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      "body": "Context of various states and leadership in contemporary Arabia\n![Untitled design (4).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXGcDhLfY8NAruqrpbf4huP6sBex8GBgzuLiQ1rCtyhsb/Untitled%20design%20(4).jpg)\nBefore the Prophet's call, there were two types of government in the Arabian Peninsula.\n\n\n\n1. The crowned emperor. However, they were not, in fact, completely independent or free.\n\n2. Tribal team leaders. Other eminent tribal leaders had the same status as the crowned emperors. But for the most part, their special feature was that they were completely independent. The kingdoms ruled by crowned emperors were Shahane Yaman, Shahane Ale Gassan (Shamraj), and Shahane Hirah (Iraq). In all other respects, it was the administration of the tribal leader.\n\nThe Kingdom of Yemen (المُلْكُ بِالْيَمَنِ):\n\nAll the Saudi communities, including Ariba, which were identified as the oldest Yemeni community, belonged to the Saba community. The evidence recovered from the ruins of many ancient ruined cities in the ancient 'Ur' (Iraq) territory mentions a community two and a half thousand years before Christ. But the evidence suggests that their rise began in the eleventh century BC. Based on the research data, their perceptions of life are as follows:\n1. From 620 BC to 1300 BC.\n\nIt is known that at that time, they ruled over certain countries. Their dominance is manifested in the place between Najran and Hazramaut. Then Tanmu was conquered, and later their empire expanded and expanded so much that their political influence extended to Ma'an and Ula in the northern Hijaz.\n\nIt is said that their colonies spread beyond the Arab world. The business was their main livelihood. Then the famous dam of Maria was built, which was a particularly significant event in the history of Yemen. They were given abundant blessings on earth. In the Qur'an, it has been said,\n\nAt that time, Shahane Saba's honorary title was 'Mokarrbe Saba.' His capital was Sirwah - the ruins are still visible 50 miles northwest of Mayareb and 142 kilometers east of Sanya, now known as Kariba. 22 to 23 kings in succession ruled this kingdom.\n\n2. From 620 BC to 115 BC.\n\n![Untitled design (5).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWHBSBjN7kstmnCrGPqjUFjhP4RB6LUcgaoA2fdHktHa5/Untitled%20design%20(5).jpg)\n\n At that time, their kingdom was called the 'Saba Empire.' The 'Saba' emperors relinquished the title of Mukarrab to the honorary title of 'Raja' (king) and declared Mayareb as the capital of the empire instead of 'Sarah.' The ruins of that city are still visible 192 km east of the place called 'Sanya.'\n\n3. 300 to 115 BC\n\nAt this time, their kingdom was called 'Prothom Himiyari.' Because the 'Himayar' tribe dominated the Saba state, and the Saba state shrunk. Their kingdom is called Saba and Yu Raidan. And they made Raidan the capital instead of Mayareb. Later the name of the capital was changed from 'Raidan' to 'Jifar.' The ruins of this city are still found around the mountain near the town of Yarim.\n\nFrom this time, the decline of the Saba community began. The Nabataeans first established their authority in the northern province of Hijaz and expelled the settlers of the Saba community. In addition, the Rumis occupied the northern parts of Egypt, Syria, and the Hejaz, and their trade by sea was disrupted. In this way, their trade gradually shrunk and eventually closed. Meanwhile, the Kahhatbani tribes also got involved in conflicts and quarrels among themselves, and as a result, they left their homes and spread in different directions.\n\n(4) From 300 AD to the advent of Islam.\n\nAt this time, their kingdom was called 'Second Himayari,' and their kingdom became known as 'Saba, Yu Raidan, Hazramaut, and Yamana.' There I,s constant unrest and chaos in Yemen. One after another, many revolutions and civil wars took place, and this created an unwanted opportunity for the intervention of external forces. Even at this stage, a situation arises which results in the extinction of Yemen's independence. The Rumis of that period, on the other hand, gathered troops on the island of Aden and established their dominion over it. Then in 340 AD, the Abyssinians, with the help of the Rumi tribe, took advantage of the feud between Himayar and Hamdan. This occupation of the Abyssinians lasted till 36 AD. After that, the independence of Yemen became a kind of restoration. But the famous dam of Mayarib started cracking. As the cracks gradually widened, the dam finally broke in 450 or 451 AD.\n\n![Untitled design (6).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmaWxRgMWreVFMrv6JPxd1JiN6Q2mFFNBhLNaQwiVDrbbF/Untitled%20design%20(6).jpg)\n The breach of this dam caused a terrible flood, which is mentioned in the Qur'an (Surah Saba) Sayle Harem. As a result of this terrible flood, village after village was submerged, and many tribes were scattered in different directions.",
