Ecoer Logo
VOTING POWER96.19%
DOWNVOTE POWER0.00%
RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%
REPUTATION PROGRESS59.19%
Net Worth
0.000USD
STEEM
0.000STEEM
SBD
0.000SBD
Own SP
0.000SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance
0.000STEEM
market_balance
0.000STEEM
savings_balance
0.000STEEM
reward_steem_balance
0.000STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP
0.000SP
Delegated Out
0.000SP
Delegation In
0.000SP
Effective Power
0.000SP
Reward SP (pending)
0.000SP
SBD
sbd_balance
0.000SBD
sbd_conversions
0.000SBD
sbd_market_balance
0.000SBD
savings_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
reward_sbd_balance
0.000SBD
{
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

namebackfl1p
id599243
rank1,914,591
reputation-3989371046
created2018-01-11T10:20:15
recovery_accountsteem
proxyNone
post_count2
comment_count0
lifetime_vote_count0
witnesses_voted_for0
last_post2018-08-07T09:45:57
last_root_post2018-08-07T09:45:57
last_vote_time2018-04-28T03:03:15
proxied_vsf_votes0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote1
voting_power9,619
delayed_votes0
balance0.000 STEEM
savings_balance0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance0.000 SBD
savings_sbd_balance0.000 SBD
vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance0.000000 VESTS
vesting_balance0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn87731534
to_withdraw87731534
withdraw_routes1
savings_withdraw_requests0
last_account_recovery1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_accountnull
last_owner_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update1970-01-01T00:00:00
minedNo
sbd_seconds16,013,724
sbd_last_interest_payment2018-08-07T12:13:12
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment1970-01-01T00:00:00
{
  "id": 599243,
  "name": "backfl1p",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6d6SC5wvAYPq624cbEyaRejB6fsyHnhJ5sYwcQz24MfPrGAKn9",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM6ZY38sDPzDQipFxFS11vAL78EPEpaDVGYeAUtJT26Q6H8SfyYm",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7MdDFDje5oVXBC1QUxz5G2wUxJzyRPddmQ23ZtxaZr2xjuPDc2",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM76mNZVYh5jdPyCy1ApK4oMdfDUMGhVHKLwc6p13XNTTNdxftLK",
  "json_metadata": "",
  "posting_json_metadata": "",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "created": "2018-01-11T10:20:15",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 2,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 9619,
    "last_update_time": 1524884595
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": 0,
    "last_update_time": 1515666015
  },
  "voting_power": 9619,
  "balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "16013724",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-08-09T01:24:03",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-08-07T12:13:12",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "0.000 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 87731534,
  "to_withdraw": 87731534,
  "withdraw_routes": 1,
  "curation_rewards": 43,
  "posting_rewards": 0,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2018-08-07T09:45:57",
  "last_root_post": "2018-08-07T09:45:57",
  "last_vote_time": "2018-04-28T03:03:15",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": -3989371046,
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 1914591
}

Withdraw Routes

IncomingOutgoing
Empty
luckdiver
100.000%STEEM
{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": [
    {
      "id": 39065,
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "percent": 10000,
      "auto_vest": false
    }
  ]
}
From Date
To Date
2020/01/11 11:44:00
parent authorbackfl1p
parent permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-backfl1p-20200111t114359000z
title
bodyCongratulations @backfl1p! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=backfl1p)_</sub> ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #39833841/Trx b43980ad7181d69a52e4ec8a1c2107f4e624ee11
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "b43980ad7181d69a52e4ec8a1c2107f4e624ee11",
  "block": 39833841,
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-01-11T11:44:00",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "backfl1p",
      "parent_permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-backfl1p-20200111t114359000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @backfl1p! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=backfl1p)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
    }
  ]
}
2019/01/11 11:13:06
parent authorbackfl1p
parent permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
authorsteemitboard
permlinksteemitboard-notify-backfl1p-20190111t111305000z
title
bodyCongratulations @backfl1p! You received a personal award! <table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table> <sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p)_</sub> **Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:** <table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfRVpHQhLDhnjDtqck8GPv9NPvNKPfMsDaAFDE1D9Er2Z/header_ranking.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking">SteemWhales has officially moved to SteemitBoard Ranking</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr></table> > Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!
