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cogitecture

@cogitecture

25

Thoughts, Pictures, Scribbles and Drawings

hive.blog/@cogitecture
VOTING POWER100.00%
DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS0.00%
Net Worth
285.338USD
HIVE
88.893HIVE
HBD
6.428HBD
Own HP
382.759HP

Detailed Balance

HIVE
balance
88.893HIVE
market_balance
0.000HIVE
savings_balance
106.000HIVE
reward_hive_balance
0.000HIVE
HIVE POWER
Own HP
382.759HP
Delegated Out
0.000HP
Delegation In
0.000HP
Effective Power
382.759HP
Reward HP (pending)
39.014HP
HBD
hbd_balance
6.428HBD
hbd_conversions
0.000HBD
hbd_market_balance
0.000HBD
savings_hbd_balance
39.000HBD
reward_hbd_balance
8.839HBD
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  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "hbd_balance": "6.428 HBD",
  "savings_hbd_balance": "39.000 HBD",
  "reward_hbd_balance": "8.839 HBD"
}

Account Info

namecogitecture
id953051
rank0
reputation0
created2018-04-21T08:37:21
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
invited_bynull
post_count299
comment_count0
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last_post2021-12-30T16:47:36
last_root_post2021-12-30T16:47:36
last_vote_time2021-10-04T18:28:33
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,604
delayed_votesNone
governance_vote_expiration_ts1969-12-31T23:59:59
balance88.893 HIVE
savings_balance106.000 HIVE
hbd_balance6.428 HBD
savings_hbd_balance39.000 HBD
vesting_shares621290.900714 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance74706.848780 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 HIVE
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn0
to_withdraw0
withdraw_routes0
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update2021-12-30T16:50:27
minedNo
hbd_seconds0
hbd_last_interest_payment2020-10-17T16:08:36
savings_hbd_last_interest_payment2019-07-04T18:24:54
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  "reward_vesting_hive": "39.014 HIVE",
  "savings_balance": "106.000 HIVE",
  "savings_hbd_balance": "39.000 HBD",
  "savings_hbd_last_interest_payment": "2019-07-04T18:24:54",
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Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
Empty
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
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From Date
To Date
therealwolfsent 0.002 HIVE to @cogitecture- "Hey there cogitecture. I hope you don’t mind this short message, but I wanted to quickly share this update with you on my Hive-related work. For the past 7 years, I've been deeply committed to Hive, w..."
2024/11/13 21:58:42
amount0.002 HIVE
fromtherealwolf
memoHey there cogitecture. I hope you don’t mind this short message, but I wanted to quickly share this update with you on my Hive-related work. For the past 7 years, I've been deeply committed to Hive, working on projects like hive.io, vessel, dhive & more to strengthen our community, while providing reliable witness infrastructure to secure our blockchain. Recently, I've released an upgraded witness toolkit (peakd.com/@therealwolf/major-hive-witness-essentials-upgrade-v2) and celebrated 7+ years on Hive (peakd.com/@therealwolf/year-8). If you'd like to support my work, I'd be honored to have your witness vote. Thank you! PS: You can vote for me here: peakd.com/witnesses
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #90660707/Trx 1b55f0015eb381ca859175d28d069335f81438eb
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 90660707,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.002 HIVE",
      "from": "therealwolf",
      "memo": "Hey there cogitecture. I hope you don’t mind this short message, but I wanted to quickly share this update with you on my Hive-related work. For the past 7 years, I've been deeply committed to Hive, working on projects like hive.io, vessel, dhive & more to strengthen our community, while providing reliable witness infrastructure to secure our blockchain. Recently, I've released an upgraded witness toolkit (peakd.com/@therealwolf/major-hive-witness-essentials-upgrade-v2) and celebrated 7+ years on Hive (peakd.com/@therealwolf/year-8). If you'd like to support my work, I'd be honored to have your witness vote. Thank you! PS: You can vote for me here: peakd.com/witnesses",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 9,
  "timestamp": "2024-11-13T21:58:42",
  "trx_id": "1b55f0015eb381ca859175d28d069335f81438eb",
  "trx_in_block": 39,
  "virtual_op": false
}
terablock-hivesent 0.001 HIVE to @cogitecture- "Join 220+ Hive members in supporting our Hive CrossDEX proposal to expand Hive's DeFi ecosystem. Every vote brings us closer to a decentralised financial future. 🚀 Your support matters! Vote now: htt..."