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      "body": "@@ -90,16 +90,17 @@\n Arabia%0A%0A\n+%0A\n !%5BUntitl\n@@ -144,93 +144,137 @@\n x) (\n-1).jpg%5D(https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTkPVyQvdCyN1zrdVToZvH4tUgwFFKPtxeA2gkZWBZUZt\n+Facebook Post) (Facebook Cover) (169 x 169 px).jpg%5D(https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRrUzoitzpW5qL9rfri6aaCbtYAQh1Hafix7kieDcjPuv\n /Unt\n@@ -331,17 +331,75 @@\n 0px)%2520(\n-1\n+Facebook%2520Post)%2520(Facebook%2520Cover)%2520(169%2520x%2520169%2520px\n ).jpg)%0A%0A\n@@ -399,16 +399,17 @@\n .jpg)%0A%0A%0A\n+%0A\n Geograph\n@@ -2246,204 +2246,8 @@\n s.%0A%0A\n-!%5BUntitled (Presentation (169)) (1050 x 600 px).jpg%5D(https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcnvcbeUNxXxFRVhjV1iUvWxPb1FjGtPwBC5EY9wsz39e/Untitled%2520(Presentation%2520(169))%2520(1050%2520x%2520600%2520px).jpg)%0A%0A%0A\n The \n@@ -7279,1984 +7279,4 @@\n -19)\n-%0A%0ASelf-contradiction and conflict between the descendants of the Himiyari and Kahlani tribes were some of the main reasons for them, which is indicated by various sources. The information obtained from all these sources shows that the Kahlani tribes were forced to abandon the Maya-Mamata of their homeland due to various complex problems in their way of life due to self-conflict, but the Himiyari tribes remained permanently established in their place.%0A%0AAccording to reliable sources, the Kahlani tribes who migrate to other parts of the country are divided into four branches:%0A%0A1. Azad: They left the country on the advice of their leader Imran bin 'Amr Muzaiqia. At first, they traveled from one place in Yemen to another. He used to send investigative guards to the front to ensure their safety before traveling from one place to another. As they traversed the path, they eventually split into several branches, moving north and east, and settled here and there, settling permanently in different places. The details of their emigration and settlement are as follows:%0A%0AImran bin 'Amr: He moved to Uman, and his tribe lived there. These are Azad Uman.%0A%0ANasr bin Azad: Banu Nasr bin Azad settled in Tuhama. These are Azad Shannah.%0A%0A!%5BUntitled (Presentation (169)).jpg%5D(https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQ1Po6QEg8jCN5fNJiUr8L9oGHcXHNoMBpppgX31RgQeu/Untitled%2520(Presentation%2520(169)).jpg)%0A%0A%0ASabah bin Amr: He first moved towards Hijaz and settled in a place between Salabia and Uqbar. When his children came of age, and his descendants became strong, he moved towards Medina and settled there, considering it a suitable place to live. The Ansar of Aws and Khayraj, the Ansar of Medina, originated from the lineage of Sabah.%0AHarish bin %22Amr: meaning Khuza'ah and his children. They roamed the land of the Hijaz in circles, setting up camp at a place called Marruz Zahran. He then launched a fierce attack on the Haram Sharif, expelled Banu Jurhum from there, and settled in Makkah.\n",
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      "author": "azgor007",
      "body": "The geographical, social, administrative, economic, and religious conditions of the then Arabia\n\n![Untitled (Presentation (169)) (1050 x 600 px) (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTkPVyQvdCyN1zrdVToZvH4tUgwFFKPtxeA2gkZWBZUZt/Untitled%20(Presentation%20(169))%20(1050%20x%20600%20px)%20(1).jpg)\n\n\nGeographical location and tribes of Arabia\nThe biography of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) refers to the realization of the message given by Allaah to the scattered rays of light which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) presented to mankind and through which he saved mankind from darkness He freed them from the shackles and entered the bondage of Allah. It has even changed the face of history and brought about a radical change in the way of life of mankind.\nIt is not possible to draw a complete picture of the holy life of the greatest man of all time and the Prophet (peace be upon him) unless a comparative analysis of the situation before and after the revelation of the word of God is done. In this context, before proceeding to the actual discussion, the chapter deals with the geographical boundaries of pre-Islamic Arabia, the status of different communities living in the Arab lands and their evolutionary trends, and the state management, leadership, and classification of tribes Political, social and economic pictures need to be presented to the readers.\n\nThat is why I have presented these issues specifically in different hierarchies.\nFootnote: Location of Arabia\n'Arab' means 'sandy desert,' barren gray desert, or shrub-free grassland. From time immemorial, the term has been used in a specific sense to refer to the Arabian Peninsula and its communities.\n\nIt is bounded on the west by the Red Sea and the Sinai Peninsula, on the east by the Arabian Gulf and a large part of southern Iraq, and on the south by the Arabian Sea, which extends across the Indian Ocean, to the north by the Kingdom of Syria and parts of northern Iraq. There is some disagreement on some of the mentioned borders. The total land area is estimated to be from 1 million to 1.3 million square miles.\n\n![Untitled (Presentation (169)) (1050 x 600 px).