json metadata{"image":["https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png"]}
Transaction InfoBlock #29360356/Trx 4c86834ac16dc567cf05b0ca5b131a65b9aac586
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "4c86834ac16dc567cf05b0ca5b131a65b9aac586",
  "block": 29360356,
  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-01-11T11:13:06",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "backfl1p",
      "parent_permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "author": "steemitboard",
      "permlink": "steemitboard-notify-backfl1p-20190111t111305000z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Congratulations @backfl1p! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p/birthday1.png</td><td>1 Year on Steemit</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@backfl1p)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmfRVpHQhLDhnjDtqck8GPv9NPvNKPfMsDaAFDE1D9Er2Z/header_ranking.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steem/@steemitboard/steemwhales-has-officially-moved-to-steemitboard-ranking\">SteemWhales has officially moved to SteemitBoard Ranking</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/7CiQEO.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/steemitboard-witness-update-2019-01-07\">SteemitBoard - Witness Update</a></td></tr></table>\n\n> Support [SteemitBoard's project](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)! **[Vote for its witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1)** and **get one more award**!",
      "json_metadata": "{\"image\":[\"https://steemitboard.com/img/notify.png\"]}"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2019/01/07 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #29252423/Virtual Operation #16
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 29252423,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 16,
  "timestamp": "2019-01-07T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.000 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2019/01/07 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn0.000007 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #29252423/Virtual Operation #15
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 29252423,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 15,
  "timestamp": "2019-01-07T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "0.000007 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/12/31 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #29051074/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 29051074,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 5,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-31T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/12/31 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #29051074/Virtual Operation #4
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 29051074,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 4,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-31T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/12/24 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28849567/Virtual Operation #20
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28849567,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 20,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-24T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/12/24 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28849567/Virtual Operation #19
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28849567,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 19,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-24T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/12/17 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28648101/Virtual Operation #17
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28648101,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 17,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-17T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/12/17 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28648101/Virtual Operation #16
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28648101,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 16,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-17T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/12/10 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28446634/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28446634,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 7,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-10T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/12/10 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28446634/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28446634,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 6,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-10T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/12/03 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28245141/Virtual Operation #8
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28245141,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 8,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-03T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/12/03 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28245141/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28245141,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 7,
  "timestamp": "2018-12-03T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/11/26 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28043616/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 28043616,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 6,
  "timestamp": "2018-11-26T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/11/26 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #28043616/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/11/19 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27842118/Virtual Operation #13
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/11/19 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27842118/Virtual Operation #12
View Raw JSON Data
{
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      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/11/12 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27640655/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/11/12 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27640655/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/11/05 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27439182/Virtual Operation #7
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/11/05 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27439182/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/10/29 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27237758/Virtual Operation #12
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/10/29 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27237758/Virtual Operation #11
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op": [
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    {
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      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/10/22 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27036299/Virtual Operation #6
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 6,
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  "op": [
