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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sands_Hotel_and_Casino",
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      "author": "blessingamos",
      "body": "The Sands Hotel and Casino in 1959.\nSands Hotel and Casino in 1959\nSands Hotel and Casino is located in Las Vegas Strip Sands Hotel and Casino\nLocation\tParadise, Nevada\nAddress\t3355 Las Vegas Boulevard South\nOpening date\t December 15, 1952\nClosing date\tJune 30, 1996; 21 years ago(65 years ago) ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/9onr67uqe1.jpg) ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/z6l3n8otgy.jpg) Tallulah bankhead. ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/w0lnbhem6k.jpg) Sands hotel copa room\n ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/sxyka8xgq8.jpg)Jerry lewis\n ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/glxfmjan06.jpg)\nEthel merman\n ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/8mjjozlsbs.jpg)jerry Lee Lewis\n ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/p45odby9ai.jpg)\nDannyThomas performed at sands hotels at the opening night.\n\nTheme\tDesert\nNo. of rooms\t715\nSignature attractions\tCopa Room\nCasino type\tLand-based\nOwner\t1967-1981 Howard Hughes\n1981-1983 Inns of Americas\n1983-1988 Summa Corp.\n1988-1989 MGM Grand, Inc.\n1989-1996 Las Vegas Sands\nArchitect\tWayne McAllister\nRenovated in\t1965, 1978\nCoordinates\t36°07′17″N 115°10′08″WCoordinates: 36°07′17″N 115°10′08″W\n\nThe Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, United States, that operated from 1952 to 1996. Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister, with a prominent 56-foot (17 m) high sign, the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip. During its heyday, the Sands was the center of entertainment and \"cool\" on the Strip, and hosted many famous entertainers of the day, most notably the Rat Pack.\n\nThe hotel was established in 1952 by Texan oil tycoon Jake Freedman, who bought up the LaRue Restaurant, which had opened two years earlier. The hotel was opened on December 15, 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms, and was established less than three months after the opening of another notable landmark, Sahara Hotel and Casino. The hotel rooms were divided into four two-story motel wings, each with fifty rooms, and named after famous race tracks. The opening was widely publicized, and every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars. Crime bosses such as Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello acquired shares in the hotel and attracted Frank Sinatra, who made his performing debut at Sands in October 1953. Sinatra later bought a share in the hotel himself. Sinatra and Sammy Davis, Jr. were instrumental throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in bringing a change in racial policy in Sands, and after an incident in 1961, it began employing blacks. In 1960 the classic caper film Ocean's 11 was shot at the hotel, and it subsequently attained iconic status,[1] with regular performances by Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Red Skelton and others, who performed regularly in the hotel's world-renowned Copa Room. Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli, whose house orchestra performed in the recording of hundreds of albums over the years.\n\nIn the mid 1960s, Sands and its adjacent properties were bought by the reclusive businessman Howard Hughes, who built a 500-room tower and modernized the hotel. After the 1970s it fell into decline until its final owner, Sheldon Adelson, made the decision to shut it down and to build a brand new resort. The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30, 1996. On November 26 of that year, it was finally imploded and demolished, much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists. Today, The Venetian stands where the Sands once stood.\n\nDanny Thomas performed at Sands on the opening night.\nThe LaRue Restaurant was established in December 1950 by Billy Wilkerson. The following year, oil tycoon Jake Freedman of Houston, Texas bought LaRue for $15,000. Freedman's idea was to build the best hotel and casino in Las Vegas to specifically cater to the glamorous Hollywood film stars and executives in a $600,000 project. Numerous sources state that organized crime figures Meyer Lansky, Frank Costello and Joseph \"Doc\" Stracher and illegal bookmakers like Mike Shapiro,bEd Levinson, and Sid Wyman were involved in the financing of Sands and had shares in it. Lansky and his mob assumed ownership of the Flamingo Hotel after the murder of Bugsy Siegel in 1947, and Lansky and Costello also had business interests in the Thunderbird Hotel and El Cortez Club in Downtown Las Vegas.