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcnvcbeUNxXxFRVhjV1iUvWxPb1FjGtPwBC5EY9wsz39e/Untitled%20(Presentation%20(169))%20(1050%20x%20600%20px).jpg)\n\n\nThe Arabian Peninsula is of great importance and significance, both from an internal geographical and geophysical point of view. The peninsula is surrounded by a desert or a vast sandy desert on the horizon. That is why the peninsula has become such a fortified fortress that it is extremely difficult for any foreign power or external enemy to attack, establish authority or influence it. It is for this natural reason that the inhabitants of the central part of the Arabian Peninsula have been able to retain their distinctive features since time immemorial and completely independent. However, in terms of location, the peninsula is a neighbor of two superpowers that would never have been possible for the Arabs to be free from the influence of these two superpowers without geological barriers.\nLooking at the location of the Arabian Peninsula from the outside world, it would appear that the country is located in the very center of the ancient continents and is connected to different countries and continents of the world by both water and land. Its north-western border is the gateway to Africa, its north-eastern border is the gateway to Europe, and its eastern border is the gateway to the far west, including China and India, via Iran and Central Asia. In this way, the waterways coming from different countries and continents of the world through the seas and oceans have formed excellent connections with the Arabian Peninsula. Ships from different countries go directly to Arab ports. Given such geographical location and boundaries, the northern and southern borders of the Arabian Peninsula were the focal points of trade, commerce, agriculture, and exchange of views between different communities.\nHistorians have divided Arab communities into three categories on the basis of genealogy. E.g .:\n\nBayda of Arabia: These are the ruined ancient tribes and communities that have been completely wiped off the face of the earth, and it has become almost impossible to find reliable evidence for their discovery. These communities are Aad, Thamud, Tbasam, Jadis, Imlaq, Umaim, Jurhum, Hazur, Wabar, 'Arbil, Jasim, Hazaramawat, etc., respectively. [1]\nIn Arabia' Ariba: These are the tribes that are descended from Yashzub bin Ya'rub bin Qahatban. They are called Qahatbani Arabs.\nMusta'riba in Arabia: These are the Arab people who came from the lineage of Ishmael (AS). They are called Adnani Arabs.\nThe real home of the Arabs in Arabia was the state of Yaman. It is here that their lineage and clans are divided into many branches from the descendants of Saba bin Yashzub bin Ya'rub bin Qahtban. Of these, the latter two groups gained the most prominence. They are: Himiyar bin Saba and Kahlan bin Saba. The Bani Saba had eleven or fourteen other tribes called the Sabian. They have no other tribe except Saba.\n(A) Himiyar: Its famous branches are-\n\n(1) Quza'ah: Its branches are Bahra, Bali, Al-Qabayn, Kalb, Uzrah and Wabarah.\n\n(2) Sakasik: They are the descendants of Zayd bin Wailah bin Himiyar. Zayed's title is Sakasik. They are not included in Bani Kahlan's 'Sakasik Kindah' whose discussion is coming up.\n\n(3) Zaidul Jamhur: Its branches are Himayarul Asghar, Saba Al-Asghar, Hazur and Ju Asbah.\n\n(B) Kahlan: Its famous branches are Hamdan, Alhan, Ash'ar, Twai, Mazhiz (from Mazhiz to Ans and An Nakh ', Lakham (from Lakham to Kindah, from Kindah to Banu Mu'abiyah, Sakoon and Sakasik), Juzam. A'milah, Khawlan, Ma'afir, Anmar (from Anmar to Khasayam and Bakhilah, Bakhilah to Ahamas) Azad (Azad to Aus, Khazraj, Khuza'ah and Saffron descendants Gained fame.\n\nMost of the Kahlani tribes later left the state of Yaman and spread to different parts of the Arabian Peninsula. Generally, their emigration took place shortly before 'Saile Arim.' The events of that time, when the Romans invaded Egypt and Syria, established a monopoly on the waterways of the Yemeni people for trade and commerce, and all the facilities of the land routes came to an end forever. As a result, the trade and commerce of the Kahlanis were completely ruined. \n\n\n\"For the inhabitants of Saba, there was a pattern in their habitat - two gardens; One to the right, one to the left. Enjoy the sustenance provided by your Lord and be grateful to Him. The city of happiness and peace and the forgiving Lord. But they turned away (from Allah). So We sent against them the flood which broke the embankment, and We turned their gardens into two gardens of fruit, palm trees, and some cool trees. I punished them for rejecting their truth out of ingratitude. I do not punish anyone except the ungrateful. We placed between them and the towns which We had bestowed favors, many visible towns, and made the distance between them equal. (And I said to them): Travel safely to these towns day and night. But they said: Our Lord! Increase the distance between our destinations. They wronged themselves. So I made them into a story (the story that is told) and tore them apart. In it are signs for every patient and grateful person. (Surah Saba: 15-19)\n\nSelf-contradiction and conflict between the descendants of the Himiyari and Kahlani tribes were some of the main reasons for them, which is indicated by various sources. The information obtained from all these sources shows that the Kahlani tribes were forced to abandon the Maya-Mamata of their homeland due to various complex problems in their way of life due to self-conflict, but the Himiyari tribes remained permanently established in their place.