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      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/10/22 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #27036299/Virtual Operation #5
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
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      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
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}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/10/15 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #26834861/Virtual Operation #25
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 26834861,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 25,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-15T17:13:48",
  "op": [
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    {
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      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/10/15 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #26834861/Virtual Operation #24
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 24,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-15T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "withdrawn": "6.748579 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.003 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1preceived 0.000 STEEM from power down installment (0.000 SP)
2018/10/08 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountbackfl1p
withdrawn0.000000 VESTS
deposited0.000 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #26633399/Virtual Operation #10
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "block": 26633399,
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 10,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-08T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
      "from_account": "backfl1p",
      "to_account": "backfl1p",
      "withdrawn": "0.000000 VESTS",
      "deposited": "0.000 STEEM"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.003 STEEM to @luckdiver from power down installment (0.004 SP)
2018/10/08 17:13:48
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
withdrawn6.748579 VESTS
deposited0.003 STEEM
Transaction InfoBlock #26633399/Virtual Operation #9
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 9,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-08T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "fill_vesting_withdraw",
    {
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    }
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}
backfl1pset power down withdrawal route to @luckdiver (100.00%)
2018/10/01 17:13:51
from accountbackfl1p
to accountluckdiver
percent10000
auto vestfalse
Transaction InfoBlock #26431920/Trx 4d10ac0f8b75c1d45982ef82c0ceb84be742cca5
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "4d10ac0f8b75c1d45982ef82c0ceb84be742cca5",
  "block": 26431920,
  "trx_in_block": 0,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-10-01T17:13:51",
  "op": [
    "set_withdraw_vesting_route",
    {
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      "to_account": "luckdiver",
      "percent": 10000,
      "auto_vest": false
    }
  ]
}
backfl1pstarted power down of 0.054 SP
2018/10/01 17:13:48
accountbackfl1p
vesting shares87.731534 VESTS
Transaction InfoBlock #26431919/Trx 2f55905ab7927280cb815d39764a3c939edde7e9
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
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  "timestamp": "2018-10-01T17:13:48",
  "op": [
    "withdraw_vesting",
    {
      "account": "backfl1p",
      "vesting_shares": "87.731534 VESTS"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.100 SBD to @avdvla1984- "round"
2018/08/09 01:24:03
frombackfl1p
toavdvla1984
amount0.100 SBD
memoround
Transaction InfoBlock #24903048/Trx 143e580991eaacdab37fb5bb0a84a7e4a01b89ab
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "143e580991eaacdab37fb5bb0a84a7e4a01b89ab",
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  "trx_in_block": 29,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-09T01:24:03",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "backfl1p",
      "to": "avdvla1984",
      "amount": "0.100 SBD",
      "memo": "round"
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/08 22:00:12
voterblacklist-a
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
weight-1000 (-10.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #24898976/Trx b6866362f5095d95a05d17c1c1999cc9a149534e
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "b6866362f5095d95a05d17c1c1999cc9a149534e",
  "block": 24898976,
  "trx_in_block": 33,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-08T22:00:12",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "blacklist-a",
      "author": "backfl1p",
      "permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "weight": -1000
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/08 21:59:06
votersteemcleaners
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
weight-71 (-0.71%)
Transaction InfoBlock #24898954/Trx 43224a93d7717ade3290bec68494de4f10702d09
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "43224a93d7717ade3290bec68494de4f10702d09",
  "block": 24898954,
  "trx_in_block": 16,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-08T21:59:06",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "steemcleaners",
      "author": "backfl1p",
      "permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "weight": -71
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/08 21:59:06
parent authorbackfl1p
parent permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
authorsteemcleaners
permlinkre-backfl1p-giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition-20180808t215906107z
title
body[Source](https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/23275-giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition/) [Plagiarism](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/) is the copying & pasting of others work without giving credit to the original author or artist. Plagiarized posts are considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/faq.html#What_is__cheetah). [More information and tips on sharing content.](https://steemcleaners.org/copy-paste-plagiarism/) If you believe this comment is in error, please contact us in [#disputes on Discord](https://discord.gg/YR2Wy5A)
json metadata{"app":"steemcleaners/0.3","format":"markdown+html","community":"steemcleaners"}
Transaction InfoBlock #24898954/Trx 2f8611c70f8e6d2b86ceb7f11e9fdf5c85ecec95
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "2f8611c70f8e6d2b86ceb7f11e9fdf5c85ecec95",
  "block": 24898954,
  "trx_in_block": 13,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-08T21:59:06",
  "op": [
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    {
      "parent_author": "backfl1p",
      "parent_permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "permlink": "re-backfl1p-giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition-20180808t215906107z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "[Source](https://www.rockefeller.edu/news/23275-giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition/)\n[Plagiarism](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/) is the copying & pasting of others work without giving credit to the original author or artist. Plagiarized posts are considered spam. \r\n\r\nSpam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/faq.html#What_is__cheetah).\r\n\r\n[More information and tips on sharing content.](https://steemcleaners.org/copy-paste-plagiarism/)\r\n\r\nIf you believe this comment is in error, please contact us in [#disputes on Discord](https://discord.gg/YR2Wy5A)",