\n\n\nAdvert for the opening in 1952\nConstruction began on Sands Hotel in early 1952, built to a design by Wayne McAllister. Freedman had initially intended naming the hotel \"Holiday Inn\" after the film of the same name starring Bing Crosby, but after noticing that his socks became so full of sand decided to name it Sands. The tag line would be \"A Place in the Sun\", named after a recently released film starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor, and quite suitable to the hot desert location of Las Vegas. The hotel was opened on December 15, 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms, and was established less than three months after the opening of another prominent landmark, Sahara Hotel and Casino. The opening was widely publicized, and the hotel was visited by some 12,000 people within a few hours. At the inauguration were 146 journalists and special guests such as Arlene Dahl, Fernando Lamas, Esther Williams, and Terry Moore. Every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars, and Sands ended up losing $200,000 within the first eight hours. Danny Thomas, Jimmy McHugh and the Copa Girls, labelled \"the most beautiful girls in the world\", performed in the Copa Room on opening night, and Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra were the initial house band. Thomas was hired to perform for the first two weeks, but strained his voice on the second night and developed laryngitis, and was replaced with performers such as Jimmy Durante, Frankie Laine, Jane Powell, the Ritz Brothers, and Ray Anthony.\n\nJack Entratter, who was formerly in charge of the New York nightclub, the Copacabana, became the hotel's manager. Entratter made many show business friends during his time at the nightclub; he was able to use these connections to sign performers for the Sands Copa Room. Entratter was also able to offer entertainers an additional incentive to perform at the Sands. Headlining stars received \"points\", or a percentage of ownership in the hotel and casino. Entratter's personally selected \"Copa Girls\" wore $12,000 worth of costumes on the hotel's opening night; this surpassed the salary of the Copa Room's star, Danny Thomas.\n\nIn the early years, Freedman and his wife Carolyn were one of its attractions, wearing \"matching white, leather outfits, replete with identical cowboy boots and hats\". Freedman offered Carolyn's father Nathan a 5% stake in Sands but he declined the offer.\n\nTHE RAT PACK AND RACIAL POLICY\n\nThe Rat Pack with Jack Entratter in 1960\nLansky and Costello brought the Sands to Frank Sinatra's attention, and he began staying at the hotel and gambling there during breaks from Hollywood, though some sources state that he was not a hardcore gambler. Sinatra earned a notoriety for \"keeping his winnings and ignoring his gambling losses\", but the mobsters running the hotel were not too concerned because Sinatra was great for business. He made his debut performing at the hotel on October 4, 1953,after an invitation by the manager Jack Entratter. Sinatra typically played at Sands three times a year, sometimes a two-week stint, which \"brought in the big rollers, a lot of oil money from Texas\". The big rollers left Vegas when Sinatra did, and other performers were reluctant to perform after him, feeling intimidated.\n\nEntratter replaced Freedman as the president of the Sands Hotel following his death from heart surgery on January 20, 1958. Freedman's last wife Sadie subsequently lived in a suite in the Belmont Park wing into the mid 1960s until her death. Sinatra, who had attempted to buy a share in the hotel soon after first visiting in 1953, but was denied by the Nevada Tax Commission, was now granted permission to buy a share in the hotel, due to his phenomenal impact upon business in Las Vegas. His share, variously described as from 2 to 9%, aided Freedman's wife in paying off her husband's gambling debts.\n\nIn 1955, limited integration came to heavily segregated Las Vegas when the Sands first allowed Nat King Cole to stay at the hotel and perform. Sinatra noticed that he never saw Cole in the dining room, always eating his meals in solitude in his dressing room. When he asked his valet George to find out why, he learned that \"Coloreds aren't allowed in the dining room at the Sands\". Sinatra subsequently saw to it that if blacks were not permitted to eat their meals in the dining room with everybody else he would see to it that all of the waiters and waitresses were fired, and invited Cole to dine with him the following evening. Cole was allowed permission into the casino, as was another black performer, Harry Belafonte, who took a more aggressive approach by walking into the casino on his own accord and sitting at a blackjack table, which was not challenged by the bosses. Belafonte became the \"first black man to play cards on the Las Vegas Strip\".