\n\nAccording to reliable sources, the Kahlani tribes who migrate to other parts of the country are divided into four branches:\n\n1. Azad: They left the country on the advice of their leader Imran bin 'Amr Muzaiqia. At first, they traveled from one place in Yemen to another. He used to send investigative guards to the front to ensure their safety before traveling from one place to another. As they traversed the path, they eventually split into several branches, moving north and east, and settled here and there, settling permanently in different places. The details of their emigration and settlement are as follows:\n\nImran bin 'Amr: He moved to Uman, and his tribe lived there. These are Azad Uman.\n\nNasr bin Azad: Banu Nasr bin Azad settled in Tuhama. These are Azad Shannah.\n\n![Untitled (Presentation (169)).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQ1Po6QEg8jCN5fNJiUr8L9oGHcXHNoMBpppgX31RgQeu/Untitled%20(Presentation%20(169)).jpg)\n\n\nSabah bin Amr: He first moved towards Hijaz and settled in a place between Salabia and Uqbar. When his children came of age, and his descendants became strong, he moved towards Medina and settled there, considering it a suitable place to live. The Ansar of Aws and Khayraj, the Ansar of Medina, originated from the lineage of Sabah.\nHarish bin \"Amr: meaning Khuza'ah and his children. They roamed the land of the Hijaz in circles, setting up camp at a place called Marruz Zahran. He then launched a fierce attack on the Haram Sharif, expelled Banu Jurhum from there, and settled in Makkah.",
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      "body": "Montagu Chelmsford Report 1919\n\n![Round table meeting 1930-31-32.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSv6ut17EYUTZ3t8ZWFNEPafzQAbw5EzuFuM1T6qTjNoH/Round%20table%20meeting%201930-31-32.jpg)\n\nMeanwhile, Montagu and Chelmsford themselves finally submitted their report in July 1918. They made a lengthy visit to India the previous winter to find out the real issue. [20] The Government of India Act 1919 (also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) was passed in December 1919. [20] It also abolished the \"official majority\" advantage in an unfavorable vote by the Indian government. [20] Although the departments of defense, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income tax were under the ruler and central government in New Delhi, other departments And local autonomous governments were transferred to the provinces. [20] From now on, the provinces will be governed under a new archival system, bringing some departments like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government under Indian ministers and legislature. Eventually, it went under the Indian constituency. Other departments, such as irrigation, land revenue, police, prisons, and media control, remained under the purview of the British governor and his executive council. [20]\nA large number of Indians now have the right to vote. Although they made up only 10 percent of the total adult male population to vote at the national level, many of whom were still illiterate. [20] . Rural candidates, in particular, who were generally sympathetic to the British rule and less opposed to it, were given more seats than their urban opponents. [20] The principle of \"communal preservation\" was an integral part of the Minto-Morley Reform. The Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Agreement was later reintroduced by reserving seats in the Provincial and Imperial Legislative Councils for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and permanent Europeans. [20] Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Brings the most important opportunity for Indians to apply. However, this opportunity was still limited because of the limited number of eligible selectors, limited budget allocation for provincial councils, and rural and special interest seats, which were seen as instruments of British control. [20]\nRound table meeting 1930-31-32\n\n![Impact on the economy (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQiShGwbqjUpwRoDx7uS9kFQcgcxuoK2XPJNp4JqNgjzK/Impact%20on%20the%20economy%20(1).jpg)\n\n\nRound table meetings were held in three phases between 1930 and 1932 by the British government to discuss constitutional reform in India. The meetings were conducted by Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the recommendation of Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, [21] [22] and by submitting a report to the Simon Commission in May 1930. In India, the demand for self-government was growing stronger and stronger. In the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India should move towards a dominion position. However, there were significant differences between the Indian and British leaders that the Round Table Meetings failed to resolve.",