2024/02/03 12:49:33
amount0.001 HIVE
fromterablock-hive
memoJoin 220+ Hive members in supporting our Hive CrossDEX proposal to expand Hive's DeFi ecosystem. Every vote brings us closer to a decentralised financial future. 🚀 Your support matters! Vote now: https://peakd.com/me/proposals/295
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #82484464/Trx a15a00ff6e0a2549b824da3f53eebc1afbe1ed05
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 82484464,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 HIVE",
      "from": "terablock-hive",
      "memo": "Join 220+ Hive members in supporting our Hive CrossDEX proposal to expand Hive's DeFi ecosystem. Every vote brings us closer to a decentralised financial future. 🚀 Your support matters! Vote now: https://peakd.com/me/proposals/295",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2024-02-03T12:49:33",
  "trx_id": "a15a00ff6e0a2549b824da3f53eebc1afbe1ed05",
  "trx_in_block": 6,
  "virtual_op": false
}
howosent 0.002 HIVE to @cogitecture- "Hey @cogitecture I am launching a new solo witness and am looking for support. If you are unfamiliar with what I do, I wrote a post announcing my witness here: https://peakd.com/witness/@howo/annoucin..."
2023/11/30 20:42:27
amount0.002 HIVE
fromhowo
memoHey @cogitecture I am launching a new solo witness and am looking for support. If you are unfamiliar with what I do, I wrote a post announcing my witness here: https://peakd.com/witness/@howo/annoucing-my-solo-witness. The tl;dr is that I've been on Hive for 6 years and for the past 4 I've been working as a core developer meaning I'm working directly on the blockchain code to add features. You might have interacted with some of them already like RC delegations, recurrent transfers or more recently I've been working on updating communities (new update soon !). If you want to support me, could you vote for me as a witness ? You can do it on this page https://peakd.com/me/witnesses. Thank you !
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #80624222/Trx 02fc51d073641138f05cc95b689dfb91a2927b77
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 80624222,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.002 HIVE",
      "from": "howo",
      "memo": "Hey @cogitecture I am launching a new solo witness and am looking for support. If you are unfamiliar with what I do, I wrote a post announcing my witness here: https://peakd.com/witness/@howo/annoucing-my-solo-witness. The tl;dr is that I've been on Hive for 6 years and for the past 4 I've been working as a core developer meaning I'm working directly on the blockchain code to add features. You might have interacted with some of them already like RC delegations, recurrent transfers or more recently I've been working on updating communities (new update soon !). If you want to support me, could you vote for me as a witness ? You can do it on this page https://peakd.com/me/witnesses. Thank you !",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-11-30T20:42:27",
  "trx_id": "02fc51d073641138f05cc95b689dfb91a2927b77",
  "trx_in_block": 21,
  "virtual_op": false
}
hivesurveysent 0.001 HIVE to @cogitecture- "By spending just 5-10 minutes of your time to answer an ONLINE SURVEY, you'll receive $1 worth of HIVE or STEEM (4.762 STEEM or 3.125 HIVE) as a token of our appreciation!!! Hello there! I'm Sichen DO..."
2023/10/28 17:56:33
amount0.001 HIVE
fromhivesurvey
memoBy spending just 5-10 minutes of your time to answer an ONLINE SURVEY, you'll receive $1 worth of HIVE or STEEM (4.762 STEEM or 3.125 HIVE) as a token of our appreciation!!! Hello there! I'm Sichen DONG, a research postgraduate student at the University of Hong Kong. I'm currently organizing a paid survey as part of my research study. We kindly invite Steem/Hive members to participate in a survey that focuses on the social changes you've observed since the takeover of Steemit, Inc. by Tron on February 14, 2020. We're delving into the intriguing realm of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and exploring the impact of social norms on cooperation within these communities. Please note that the survey is conducted in English. Rest assured, your participation involves no more risk than your everyday activities. You retain the freedom to withdraw from the study at any point. Your support is invaluable to our research, and we're eagerly looking forward to your participation! Ready to dive in? Access the survey via this link: https://hivesurvey.vercel.app/
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #79671426/Trx d153c0b2056e397bcbb2fbf756b954e24cec4346
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 79671426,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 HIVE",
      "from": "hivesurvey",
      "memo": "By spending just 5-10 minutes of your time to answer an ONLINE SURVEY, you'll receive $1 worth of HIVE or STEEM (4.762 STEEM or 3.125 HIVE) as a token of our appreciation!!! Hello there! I'm Sichen DONG, a research postgraduate student at the University of Hong Kong. I'm currently organizing a paid survey as part of my research study. We kindly invite Steem/Hive members to participate in a survey that focuses on the social changes you've observed since the takeover of Steemit, Inc. by Tron on February 14, 2020. We're delving into the intriguing realm of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and exploring the impact of social norms on cooperation within these communities. Please note that the survey is conducted in English. Rest assured, your participation involves no more risk than your everyday activities. You retain the freedom to withdraw from the study at any point. Your support is invaluable to our research, and we're eagerly looking forward to your participation! Ready to dive in? Access the survey via this link: https://hivesurvey.vercel.app/",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-10-28T17:56:33",
  "trx_id": "d153c0b2056e397bcbb2fbf756b954e24cec4346",
  "trx_in_block": 23,
  "virtual_op": false
}
earn.hivesent 0.001 HIVE to @cogitecture- "Did you know that you can get rewarded for your witness vote? Cast your witness vote on @earn.hive and start to receive HIVE tokens everyday."