\n\nSammy Davis, Jr. was instrumental in bringing about a general change in policy. When the Will Mastin Trio began performing at Sands in 1958, Davis informed Entratter that his father and uncle must be allowed permission to stay at Sands while he was performing there. Entratter granted them permission but continued his objection to admitting other black guests.[25] In 1961, an African-American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard, witnessed by Sinatra and Davis. Sinatra told the guards that they were his guests and let them into the hotel. Sinatra subsequently swore profusely down the phone to Sands executive Carl Cohen at how ridiculous the situation was, and the following day, Davis approached Entratter and demanded that Sands begin employing blacks. Shortly afterwards the hotel changed its policy and it began hiring black waiters and busboys, and began permitting blacks entry into the casino.\n\nIn the late 1950s, Senator John F. Kennedy was occasionally a guest of Sinatra at the Sands. Arguably the hotel's biggest claim to fame was a three-week period in 1960 during the filming of Ocean's 11, after which it attained iconic status. During that time, the movie's stars Sinatra, Dean Martin, Davis, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford performed on stage together in the Copa Room. The performances were called the \"Summit at the Sands\" and this is considered to be the birth of the Rat Pack.\n\n\"Later History\"\n\nLillian Briggs performing at the Sands in 1956\nWhen Howard Hughes purchased the hotel in the mid-1960s for $14.6 million, the architect Martin Stern, Jr. added a 500-room circular tower, which opened in 1967, and the hotel became a Las Vegas landmark. Hughes grew particularly annoyed every time the Rat Pack were in his hotel, due to a hatred of Frank Sinatra which stemmed from the fact that he had been in love with Ava Gardner in the 50s and she had run off to marry him. The ill feeling was reciprocated by Sinatra. Hughes plotted to oust Sinatra from the Sands for good, and asked Robert Maheu to draw up a plan shortly after the new hotel opened in 1967. The hotel imposed restrictions on what Sinatra could gamble in the casino, to just $3,000 a night. Under previous management, Sinatra had no limits on the amount of credit extended to him by the Sands casino. His IOUs, chits or \"markers\" were torn up at the end of Sinatra's engagements because he was considered to be good for business-bringing the hotel more monetary value than the worth of his gambling losses. Hughes put a stop to this system, telling Jack Entratter to inform Sinatra of the new policy; Entratter did not do so because he was afraid.\n\nFuming, Sinatra began what The Los Angeles Times describes as a \"weekend-long tirade\" against the \"hotel's management, employees and security forces\". The FBI report says the incident began when Mia Farrow lost US$20,000 at the Sands casino. Sinatra bought US$50,000 in chips and made an attempt to win the money back. He lost this sum within a short period of time. Sinatra then asked for credit, which was denied. It culminated when Sinatra reportedly drove a golf cart through the window of the coffee shop where casino manager Carl Cohen was seated and began \"screaming obscenities and anti-Semitic remarks\" at Cohen. Sinatra reportedly punched Cohen, a heavily built man, who responded with a smack in the mouth, bloodying Sinatra's nose and knocking two of his teeth out. As a result, Sinatra never performed at the Sands again while Hughes owned it, and began performing at Caesars Palace. A number of the staff were not disappointed to see Sinatra leave the Sands. Numerous employees had been humiliated or intimidated over the years, including a busboy Sinatra tripped while he was carrying a tray with dishes. After Sinatra left, the mobsters pulled out of the Sands and gradually left Vegas in the 1970s.In the 1970s it became associated with the likes of Wayne Newton and Liberace.At this time some 30% of the performers at Sands were Italian Americans. Frank Gagliardi became the drummer for the house orchestra in 1964, starting a twelve-year tenure.