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      "body": "Montagu Chelmsford Report 1919\n\n![Round table meeting 1930-31-32.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSv6ut17EYUTZ3t8ZWFNEPafzQAbw5EzuFuM1T6qTjNoH/Round%20table%20meeting%201930-31-32.jpg)\n\nMeanwhile, Montagu and Chelmsford themselves finally submitted their report in July 1918. They made a lengthy visit to India the previous winter to find out the real issue. [20] The Government of India Act 1919 (also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms) was passed in December 1919. [20] It also abolished the \"official majority\" advantage in an unfavorable vote by the Indian government. [20] Although the departments of defense, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income tax were under the ruler and central government in New Delhi, other departments And local autonomous governments were transferred to the provinces. [20] From now on, the provinces will be governed under a new archival system, bringing some departments like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government under Indian ministers and legislature. Eventually, it went under the Indian constituency. Other departments, such as irrigation, land revenue, police, prisons, and media control, remained under the purview of the British governor and his executive council. [20]\nA large number of Indians now have the right to vote. Although they made up only 10 percent of the total adult male population to vote at the national level, many of whom were still illiterate. [20] . Rural candidates, in particular, who were generally sympathetic to the British rule and less opposed to it, were given more seats than their urban opponents. [20] The principle of \"communal preservation\" was an integral part of the Minto-Morley Reform. The Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Agreement was later reintroduced by reserving seats in the Provincial and Imperial Legislative Councils for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and permanent Europeans. [20] Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms Brings the most important opportunity for Indians to apply. However, this opportunity was still limited because of the limited number of eligible selectors, limited budget allocation for provincial councils, and rural and special interest seats, which were seen as instruments of British control. [20]\nRound table meeting 1930-31-32\n\n![Impact on the economy (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQiShGwbqjUpwRoDx7uS9kFQcgcxuoK2XPJNp4JqNgjzK/Impact%20on%20the%20economy%20(1).jpg)\n\n\nRound table meetings were held in three phases between 1930 and 1932 by the British government to discuss constitutional reform in India. The meetings were conducted by Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah on the recommendation of Viceroy Lord Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, [21] [22] and by submitting a report to the Simon Commission in May 1930. In India, the demand for self-government was growing stronger and stronger. In the 1930s, many British politicians believed that India should move towards a dominion position. However, there were significant differences between the Indian and British leaders that the Round Table Meetings failed to resolve.",
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      "body": "Impact on the economy\n\n\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZywKJ7eYiYmu7DfUTaBEqzHaQJBde7M3BcrriWhbrmiQ/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px).jpg)\n\n\nIn the last half of the nineteenth century, India and Great Britain's economies became closely intertwined due to the technological changes brought about by the British Raj directly to the Indian administration and the Industrial Revolution. Is considered related. Lord Dalhousie embraced technological change, which was then accomplished very rapidly in Great Britain. As a result, developing various technologies in India also started very soon. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges began to be built very fast, and telegraph communication also developed very quickly. These make it possible for raw materials, such as cotton, to be transported more efficiently from different parts of India to various ports such as Bombay for export to England for export. [2] [3] Although the market risk for infrastructure development in England was borne by private investors, in India, it was borne by the taxpayers, who were mainly farmers and agricultural laborers. Which ultimately stands at 50 million. [4] Despite all these costs, very few skilled workers are made in India. By the year 1920, in the 60-year history of Indian Railways, only ten percent of the railways were held by Indians. \n\n![Impact on the economy (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXkxjk7mEqm7eRC2btrSqboWN6oQy7hTBREVa14jLTKzX/Impact%20on%20the%20economy%20(1).jpg)\n\nTechnological acceleration also changed the agricultural economy in India. By the last decade of the nineteenth century, large quantities of some raw materials, including some food grains other than cotton, began to be exported to distant markets. [6] The second half of the nineteenth century saw an increase in famine in India. Although famines were nothing new in the Indian subcontinent, the effects of these famines were so severe that millions of people died. [6] Many British and Indian critics blamed the famine on the colonial rulers. [6]\nThe beginning of autonomy\nTowards the end of the nineteenth century, the first steps towards autonomy began to be taken through the appointment of Indian advisers to advise the British Viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members. The British legalized the participation of Indian members in the Legislative Assembly through the Indian Councils Act, 1892. Municipalities and district boards are formed for local administration. These included elected Indian members.