2023/05/13 05:00:24
amount0.001 HIVE
fromearn.hive
memoDid you know that you can get rewarded for your witness vote? Cast your witness vote on @earn.hive and start to receive HIVE tokens everyday.
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #74823744/Trx dc6c876dcd9db88748f052bada4b644012c59f5c
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 74823744,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 HIVE",
      "from": "earn.hive",
      "memo": "Did you know that you can get rewarded for your witness vote? Cast your witness vote on @earn.hive and start to receive HIVE tokens everyday.",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-05-13T05:00:24",
  "trx_id": "dc6c876dcd9db88748f052bada4b644012c59f5c",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": false
}
howosent 0.001 HBD to @cogitecture- "Hi ! I've been a core developer on hive for three years now, working on features that are now powering the chain and improving user experience like RC delegations or recurrent transfers and currently ..."
2023/04/22 15:46:27
amount0.001 HBD
fromhowo
memoHi ! I've been a core developer on hive for three years now, working on features that are now powering the chain and improving user experience like RC delegations or recurrent transfers and currently wrapping up some features that will go live in hard fork 27. I'm also hosting the monthly core dev meeting. I would like to carry on working for hive for a fourth year. I am looking for support on my renewed proposal as the current one will expire soon. It's the same deal as the last one. Could you review it and maybe vote on it if it's worth your support ? https://peakd.com/me/proposals/261 Thanks a lot !
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #74232442/Trx 169335e9bf49f35ca97192cd41993952434a914a
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 74232442,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 HBD",
      "from": "howo",
      "memo": "Hi ! I've been a core developer on hive for three years now, working on features that are now powering the chain and improving user experience like RC delegations or recurrent transfers and currently wrapping up some features that will go live in hard fork 27. I'm also hosting the monthly core dev meeting. I would like to carry on working for hive for a fourth year. I am looking for support on my renewed proposal as the current one will expire soon. It's the same deal as the last one. Could you review it and maybe vote on it if it's worth your support ? https://peakd.com/me/proposals/261 Thanks a lot !",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2023-04-22T15:46:27",
  "trx_id": "169335e9bf49f35ca97192cd41993952434a914a",
  "trx_in_block": 3,
  "virtual_op": false
}
cogitectureaccount expired: @cogitecture
2022/12/05 00:13:03
accountcogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #70244039/Virtual Operation 4294967295:2
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 70244039,
  "op": [
    "expired_account_notification",
    {
      "account": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 2,
  "timestamp": "2022-12-05T00:13:03",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": true
}
howosent 0.001 HIVE to @cogitecture- "Hi, I have been working for the past two years as a core developer on hive. I worked on a lot of things last year some which went live in hard fork 25 already or will go live soon with hard fork 26. T..."
2022/04/09 00:09:39
amount0.001 HIVE
fromhowo
memoHi, I have been working for the past two years as a core developer on hive. I worked on a lot of things last year some which went live in hard fork 25 already or will go live soon with hard fork 26. To name a few, RC delegations, recurrent transfers or communities V2. I would love to continue working on hive for a third year on the next hard fork, communities and everything else. I am looking for support on my renewed proposal as the current one will expire soon. Could you review it and maybe vote on it if it's worth your support ? https://peakd.com/me/proposals/214 Thanks a lot !
tocogitecture
Transaction InfoBlock #63346771/Trx fad6efb329eefdb8b8d93b661aa5da24982a8151
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 63346771,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 HIVE",
      "from": "howo",
      "memo": "Hi, I have been working for the past two years as a core developer on hive. I worked on a lot of things last year some which went live in hard fork 25 already or will go live soon with hard fork 26. To name a few, RC delegations, recurrent transfers or communities V2. I would love to continue working on hive for a third year on the next hard fork, communities and everything else. I am looking for support on my renewed proposal as the current one will expire soon. Could you review it and maybe vote on it if it's worth your support ? https://peakd.com/me/proposals/214 Thanks a lot !",
      "to": "cogitecture"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2022-04-09T00:09:39",
  "trx_id": "fad6efb329eefdb8b8d93b661aa5da24982a8151",
  "trx_in_block": 46,
  "virtual_op": false
}
2022/01/06 16:47:36
authorcogitecture
permlinkinflation-and-its-costs
Transaction InfoBlock #60695833/Virtual Operation 4294967295:7
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60695833,
  "op": [
    "comment_payout_update",
    {
      "author": "cogitecture",
      "permlink": "inflation-and-its-costs"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 7,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-06T16:47:36",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": true
}
cogitecturereceived 0.208 HBD reward share for inflation-and-its-costs
2022/01/06 16:47:36
authorcogitecture
author rewards66
beneficiary payout value0.000 HBD
curator payout value0.102 HBD
payout0.208 HBD
permlinkinflation-and-its-costs
total payout value0.104 HBD
Transaction InfoBlock #60695833/Virtual Operation 4294967295:6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60695833,
  "op": [
    "comment_reward",
    {
      "author": "cogitecture",
      "author_rewards": 66,
      "beneficiary_payout_value": "0.000 HBD",