\n\n\nSands in the late 1960s\nIn 1968, Hughes stated that he intended to expand Sands into a 4,000-room resort, but his plans did not materialize. In 1983, Hughes' company, the Summa Corporation, sold the Sands to the Pratt Corporation, but subsequently bought it back as they were unable to make a profit. MGM Grand, Inc. bought the hotel along with the neighboring Desert Inn in 1988 for a total of $167 million, and the property became known as the MGM Sands. The next year, MGM sold it for $110 million to Las Vegas Sands, a new company formed by the owners of The Interface Group, including Sheldon Adelson, Richard Katzeff, Ted Cutler, Irwin Chafetz and Jordan Shapiro. The same year, it was licensed by the Nevada Gaming Commission, and Adelson became a casino magnate. In the early 1990s, Adelson built the Sands Expo, a 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) convention centre.\n\nIn its final years, the Sands became a shadow of its former self — a throwback to the old days - and it ultimately could not compete with the newer and more exciting megaresorts that were being built on the Strip. A 1990s travel guide though stated that the hotel gardens and pool area still retained the ambiance of the classic Sands days. The decision was eventually made by its final owner, Sheldon Adelson, to shut it down and to build a brand new resort. The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30, 1996. On November 26, 1996, it was imploded and demolished, much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists. Footage of the demolition also appeared in the closing credits of The Cooler. The climactic plane crash in 1997's Con Air ended with the aircraft crashing into the soon-to-be-demolished Sands' lobby.\n\nOn May 3, 1999, the new $1.5 billion megaresort The Venetian opened where the Sands had formerly been, a 35-story hotel with 3,036 rooms, covering an area of 17,000,000 square feet (1,600,000 m2). It became the largest AAA Five-Diamond landmark in North America.\n\n\"ARCHITECTURE\"\n\nSands Hotel and Casino in the early 1960s\nWayne McAllister designed the original $5.5 million Sands Hotel, an exotic-looking terracotta red-painted modern hotel with a prominent porte cochere at the front, surrounded by a zig-zag wall ornamented with tiled planters. The hotel is arguably most associated with its 56 feet (17 m) high sign, made iconic with photographs of the Rat Pack standing underneath it. The name \"Sands\", written in elegant italics, featured a 36 feet (11 m) high letter \"S\", and the name was sprawled across an egg crate grill, cantilevered from a pillar. The sign was receptive to the light and shadow of the desert, and during night time it was lit up, glowing neon red. It was the tallest sign on the strip for a number of years. Beneath \"Sands\" was the tagline \"A Place in the Sun\", written in smaller capital letters. Below that was the billing of the names of the performers appearing at Sands, very often photographed displaying names such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Red Skelton in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Author Alan Hess wrote that the \"sleek Modernism of the Sands leaped past the Flamingo to set a higher standard of sophistication for Las Vegas. For the first time, the sign was an integral part of the architectural design\". \n\n\nThe Aqueduct building in 1963\nThe porte-cochère of the hotel featured three great sharp-edged pillars jutting out in front of the glass-fronted building, angling down into the ground, which resembled fins. The two-story glass walled entry was bordered by a wall of imported Italian marble, and above the entrance area was a horizontal plane with copper lights suspended from the beams. Rather than being polished, the marble was unusual in that it was rough and grained. Natural and stained cork was used throughout the building. A.J. Leibling of The New Yorker described the hotel in 1953: \"The main building of the Sands is a great rectangular hall, with the reception desk in one corner, slot machines along one long wall and a bar and cocktail lounge, complete with Latin trio, along the opposite wall. In the middle is a jumble of roulette and craps tables and 21 layouts.The casino, of substantial size, was accessed by three sets of terrazzo stairs, and was lit by low-hanging chandeliers. The bar featured bas-reliefs with a Western theme, including cowboys, racing wagons and Joshua trees, designed by Allan Stewart of Claremont College, California.The Garden Room restaurant overlooked the hotel's pool and landscaped grounds.😱😍\n\n😱The 200 guest rooms of the original hotel were divided into four two-story motel wings, each with fifty rooms, and named after famous race tracks. They were set out in a hacienda style, and surrounded by a half-moon shaped pool. The suites were luxuriously designed. Plush blue carpets and ivory colored chairs with white ceilings were the norm in the early days. An electric tram service, often attended by pretty showgirls, took the guests to their rooms. A 14-story tower commenced construction in late 1965, and was opened in 1967. It existed until November 1996 when it was demolished.