\nThe Indian Councils Act, 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reform (John Morley was Secretary of State for India, and Gilbert Elliott, 4th Earl of Minto, was Viceroy) - gave Indians a limited role in the central and provincial legislatures. Earlier, Indians were appointed to the Legislative Council, but after the amendment of the law, some of them continued to be elected to the Legislative Council. The majority of council members at the center continued to be appointed by the government, and the Viceroy was in no way accountable to the legislature. Elected members at the provincial level outnumbered government-appointed members with unapproved appointments. But the governor was not accountable to the legislature. John Morley presented the law to the British Parliament, making it clear that parliamentary autonomy in India was not the goal of the British government.\n\n![Impact on the economy.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmc62PHhjeJzphpZb3T4LcUHsTrjMYnqMQnihSD893Ld3f/Impact%20on%20the%20economy.jpg)\n\nThe Morley-Minto Reform was a milestone. A step-by-step electoral policy was introduced for membership of the Indian Legislative Council. The electorate was limited to a small group of upper-class Indians. These elected members gradually became hostile to the government. Communal constituencies later spread to other communities and formed a political factor in the Indian tendency towards group identification through religion.",
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      "title": "Impact on the economy in the   World War I and its causes 2"
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      "body": "World War I and its causes\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmS3jxQnXf4zdAL1PZG6PAzf2ETYkod7Uy64ZMeNBVGrU3/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px).jpg)\nWorld War I proved to be a turning point in the imperialist relations between India and Britain. Fourteen million Indian and British soldiers in the British Army took part in the First World War, and their participation is considered to be the cause of a wide cultural change. News of Indian soldiers' participation and deaths in battles with British and other sovereign nations, such as Canada and Australia, spread to far-flung corners of the globe through newspapers and new media radios. As a result, India's international position improved and continued to improve throughout the 1920s. As a result, India became a founding member of the League of Nations in 1920 under its name and participated in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp under the name 'Les Indes Analysis' (The British Indies). As a result, in India, the leaders of the Indian National Congress have been seen demanding more Indian rights to self-government.\nThe signing of the Lucknow Agreement in 1918 and the establishment of the Home Rule Leagues demonstrated the strength of the nationalists. At the same time, the catastrophe of the Mesopotamian campaign in World War I made it clear that the war could go on for a long time. The new Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, warned that the Indian government should be more sensitive to the demands of Indians. After discussions with the government in London later this year, Lord Chelmsford proposed that the British government should take various measures to show confidence in the Indians, given their role in the war. These included the awarding of titles and honors to Indian kings, the granting of various posts to Indians in the army, and the removal of unnecessary cotton excise duties. Most important, however, was the announcement of a future plan for India by Britain and an indication of some concrete steps. After negotiations in August 1918, Edwin Montagu, India's new liberal secretary of state, declared that the British goal was to \"establish a progressive and responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire through greater Indian participation in every branch of government and the growth of autonomous bodies.\" It was planned to restore the confidence of educated Indians, who were despised as an under-represented minority. Which Montagu described as \"our child in terms of intelligence.\" Britain would decide where and when to accelerate the pace of reform when the Indians were seen to be achieving it. However, the plan was initially conceived with limited self-government in the states - in India but firmly within the British Empire. It represented the first British proposal for a representative government of any kind in a black colony.\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px) (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZsKHwtS5BMyU9EjSZ5ApbHaj3veVqAfHBetAqo75zaX8/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px)%20(1).jpg)\n\nEarlier, the re-deployment of most of India's British troops in Europe and Mesopotamia at the beginning of World War I resulted in an earlier victory. Lord Hardinge expressed concern about India's \"risk of troop withdrawal.