      "curator_payout_value": "0.102 HBD",
      "payout": "0.208 HBD",
      "permlink": "inflation-and-its-costs",
      "total_payout_value": "0.104 HBD"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 6,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-06T16:47:36",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": true
}
cogitecturereceived 0.052 HBD, 0.038 HP author reward for @cogitecture / inflation-and-its-costs
2022/01/06 16:47:36
authorcogitecture
curators vesting payout118.339111 VESTS
hbd payout0.052 HBD
hive payout0.000 HIVE
payout must be claimedtrue
permlinkinflation-and-its-costs
vesting payout61.018604 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #60695833/Virtual Operation 4294967295:5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "block": 60695833,
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "cogitecture",
      "curators_vesting_payout": "118.339111 VESTS",
      "hbd_payout": "0.052 HBD",
      "hive_payout": "0.000 HIVE",
      "payout_must_be_claimed": true,
      "permlink": "inflation-and-its-costs",
      "vesting_payout": "61.018604 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 5,
  "timestamp": "2022-01-06T16:47:36",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": true
}
andyleineffective vote applied for @cogitecture / inflation-and-its-costs
2021/12/30 16:57:54
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body<div class="text-justify"> Inflation is probably the macroeconomic term that most non-economists have at least a passing understanding of and relationship with. From the baby boomers of the industrialized world, who experienced the detrimental effects of high inflation on their own wallets throughout the 70’s and 80’s to the following generations, who from time to time saw (hyper)inflation rear its ugly head around the world throughout the world in the media during the 90’s and 00’s and witnessed the, at that time, hitherto unprecedented deficit spending by especially the American government during the real estate crisis beginning in 2007. Despite this, the common understanding of what inflation entails and the reach of its detrimental effects is – as is with most economic phenomena – very limited at best and also something that most normal people in the westernized world have had very little real exposure to throughout the last thirty or so years. That, however, is about to change and hence I thought the time was right to take a closer look at this [beast](https://dilbert.com/strip/2021-10-04)<br> <center> ![1280px-GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmSfnbbS7cRBoSLnR9QD13QXGM51ukUmmhecwQfBxjJaPr/1280px-GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg) <sub>a 500 billion mark note from the Weimar republic, one of the most widely recognized examples of hyperinflation - picture from [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic#/media/File:GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg)</sub> </center> The purpose of this blog post is not only to shred some light on what inflation and its consequences are according to mainstream economics, but also offer an alternative, and in my opinion more comprehensive, take on the phenomena as presented by the Austrian economist Steve Horwitz as presented in his 2003 paper [The Costs Of Inflation Revisited]( https://www.academia.edu/26684947/The_Costs_of_Inflation_Revisited). This is done in part to hopefully provide an alternative to some of the more [disastrous takes](https://theintercept.com/2021/11/10/inflation-economy-debt-milk-prices/) I have seen on inflation in mainstream outlets, but also to honor the memory of professor Horwitz, who unfortunately passed away in 2021. <h2>Neoclassical economy: Inflation, the growth of prices</h2> In neoclassical monetary economics, inflation is defined simply as the growth of prices: If you introduce more money into the economy, prices will rise proportionately. From this starting point, mainstream literature centers on four costs arising from inflation <h3>A tax on money holdings</h3> Rising prices mean that a given amount of money can buy less than before. This can be rephrased as _inflation reduces the value of money_. As a result, economic actors will hold less money by seeking out money alternatives (such as investing the money instead, for example) that are not exposed to inflation. This economic behaviour has its own costs associated with it: Banking transaction costs, which traditionally known as ‘shoe-leather costs’ as you actually had to take more walks to the bank to take money out, thus wearing out your shoes more quickly. In the current year, however, these transactions are more likely to be ATM fees or credit/debit card surcharges. <h3>Inflation makes debt cheaper</h3> Because debt amounts are nominal and not adjusted for inflation, debt payments (who are now worth less due to inflation) constitute a _transfer of wealth from the creditor to the debtor._ While this can be construed as a simply a transfer of wealth within the economy rather than a loss of wealth (which the word ‘cost’ implies), there is a possibility that ongoing inflation will make it less attractive to lenders to extend credit, resulting in an overall reduction of credit availability. <h3>Menu costs</h3> Adjustments to prices to goods and services due to the effects of inflation cannot be made costlessly: Changes in prices needs to be communicated to customers, computer systems need to be updated and new price labels, menus and pamphlets have to be printed, etc. This cost is known as menu costs in the economic literature, referring to the latter. <h3>Changes in Relative Prices</h3> Inflation can not only affect the general price level, but also adversely effect the price of goods relative to each other, so-called _relative prices_. For example, as adjusting prices to cope with inflation (the aforementioned menu costs) is not free neither in money nor time, there will be some actors who at any given time have managed to adjust his prices, while there will be other actors, who have not, resulting in a change in relative prices induced by the inflationary economic environment. It will also be difficult