      "json_metadata": "{\"app\":\"steemcleaners/0.3\",\"format\":\"markdown+html\",\"community\":\"steemcleaners\"}"
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}
2018/08/07 13:56:21
voterrobertking
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
weight5700 (57.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #24860526/Trx 0774134651f8777570586963a0b60ee4e2cb57eb
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "trx_in_block": 15,
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-07T13:56:21",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "robertking",
      "author": "backfl1p",
      "permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "weight": 5700
    }
  ]
}
minnowboostersent 0.002 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by robertking. We refund an open value of 0.002 SBD! Request-Id: 1444208"
2018/08/07 13:56:21
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.002 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by robertking. We refund an open value of 0.002 SBD! Request-Id: 1444208
Transaction InfoBlock #24860526/Trx 0db644d0fcf8d558b71896269fd6de0ff50b66c2
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-07T13:56:21",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "from": "minnowbooster",
      "to": "backfl1p",
      "amount": "0.002 SBD",
      "memo": "You got an upgoat that will be done by robertking. We refund an open value of 0.002 SBD! Request-Id: 1444208"
    }
  ]
}
backfl1psent 0.200 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:55:39
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
amount0.200 SBD
memohttps://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
Transaction InfoBlock #24860512/Trx 27dd13a97f50a39b77af17b9b221b29a547fd2b9
View Raw JSON Data
{
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  "trx_in_block": 23,
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  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-07T13:55:39",
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
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      "to": "minnowbooster",
      "amount": "0.200 SBD",
      "memo": "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
    }
  ]
}
2018/08/07 13:49:15
voterrevelim
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
weight6800 (68.00%)
Transaction InfoBlock #24860384/Trx a8ed878171aa0c012a8cf15dbb71bc214c32f8c0
View Raw JSON Data
{
  "trx_id": "a8ed878171aa0c012a8cf15dbb71bc214c32f8c0",
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "virtual_op": 0,
  "timestamp": "2018-08-07T13:49:15",
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "voter": "revelim",
      "author": "backfl1p",
      "permlink": "giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition",
      "weight": 6800
    }
  ]
}
minnowboostersent 0.001 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by revelim. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1444173"
2018/08/07 13:49:15
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.001 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by revelim. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1444173
Transaction InfoBlock #24860384/Trx 1046cf53e78c8d2b6081dba0b7f6129f838927dc
View Raw JSON Data
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backfl1psent 0.050 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:48:24
frombackfl1p
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minnowboostersent 0.006 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by shartzy. We refund an open value of 0.006 SBD! Request-Id: 1444090"
2018/08/07 13:33:39
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.006 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by shartzy. We refund an open value of 0.006 SBD! Request-Id: 1444090
Transaction InfoBlock #24860072/Trx c3f96699aaaf216b398e66e876f276eb71c78424
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2018/08/07 13:33:39
votershartzy
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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minnowboostersent 0.001 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by cnfund. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1444088"
2018/08/07 13:33:36
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.001 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by cnfund. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1444088
Transaction InfoBlock #24860071/Trx ec9c787cc10a55db4b8c011229a25927f57a6ca1
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2018/08/07 13:33:36
votercnfund
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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backfl1psent 0.150 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:33:21
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
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backfl1psent 0.050 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:33:03
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
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2018/08/07 13:13:33
votercha0s0000
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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2018/08/07 13:13:33
voterraiseup
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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2018/08/07 13:13:33
votermattmccauley
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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minnowboostersent 0.009 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by raiseup,freeyourmind,cha0s0000,mattmccauley. We refund an open value of 0.009 SBD! Request-Id: 1443976"
2018/08/07 13:13:33
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.009 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by raiseup,freeyourmind,cha0s0000,mattmccauley. We refund an open value of 0.009 SBD! Request-Id: 1443976
Transaction InfoBlock #24859670/Trx 3aa98633a625848509d92124441a8e38b6db99f2
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2018/08/07 13:13:33
voterfreeyourmind
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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backfl1psent 0.050 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:12:39
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
amount0.050 SBD
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minnowboostersent 0.001 SBD to @backfl1p- "You got an upgoat that will be done by sanjeevm. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1443948"
2018/08/07 13:08:42
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.001 SBD
memoYou got an upgoat that will be done by sanjeevm. We refund an open value of 0.001 SBD! Request-Id: 1443948
Transaction InfoBlock #24859573/Trx 17acce3efc2d2a75d6bc05ab08dedc7574fe004c
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2018/08/07 13:08:42
votersanjeevm
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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backfl1psent 0.020 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 13:07:48
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
amount0.020 SBD
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minnowboostersent 0.100 SBD to @backfl1p- "Sorry, we could not upvote you with 0.100 SBD ⇒ $0.151. Our website https://www.minnowbooster.net has a graph with what sends are currently working, refunding request with id: 1443867!."