\" [6] Revolutionary violence had already become a concern in British India. Consequently, in 1915, the Government of India enacted the Defense of India Act further to strengthen its powers during growing weakness. It empowers the government to detain politically dangerous opponents without due process, and the powers that be under the Press Act of 1910 are strengthened. These included imprisoning journalists and censoring the media. Now the issue of constitutional reform is being seriously discussed. The British government began to consider how to bring moderate Indians into constitutional politics and at the same time strengthen the hand of established constitutionalists. However, the reform plan was taken at a time when extremist violence was declining as a result of excessive government control during the war. Now, fearing a resurgence of revolutionary violence, the government began to consider how wartime powers could be maintained even in peacetime.\n \nThe Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, on the left, on whose report the Government of India Act of 1919 was introduced. It is also called the Montford Reform or Montagu-Chelmsford Reform.\nThus, although Edwin Montagu announced new constitutional reforms in 1918, a sedition council was tasked with investigating German-Bolshevik contacts with revolutionary conspiracies and violent activities in India during the war. The council was chaired by a British judge, Mr. S. A. T. Rawlat. The unwritten goal of this council was to extend the wartime powers of the government in later times. To deal with destructive activity in these areas, the Rawat Council recommends that the government use its emergency powers in wartime. These included the power to try by a three-judge panel without a jury in sedition cases, forcible bail from suspects, government surveillance of suspects, and provincial governments to arrest suspects and hold them in short-term detention without trial.\nWith the end of the First World War, the economic environment also changed. Towards the end of 1919, 1.5 million Indians were in military and civilian roles in the armed forces. India paid core  146 million for the war. The overall price index in India doubled between 1914 and 1920 as a result of increased taxes and disruptions in domestic and international trade. Soldiers returning from the war mainly created a growing unemployment crisis in Punjab. Post-war price hikes have caused food riots in Bombay, Madras, and the provinces of Bengal. The bad rains of 1918-19, illicit profits, and speculation made the situation worse. The worldwide influenza pandemic and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 were fearsome. The first was to create economic hardship among the people, and the second was to frighten government officials into fearing a similar revolution in India.\n\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px) (2).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQqLzo5cUXtCcPkjoUHdYX9PWa7aYzMbMtrXFqfw2R8mq/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px)%20(2).jpg)\n\nTo deal with the impending crisis, the government drafted the recommendations of the Rawat Parishad through two Rawat bills. Although the bills were approved for legal consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were reluctantly passed. It was announced, \"I hate at first sight this suggestion of keeping the Defense of India Act in peace, as long as Rawat and his friends see it as necessary.\" In the forthcoming discussions and elections in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members were vocal in their opposition to these bills. Yet the Indian government was able to use its \"official majority\" to pass the bill in early 1919. However, when the bill was passed, a smaller version was passed in honor of the Indian opposition. It now authorizes additional judicial powers but only for three years and only to try \"anarchist and revolutionary movements.\" The second bill involving changes in the Indian Penal Code was completely withdrawn. Nevertheless, when the new Rawat Bill was passed, there was widespread outrage across India, and it led to the nationalist movement.",
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      "body": "World War I and its causes\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmS3jxQnXf4zdAL1PZG6PAzf2ETYkod7Uy64ZMeNBVGrU3/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px).jpg)\nWorld War I proved to be a turning point in the imperialist relations between India and Britain. Fourteen million Indian and British soldiers in the British Army took part in the First World War, and their participation is considered to be the cause of a wide cultural change. News of Indian soldiers' participation and deaths in battles with British and other sovereign nations, such as Canada and Australia, spread to far-flung corners of the globe through newspapers and new media radios. As a result, India's international position improved and continued to improve throughout the 1920s. As a result, India became a founding member of the League of Nations in 1920 under its name and participated in the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp under the name 'Les Indes Analysis' (The British Indies). As a result, in India, the leaders of the Indian National Congress have been seen demanding more Indian rights to self-government.