for actors in the market to discern whether a change in relative prices is due to a change in inflation, which may be temporary, and therefore require a limited adjustment to his economic planning, or whether it is due to a real change in the market, which will require much bigger action on behalf of the actor. This is a phenomenon known as the _signal extraction problem_. <h2>The Cost of Inflation a la Horwitz</h2> Horwitz’ paper offers a more expanded view of the costs of inflation, that draws from the insights of New Institutionalism, The School of Public Choice as well as Horwitz’ own domain, Austrian Economics. Below is a summary of what I find to be the most important points of the paper: <h3>Relative price effects revisited</h3> Horwitz’ theoretical framework questions the assumption that that increases in the money supply affects all holders of money equally. This is obvious in the case of increases to the money supply through stimulus packages aimed at different sectors or companies, but even if the money supply is raised through a central bank offering cheap credit to commercial banks, the banks will still receive the money first and some banks will receive the money before other banks. The relative price effects that the lending decisions of these first banks will generate will be different from the effects created by later banks, because the credit extended by the first banks has now changed the economic behaviour of their debtors. Moving on down the chain, the change in economic behaviour due to the extra capital available to these debtors incurs other relative price effects, and so on. <table><tr> <td> <p align="center"> <img alt="slide 1" src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmRj5HHmDf1C91DWhedhR2jeRXtheNqNXFJsdjcnbvTABQ/Slide5.PNG"> <br> 1. </p> </td> <td> <p align="center"> <img alt="Routing" src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmYcq3jjveSZUkP671yLuxK8CFkLJtkmQsquutN3qXCe4H/Slide6.PNG"> <br> 2. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p align="center"> <img alt="Routing" src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmP8CGffnHQwPq3bY9xKUcbZZPNKJBmPw3hMJeLWDsVyiR/Slide7.PNG"> <br> 3. </p> </td> <td> <p align="center"> <img alt="Routing" src="https://images.hive.blog/DQmY8kUptL1AqBwVox7kervCuyadyknHqooUsExWxw74ouA/Slide8.PNG"> <br> 4. </p> </td> </tr></table> The above illustration seeks to illustrate the relative price effects that arises from money entering the economy unequally for the different actors. In the example, we have two banks, and four entrepreneurs each producing different products. In picture 1, bank 1 receives an increase in their money supply from the central bank symbolized by the blue coins. In picture 2, bank 1 then lends out the money to entrepreneur 1 and 3, who then in picture 3 exchanges their blue coins for entrepreneur 2's products. Entrepreneur 2, experiencing a sudden demand for his products raises his prices symbolized by the blue dollar sign. When bank 2 in picture 4 receives their money from the central bank, entrepreneur 2 has exchanged the money for products from entrepreneur 3 and 4, who due to increased demand has raised their prices accordingly. The market that bank 2 is now lending money into has very different relative prices than the market that bank 1 lent money into in picture 1. <h3>The Political Motives Of Inflation</h3> If relative price effects can arise out of the unequal distribution of the new money created through inflation, it is easy to see that, if the direction of the new funds can be somehow controlled by political actors, they can confer benefits to certain interest groups over others. This is especially visible when it comes to inflation in the form of stimulus packages aimed at certain parts of the economy or the direct bailing out of certain firms and institutions deemed 'too big to fail' as seen during the financial crisis of 2008. Political actors can also benefit from the fact that in the case of inflation, the public will usually direct their dissatisfaction with rising prices onto 'greedy corporations' rather than the government, who initiated the rise in the money supply. This gives government the power, using government programs and stimulus packages, to selectively intervene in the economy, where it is the most politically expedient and as temporary government programs tend to stick around long-term (_"there is nothing as permanent as a temporary government program"_ as Milton Friedman said) further distorting the markets that they were supposedly put in place to rectify. <h3>Prices as a predictive tool</h3> One of the more unique features of Austrian economics is the emphasis put on prices. For Austrian economists, prices set in a free market are what allows for _economic calculation_. This includes both gauging whether or not a given business venture stands a chance of being profitable (i.e. the sales price of whatever you are bringing to the marketplace exceeding your inputs in terms of labour and capital) and market discovery, i.e. finding new and novel ways of combining labour and capital into products or services. Inflation reduces the epistemic properties of prices, making economic calculation harder, both in determining the success of a business venture (am I selling at the current price due to market demand or due to a price level artificially heightened by inflation?) and in terms of market discovery (is the price of my inputs a reflection of the market or is is distorted by relative price effects induced by inflation?). This incurs an additional knowledge burden on market actors that now not only will have to navigate the market normally, but also predict the effects of inflation and the intention of policy makers as well as try to discern whether price changes are due to inflation or underlying market conditions, as described above. This has the potential to lead to marked error (i.e. failed businesses) or at the very least, additional costs of doing business. <h3>Coping costs</h3> Besides menu costs, which refers to the cost of updating prices, inflation can force actors into changing economic behaviour or spending money on