2018/08/07 12:13:45
fromminnowbooster
tobackfl1p
amount0.100 SBD
memoSorry, we could not upvote you with 0.100 SBD ⇒ $0.151. Our website https://www.minnowbooster.net has a graph with what sends are currently working, refunding request with id: 1443867!.
Transaction InfoBlock #24858474/Trx 15802f8451b7c6341aa3bb94629c2655ffe86eca
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backfl1psent 0.100 SBD to @minnowbooster- "https://steemit.com/news/@backfl1p/giant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition"
2018/08/07 12:13:12
frombackfl1p
tominnowbooster
amount0.100 SBD
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ti-festsent 0.600 SBD to @backfl1p- "refund"
2018/08/07 11:46:12
fromti-fest
tobackfl1p
amount0.600 SBD
memorefund
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2018/08/07 09:45:57
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
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2018/08/07 09:45:57
parent author
parent permlinknews
authorbackfl1p
permlinkgiant-neurons-in-the-brain-may-play-similarly-giant-role-in-awareness-and-cognition
titleGiant neurons in the brain may play similarly giant role in awareness and cognition
body<html> <p>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZcFzAVbP97QxZ1hLSX5coRvEAcRrANbEQfvS9876ViYf/image.png<em>Researchers believe that large cells called nucleus gigantocellularis neurons, pictured here, modulate blood flow by releasing nitric oxide.</em></p> <p>There is no shortage of wonders that our central nervous system produces -- from thought and language to movement to the five senses. All of those dazzling traits, however, depend on an underappreciated deep brain mechanism that Donald Pfaff, head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior at The Rockefeller University, calls generalized arousal, or GA for short. GA is what wakes us up in the morning and keeps us aware and in touch with ourselves and our environment throughout our conscious hours.</p> <p><br></p> <blockquote>'It's so fundamental that we don't pay attention to it,' says Pfaff, 'and yet it's so important that we should.'</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>Pfaff and his team of researchers certainly do. Now, in a series of experiments involving a particular type of brain cell, they have advanced our understanding of the roots of consciousness. Their work may potentially prove relevant in the study of some psychiatric diseases.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>The big cells in the black box</strong></p> <p><br></p> <p>The findings, published this month in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shed light on an area of the brainstem that is so little understood the first author of the paper, Inna Tabansky, a research associate in Pfaff's lab, calls it 'the black box.' That term is certainly simpler than its actual name -- the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC), which is part of a structure called the medullary reticular formation.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In her work, using mice, Tabansky focused on a subtype of extremely large neurons in the NGC with links to virtually the entire nervous system, including the thalamus, where neurons can activate the entire cerebral cortex. 'If you just look at the morphology of NGC neurons, you know they're important,' Pfaff says. 'It's just a question of what they're important for. I think they're essential for the initiation of any behavior.'</p> <p><br></p> <p>To discover what role the NGC neurons might play in GA, Tabansky and her colleagues, including Joel Stern, a visiting professor in the Pfaff lab, began by identifying the genes that these neurons express. They used a technique known as 'retro-TRAP,' developed in the lab of Rockefeller scientist Jeffrey Friedman.</p> <p><br></p> <p>To Tabansky's surprise, the NGC neurons were found to express the gene for an enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which produces nitric oxide, which in turn relaxes blood vessels, increasing the flow of oxygenated blood to tissue. (No other neurons in the brain are known to produce eNOS.) They also discovered that the eNOS-expressing NGC neurons are located close to blood vessels.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In Pfaff's view, the neurons are so critical for the normal functions of the central nervous system that they have evolved the ability to control their own blood supply directly. ''We're pretty sure that if these neurons need more oxygen and glucose, they will release nitric oxide into these nearby blood vessels in order to get it,' he says.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The circumstances that would prompt such a response were the subject of further experiments. The scientists found evidence that changes in the environment, such as the introduction of novel scents, activated eNOS in the NGC neurons and produced increased amounts of nitric oxide in mice.</p> <p><br></p> <p>'There is some low level of production when the animal is in a familiar setting,' says Tabansky, 'which is what you expect as they maintain arousal. But it is vastly increased when the animal is adapting to a new environment.' This activation of the NGC neurons supports the case for their central role in arousal, Tabansky says.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>From cells to psychiatry</strong></p> <p><br></p> <p>Going forward, Tabansky says she's interested in exploring if their findings might help fill a gap in the understanding of certain disorders, such as bipolar disorder, suicidality, and ADHD. Some genetic research has implicated a role for the neurons she studied in these diseases, but the mechanism behind this link is not known.</p> <p><code>By showing that this gene and its associated pathways have a particular role, at least in the rodent brain, that relates to a fundamental function of the nervous system, is a hint about how this gene can cause psychiatric disease,' she says. 'It's very preliminary, and there is a lot more work to be done, but it potentially opens a new way to study how this gene can alter an individual's psychology.</code></p> </html>