\nThe signing of the Lucknow Agreement in 1918 and the establishment of the Home Rule Leagues demonstrated the strength of the nationalists. At the same time, the catastrophe of the Mesopotamian campaign in World War I made it clear that the war could go on for a long time. The new Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford, warned that the Indian government should be more sensitive to the demands of Indians. After discussions with the government in London later this year, Lord Chelmsford proposed that the British government should take various measures to show confidence in the Indians, given their role in the war. These included the awarding of titles and honors to Indian kings, the granting of various posts to Indians in the army, and the removal of unnecessary cotton excise duties. Most important, however, was the announcement of a future plan for India by Britain and an indication of some concrete steps. After negotiations in August 1918, Edwin Montagu, India's new liberal secretary of state, declared that the British goal was to \"establish a progressive and responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire through greater Indian participation in every branch of government and the growth of autonomous bodies.\" It was planned to restore the confidence of educated Indians, who were despised as an under-represented minority. Which Montagu described as \"our child in terms of intelligence.\" Britain would decide where and when to accelerate the pace of reform when the Indians were seen to be achieving it. However, the plan was initially conceived with limited self-government in the states - in India but firmly within the British Empire. It represented the first British proposal for a representative government of any kind in a black colony.\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px) (1).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZsKHwtS5BMyU9EjSZ5ApbHaj3veVqAfHBetAqo75zaX8/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px)%20(1).jpg)\n\nEarlier, the re-deployment of most of India's British troops in Europe and Mesopotamia at the beginning of World War I resulted in an earlier victory. Lord Hardinge expressed concern about India's \"risk of troop withdrawal.\" [6] Revolutionary violence had already become a concern in British India. Consequently, in 1915, the Government of India enacted the Defense of India Act further to strengthen its powers during growing weakness. It empowers the government to detain politically dangerous opponents without due process, and the powers that be under the Press Act of 1910 are strengthened. These included imprisoning journalists and censoring the media. Now the issue of constitutional reform is being seriously discussed. The British government began to consider how to bring moderate Indians into constitutional politics and at the same time strengthen the hand of established constitutionalists. However, the reform plan was taken at a time when extremist violence was declining as a result of excessive government control during the war. Now, fearing a resurgence of revolutionary violence, the government began to consider how wartime powers could be maintained even in peacetime.\n \nThe Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, on the left, on whose report the Government of India Act of 1919 was introduced. It is also called the Montford Reform or Montagu-Chelmsford Reform.\nThus, although Edwin Montagu announced new constitutional reforms in 1918, a sedition council was tasked with investigating German-Bolshevik contacts with revolutionary conspiracies and violent activities in India during the war. The council was chaired by a British judge, Mr. S. A. T. Rawlat. The unwritten goal of this council was to extend the wartime powers of the government in later times. To deal with destructive activity in these areas, the Rawat Council recommends that the government use its emergency powers in wartime. These included the power to try by a three-judge panel without a jury in sedition cases, forcible bail from suspects, government surveillance of suspects, and provincial governments to arrest suspects and hold them in short-term detention without trial.\nWith the end of the First World War, the economic environment also changed. Towards the end of 1919, 1.5 million Indians were in military and civilian roles in the armed forces. India paid core  146 million for the war. The overall price index in India doubled between 1914 and 1920 as a result of increased taxes and disruptions in domestic and international trade. Soldiers returning from the war mainly created a growing unemployment crisis in Punjab. Post-war price hikes have caused food riots in Bombay, Madras, and the provinces of Bengal. The bad rains of 1918-19, illicit profits, and speculation made the situation worse. The worldwide influenza pandemic and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 were fearsome. The first was to create economic hardship among the people, and the second was to frighten government officials into fearing a similar revolution in India.\n\n![Untitled (1200 x 800 px) (2).jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQqLzo5cUXtCcPkjoUHdYX9PWa7aYzMbMtrXFqfw2R8mq/Untitled%20(1200%20x%20800%20px)%20(2).jpg)\n\nTo deal with the impending crisis, the government drafted the recommendations of the Rawat Parishad through two Rawat bills. Although the bills were approved for legal consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were reluctantly passed. 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