services that they would not otherwise need to hedge against inflation. This is what Horwitz refer to as _coping costs_. An example of the former can be consumers moving their cash savings into stocks thereby avoiding the effects of inflation on their savings, but also taking on more risk that they would otherwise have liked, and firms spending additional funds on financial advisory to better counteract the effects of inflation is an example of the latter. In times of severe, prolonged inflation, such expenditure on what you with a gamer term could call 'support' functions could even take away from productive activities, i.e. being competitive in the market. This makes coping costs all the more insidious as the increased business activity in the support sectors registers as economic growth in GDP terms, but this hides the fact that these were expenditures that most likely would have gone into creating better goods or services had it not been for inflation. <h2>Summing up</h2> In this blog post, I have attempted to juxtapose the mainstream view of the detrimental effects of inflation to Horwitz' expanded view. While I have not touched on every single point made in the paper, I have nonetheless tried to the best of my ability to rewrite his most important points into layman's words. Whether or not I have been successful in doing so, you can let me know in the comments. --- _Thank you for reading! If you like this blog post, I can really recommend reading the original paper as it expands on a lot the points I have summarized above. Please leave an upvote and a comment about your thoughts in the movie and please consider following me as well!_ </div>
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      "body": "<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nInflation is probably the macroeconomic term that most non-economists have at least a passing understanding of and relationship with. From the baby boomers of the industrialized world, who experienced the detrimental effects of high inflation on their own wallets throughout the 70’s and 80’s to the following generations, who from time to time saw (hyper)inflation rear its ugly head around the world throughout the world in the media during the 90’s and 00’s and witnessed the, at that time, hitherto unprecedented deficit spending by especially the American government during the real estate crisis beginning in 2007. \n\nDespite this, the common understanding of what inflation entails and the reach of its detrimental effects is – as is with most economic phenomena – very limited at best and also something that most normal people in the westernized world have had very little real exposure to throughout the last thirty or so years. That, however, is about to change and hence I thought the time was right to take a closer look at this [beast](https://dilbert.com/strip/2021-10-04)<br>\n\n<center>\n![1280px-GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg](https://images.hive.blog/DQmSfnbbS7cRBoSLnR9QD13QXGM51ukUmmhecwQfBxjJaPr/1280px-GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg)\n<sub>a 500 billion mark note from the Weimar republic, one of the most widely recognized examples of hyperinflation - picture from [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic#/media/File:GER-127a-Reichsbanknote-500_Billion_Mark_(1923).jpg)</sub>\n</center>\n\nThe purpose of this blog post is not only to shred some light on what inflation and its consequences are according to mainstream economics, but also offer an alternative, and in my opinion more comprehensive, take on the phenomena as presented by the Austrian economist Steve Horwitz as presented in his 2003 paper [The Costs Of Inflation Revisited]( https://www.academia.edu/26684947/The_Costs_of_Inflation_Revisited). This is done in part to hopefully provide an alternative to some of the more [disastrous takes](https://theintercept.com/2021/11/10/inflation-economy-debt-milk-prices/) I have seen on inflation in mainstream outlets, but also to honor the memory of professor Horwitz, who unfortunately passed away in 2021.\n\n<h2>Neoclassical economy: Inflation, the growth of prices</h2>\nIn neoclassical monetary economics, inflation is defined simply as the growth of prices: If you introduce more money into the economy, prices will rise proportionately.  From this starting point, mainstream literature centers on four costs arising from inflation\n\n<h3>A tax on money holdings</h3>\nRising prices mean that a given amount of money can buy less than before. This can be rephrased as _inflation reduces the value of money_. As a result, economic actors will hold less money by seeking out money alternatives (such as investing the money instead, for example) that are not exposed to inflation. This economic behaviour has its own costs associated with it: Banking transaction costs, which traditionally known as ‘shoe-leather costs’ as you actually had to take more walks to the bank to take money out, thus wearing out your shoes more quickly. In the current year, however, these transactions are more likely to be ATM fees or credit/debit card surcharges. \n\n<h3>Inflation makes debt cheaper</h3>\nBecause debt amounts are nominal and not adjusted for inflation, debt payments (who are now worth less due to inflation) constitute a _transfer of wealth from the creditor to the debtor._ While this can be construed as a simply a transfer of wealth within the economy rather than a loss of wealth (which the word ‘cost’ implies), there is a possibility that ongoing inflation will make it less attractive to lenders to extend credit, resulting in an overall reduction of credit availability. \n\n<h3>Menu costs</h3>\nAdjustments to prices to goods and services due to the effects of inflation cannot be made costlessly: Changes in prices needs to be communicated to customers, computer systems need to be updated and new price labels, menus and pamphlets have to be printed, etc. This cost is known as menu costs in the economic literature, referring to the latter. \n\n<h3>Changes in Relative Prices</h3>\nInflation can not only affect the general price level, but also adversely effect the price of goods relative to each other, so-called _relative prices_. For example, as adjusting prices to cope with inflation (the aforementioned menu costs) is not free neither in money nor time, there will be some actors who at any given time have managed to adjust his prices, while there will be other actors, who have not, resulting in a change in relative prices induced by the inflationary economic environment. It will also be difficult for actors in the market to discern whether a change in relative prices is due to a change in inflation, which may be temporary, and therefore require a limited adjustment to his economic planning, or whether it is due to a real change in the market, which will require much bigger action on behalf of the actor. This is a phenomenon known as the _signal extraction problem_.