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      "body": "<html> <p>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZcFzAVbP97QxZ1hLSX5coRvEAcRrANbEQfvS9876ViYf/image.png<em>Researchers believe that large cells called nucleus gigantocellularis neurons, pictured here, modulate blood flow by releasing nitric oxide.</em></p> <p>There is no shortage of wonders that our central nervous system produces -- from thought and language to movement to the five senses. All of those dazzling traits, however, depend on an underappreciated deep brain mechanism that Donald Pfaff, head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior at The Rockefeller University, calls generalized arousal, or GA for short. GA is what wakes us up in the morning and keeps us aware and in touch with ourselves and our environment throughout our conscious hours.</p> <p><br></p> <blockquote>'It's so fundamental that we don't pay attention to it,' says Pfaff, 'and yet it's so important that we should.'</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>Pfaff and his team of researchers certainly do. Now, in a series of experiments involving a particular type of brain cell, they have advanced our understanding of the roots of consciousness. Their work may potentially prove relevant in the study of some psychiatric diseases.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>The big cells in the black box</strong></p> <p><br></p> <p>The findings, published this month in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, shed light on an area of the brainstem that is so little understood the first author of the paper, Inna Tabansky, a research associate in Pfaff's lab, calls it 'the black box.' That term is certainly simpler than its actual name -- the nucleus gigantocellularis (NGC), which is part of a structure called the medullary reticular formation.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In her work, using mice, Tabansky focused on a subtype of extremely large neurons in the NGC with links to virtually the entire nervous system, including the thalamus, where neurons can activate the entire cerebral cortex. 'If you just look at the morphology of NGC neurons, you know they're important,' Pfaff says. 'It's just a question of what they're important for. I think they're essential for the initiation of any behavior.'</p> <p><br></p> <p>To discover what role the NGC neurons might play in GA, Tabansky and her colleagues, including Joel Stern, a visiting professor in the Pfaff lab, began by identifying the genes that these neurons express. They used a technique known as 'retro-TRAP,' developed in the lab of Rockefeller scientist Jeffrey Friedman.</p> <p><br></p> <p>To Tabansky's surprise, the NGC neurons were found to express the gene for an enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which produces nitric oxide, which in turn relaxes blood vessels, increasing the flow of oxygenated blood to tissue. (No other neurons in the brain are known to produce eNOS.) They also discovered that the eNOS-expressing NGC neurons are located close to blood vessels.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In Pfaff's view, the neurons are so critical for the normal functions of the central nervous system that they have evolved the ability to control their own blood supply directly. ''We're pretty sure that if these neurons need more oxygen and glucose, they will release nitric oxide into these nearby blood vessels in order to get it,' he says.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The circumstances that would prompt such a response were the subject of further experiments. The scientists found evidence that changes in the environment, such as the introduction of novel scents, activated eNOS in the NGC neurons and produced increased amounts of nitric oxide in mice.</p> <p><br></p> <p>'There is some low level of production when the animal is in a familiar setting,' says Tabansky, 'which is what you expect as they maintain arousal. But it is vastly increased when the animal is adapting to a new environment.' This activation of the NGC neurons supports the case for their central role in arousal, Tabansky says.</p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>From cells to psychiatry</strong></p> <p><br></p> <p>Going forward, Tabansky says she's interested in exploring if their findings might help fill a gap in the understanding of certain disorders, such as bipolar disorder, suicidality, and ADHD. Some genetic research has implicated a role for the neurons she studied in these diseases, but the mechanism behind this link is not known.</p> <p><code>By showing that this gene and its associated pathways have a particular role, at least in the rodent brain, that relates to a fundamental function of the nervous system, is a hint about how this gene can cause psychiatric disease,' she says. 'It's very preliminary, and there is a lot more work to be done, but it potentially opens a new way to study how this gene can alter an individual's psychology.</code></p> </html>",
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