing was banned, we will be sacrificing the future of science. Modern methods of scientific study are not only based on theories, but also on experimental verification that requires a living whole-body system; therefore, we cannot abandon the use of animals in science. \n\n**Further hypothesis:** To which extent do ethical considerations and religious traditions affect the use of animals in scientific research?",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"animal\",\"testing\",\"science\",\"research\",\"experimentation\"],\"image\":[\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdboXqmJxGQe9KJS5KVKKwMUshsPqMYQYCGkdGQoAFwTf/Cosmetics_animal_testing_-_Source_Shutterstock.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmZkfDswJ7ctvhhKYgVsb1dTgKJfKGcqjNXbbYHCetEvM1/animal-testing-wide.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmfGFWboZhXVAUHhoxP8v8Zp8aGjKXTqg4ue11qxqdzU36/guinea%20pig%20and%20researcher_121253367_444x296.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaBwcGvZiSDyPbrnG59V45URRpVFuiRXA5w6ggfbNvJW4/102694500-95011864.530x298.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "animal",
      "permlink": "why-is-animal-testing-important",
      "title": "Why is Animal Testing Important?"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-25T14:51:06",
  "trx_id": "a6a7bd5d520281f879554ea58839a4fbb9c59a76",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17453201,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"idhem\",\"following\":\"kalistacking\",\"what\":[]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "idhem"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-22T19:17:51",
  "trx_id": "614c993a8d22579bad722eea1b8fa1756bcca560",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17453199,
  "op": [
    "custom_json",
    {
      "id": "follow",
      "json": "[\"follow\",{\"follower\":\"idhem\",\"following\":\"kalistacking\",\"what\":[\"blog\"]}]",
      "required_auths": [],
      "required_posting_auths": [
        "idhem"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-22T19:17:45",
  "trx_id": "29eef8d41c7ebb6593d204bba19224d549fa50fc",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

{
  "block": 17452986,
  "op": [
    "account_create_with_delegation",
    {
      "active": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM7PreAZ6YQuxkpoQrxvNyLAc3SRqi1ycWyuEsvCNQaaxobmgBug",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      },
      "creator": "steem",
      "delegation": "57000.000000 VESTS",
      "extensions": [],
      "fee": "0.500 STEEM",
      "json_metadata": "",
      "memo_key": "STM8MGXK5DCvDQxQaLFRmmQDDgU4o5yY2S3xcYUfdvrSdhJGUYjdz",
      "new_account_name": "idhem",
      "owner": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM6dUhvVAHTZaFeVDV7EcMcznHWb3moXpBUTJNntr5ctmZ8QcRxY",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      },
      "posting": {
        "account_auths": [],
        "key_auths": [
          [
            "STM5vHMLRX9PeMBjxwGGFkgTNgoazcvEGSZJ6vShf14M715oPKks8",
            1
          ]
        ],
        "weight_threshold": 1
      }
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2017-11-22T19:07:06",
  "trx_id": "22ae66ecc9edb83991bc5b7e9f53eb67ccdde138",
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "virtual_op": 0
}