\n\n<h2>The Cost of Inflation a la Horwitz</h2>\nHorwitz’ paper offers a more expanded view of the costs of inflation, that draws from the insights of New Institutionalism, The School of Public Choice as well as Horwitz’ own domain, Austrian Economics. Below is a summary of what I find to be the most important points of the paper:\n\n<h3>Relative price effects revisited</h3>\nHorwitz’ theoretical framework questions the assumption that that increases in the money supply affects all holders of money equally. This is obvious in the case of increases to the money supply through stimulus packages aimed at different sectors or companies, but even if the money supply is raised through a central bank offering cheap credit to commercial banks, the banks will still receive the money first and some banks will receive the money before other banks. The relative price effects that the lending decisions of these first banks will generate will be different from the effects created by later banks, because the credit extended by the first banks has now changed the economic behaviour of their debtors. Moving on down the chain, the change in economic behaviour due to the extra capital available to these debtors incurs other relative price effects, and so on. \n\n\n<table><tr>\n<td> \n  <p align=\"center\">\n    <img alt=\"slide 1\" src=\"https://images.hive.blog/DQmRj5HHmDf1C91DWhedhR2jeRXtheNqNXFJsdjcnbvTABQ/Slide5.PNG\">\n    <br>\n1.\n  </p> \n</td>\n<td> \n  <p align=\"center\">\n    <img alt=\"Routing\" src=\"https://images.hive.blog/DQmYcq3jjveSZUkP671yLuxK8CFkLJtkmQsquutN3qXCe4H/Slide6.PNG\">\n    <br>\n  2.\n  </p> \n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td> \n  <p align=\"center\">\n    <img alt=\"Routing\" src=\"https://images.hive.blog/DQmP8CGffnHQwPq3bY9xKUcbZZPNKJBmPw3hMJeLWDsVyiR/Slide7.PNG\">\n    <br>\n3.\n  </p> \n</td>\n<td> \n  <p align=\"center\">\n    <img alt=\"Routing\" src=\"https://images.hive.blog/DQmY8kUptL1AqBwVox7kervCuyadyknHqooUsExWxw74ouA/Slide8.PNG\">\n    <br>\n4.\n  </p> \n</td>\n</tr></table>\n\nThe above illustration seeks to illustrate the relative price effects that arises from money entering the economy unequally for the different actors. In the example, we have two banks, and four entrepreneurs each producing different products. \n\nIn picture 1, bank 1 receives an increase in their money supply from the central bank symbolized by the blue coins. In picture 2, bank 1 then lends out the money to entrepreneur 1 and 3, who then in picture 3 exchanges their blue coins for entrepreneur 2's products. Entrepreneur 2, experiencing a sudden demand for his products raises his prices symbolized by the blue dollar sign. When bank 2 in picture 4 receives their money from the central bank, entrepreneur 2 has exchanged the money for products from entrepreneur 3 and 4, who due to increased demand has raised their prices accordingly. The market that bank 2 is now lending money into has very different relative prices than the market that bank 1 lent money into in picture 1.\n\n<h3>The Political Motives Of Inflation</h3>\nIf relative price effects can arise out of the unequal distribution of the new money created through inflation, it is easy to see that, if the direction of the new funds can be somehow controlled by political actors, they can confer benefits to certain interest groups over others. This is especially visible when it comes to inflation in the form of stimulus packages aimed at certain parts of the economy or the direct bailing out of certain firms and institutions deemed 'too big to fail' as seen during the financial crisis of 2008. Political actors can also benefit from the fact that in the case of inflation, the public will usually direct their dissatisfaction with rising prices onto 'greedy corporations' rather than the government, who initiated the rise in the money supply. This gives government the power, using government programs and stimulus packages, to selectively intervene in the economy, where it is the most politically expedient and as temporary government programs tend to stick around long-term (_\"there is nothing as permanent as a temporary government program\"_ as Milton Friedman said) further distorting the markets that they were supposedly put in place to rectify.\n\n<h3>Prices as a predictive tool</h3>\nOne of the more unique features of Austrian economics is the emphasis put on prices. For Austrian economists, prices set in a free market are what allows for _economic calculation_. This includes both gauging whether or not a given business venture stands a chance of being profitable (i.e. the sales price of whatever you are bringing to the marketplace exceeding your inputs in terms of labour and capital) and market discovery, i.e. finding new and novel ways of combining labour and capital into products or services. Inflation reduces the epistemic properties of prices, making economic calculation harder, both in determining the success of a business venture (am I selling at the current price due to market demand or due to a price level artificially heightened by inflation?) and in terms of market discovery (is the price of my inputs a reflection of the market or is is distorted by relative price effects induced by inflation?).  This incurs an additional knowledge burden on market actors that now not only will have to navigate the market normally, but also predict the effects of inflation and the intention of policy makers as well as try to discern whether price changes are due to inflation or underlying market conditions, as described above. This has the potential to lead to marked error (i.e. failed businesses) or at the very least, additional costs of doing business.\n\n<h3>Coping costs</h3>\nBesides menu costs, which refers to the cost of updating prices, inflation can force actors into changing economic behaviour or spending money on services that they would not otherwise need to hedge against inflation. This is what Horwitz refer to as _coping costs_. An example of the former can be consumers moving their cash savings into stocks thereby avoiding the effects of inflation on their savings, but also taking on more risk that they would otherwise have liked, and firms spending additional funds on financial advisory to better counteract the effects of inflation is an example of the latter. In times of severe, prolonged inflation, such expenditure on what you with a gamer term could call 'support' functions could even take away from productive activities, i.e. being competitive in the market. This makes coping costs all the more insidious as the increased business activity in the support sectors registers as economic growth in GDP terms, but this hides the fact that these were expenditures that most likely would have gone into creating better goods or services had it not been for inflation.\n\n<h2>Summing up</h2>\nIn this blog post, I have attempted to juxtapose the mainstream view of the detrimental effects of inflation to Horwitz' expanded view. While I have not touched on every single point made in the paper, I have nonetheless tried to the best of my ability to rewrite his most important points into layman's words. Whether or not I have been successful in doing so, you can let me know in the comments.\n\n\n---\n\n_Thank you for reading! If you like this blog post, I can really recommend reading the original paper as it expands on a lot the points I have summarized above. Please leave an upvote and a comment about your thoughts in the movie and please consider following me as well!_\n\n</div>",
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cogitectureupdated payout for r0gu17
2021/10/11 18:29:33
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2021/10/10 19:40:57
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2021/10/10 19:40:57
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2021/10/10 19:40:57
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robertdouglasseffective vote applied for @cogitecture / r0gu17
2021/10/04 18:40:45
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2021/10/04 18:40:45
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cogitectureupdated options for r0gu17
2021/10/04 18:29:36
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2021/10/04 18:29:36
authorcogitecture
bodyThat makes me happy to read! I hope you will find both enjoyment and maybe some profundity in both the book and the movie :)
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2021/10/04 18:28:36
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2021/10/04 18:28:24
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2021/10/04 10:23:42
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2021/10/04 09:56:15
authorhivebuzz
bodyCongratulations @cogitecture! You have completed the following achievement on the Hive blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) : <table><tr><td><img src="https://images.hive.blog/60x70/http://hivebuzz.me/@cogitecture/upvoted.png?202110040946"></td><td>You received more than 8000 upvotes.<br>Your next target is to reach 9000 upvotes.</td></tr> </table> <sub>_You can view your badges on [your board](https://hivebuzz.me/@cogitecture) and compare yourself to others in the [Ranking](https://hivebuzz.me/ranking)_</sub> <sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub> **Check out the last post from @hivebuzz:** <table><tr><td><a href="/hivebuzz/@hivebuzz/pud-202110-feedback"><img src="https://images.hive.blog/64x128/https://i.imgur.com/zHjYI1k.jpg"></a></td><td><a href="/hivebuzz/@hivebuzz/pud-202110-feedback">Feedback from the October 1st Hive Power Up Day</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/hivebuzz/@hivebuzz/pum-202109-final"><img src="https://images.hive.blog/64x128/https://i.imgur.com/lpF7k06.png"></a></td><td><a href="/hivebuzz/@hivebuzz/pum-202109-final">Hive Power Up Month Challenge - Winners List</a></td></tr></table>
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2021/10/04 09:23:42
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2021/10/04 08:23:42
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2021/10/04 08:23:42
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2021/10/04 08:10:51
authorrobertdouglass
bodyI read the book as a young boy and then saw the Sting version of the movie the same year, however my memories of the whole are very sandy, at best. Your post makes me want to re-read the book and see the movie... thanks!
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2021/10/04 08:09:48
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2021/10/04 07:54:18
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2021/10/04 07:53:42
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2021/10/04 07:53:42
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2021/10/04 07:53:42
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2021/10/04 07:53:42
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2021/10/04 07:48:42
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2021/10/04 07:45:42
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2021/10/04 07:44:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:54
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2021/10/04 07:43:54
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:42
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2021/10/04 07:43:27
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App Permissions
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Witness Votes

0 / 30
No active witness votes.
[]