😥😦\n\nThe steam room of the hotel was a place of relaxation and good jest. It became a great place for socializing between the stars after 5 pm, including the Rat Pack, and Jerry Lewis, Steve Lawrence and Don Rickles. On one occasion they were having problems with the TV in the massage room, which was blurry and out of focus. Sinatra yelled \"Move back, move back\", and the television was thrown into the pool. Manager Entratter permitted such activities, knowing that if he scolded Sinatra and asked him to pay damages he would not perform at Sands again.\n\nCOPA ROOM\n  Judy Garland\tLena Horne\tJimmy Durante\nMarlene Dietrich\tTallulah Bankhead\tBobby Darin\nEthel Merman\tLouis Armstrong\tNat King Cole\nJerry Lewis\tRed Skelton\tJerry Lee Lewis\nSands Copa Room stars: Top from left: Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Jimmy Durante. Middle from left: Marlene Dietrich, Tallulah Bankhead, Bobby Darin. Middle from left: Ethel Merman, Louis Armstrong, Nat King Cole. Bottom from left: Jerry Lewis, Red Skelton, Jerry Lee Lewis\nThe Copa Room was the showroom of Sands, named after the famed Copacabana Club in New York City. It contained 385 seats, designed in a Brazilian carnival style. Some of the more famed singers like Sinatra, Martin and Davis, Jr. had to sign contracts to ensure that they headline for a given number of weeks a year. Performers were extremely well paid for the period. It was common for some of them to be paid $25,000 per week, playing two shows a night, six days a week, and once on a Sunday for two to three weeks.\n\n\nTHE COPA ROOM\nThe greatest names in the entertainment industry graced the stage of the Copa Room. Notable performers included Judy Garland, Lena Horne (one of the first black performers at the hotel, billed as \"The Satin Doll\"), Jimmy Durante, Dean Martin, Pat Cooper, Shirley MacLaine, Marlene Dietrich, Tallulah Bankhead, Shecky Greene, Martin and Lewis, Danny Thomas, Bobby Darin, Ethel Merman, Rich Little, Louis Armstrong, Jerry Lee Lewis, Nat King Cole, Robert Merrill, Wayne Newton, Red Skelton, and \"The Copa Girls\". Hollywood celebrities such as Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, Elizabeth Taylor, Yul Brynner, Kirk Douglas, Lucille Ball and Rosalind Russell were often photographed enjoying the headline acts.\n\nA number of notable albums were recorded in the Copa Room. Among them are Dean Martin's Live At The Sands - An Evening of Music, Laughter and Hard Liquor, Frank Sinatra's Sinatra at the Sands, and Sammy Davis, Jr.'s The Sounds of '66  and That's All!. The Rat Pack: Live at the Sands, a CD released in 2001, features Martin, Sinatra and Davis in a live performance at the hotel recorded in September 1963. Live at the Sands is an album featuring Mary Wilson, formerly of The Supremes. Morrissey's B-side track, \"At Amber\" (1990), takes place at the Sands Hotel, and recounts its by-then aging and somewhat seedy atmosphere. Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli. Morelli not only acted as the band leader and musical conductor for the Copa Room during the Hotel's Rat Pack heyday in the 1950s and 1960s, but he also played that role on hundreds of recorded albums by those same entertainers who graced the stage of the Copa. Often the festivities would carry over after hours to Morrelli's home in Las Vegas, nicknamed \"The Morelli House\", which was eventually relocated and sanctioned an historical landmark by the State of Nevada.\n\nSILVER QUEEN LOUNGE\n\nThe Silver Queen Lounge was another performing venue at Sands, with nightly acts starting at 5:00 pm and running until 6:00 am. It was particularly popular with the emerging rock 'n' roll crowd. The Sands is where Freddie Bell and the Bell Boys performed the rock 'n' roll-song \"Hound Dog\", seen by Elvis Presley. After Presley saw that performance at The Sands, he decided to record the song himself, and it became a hit for him. Roberta Linn and the Melodaires and Gene Vincent were also regular performers",
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      "body": "Important life decisions can be challenging to make. They are often complicated, involving many factors, some of them with competing interests. The stakes may also be high, and you are right to be concerned about making the best decision possible.\nYour second brain can informs your quick gut reactions. Gut reactions can be important because they cut to the chase and reveal how you really feel about each option.\n\nNow we turn to harnessing the powers of your mind, which involves your thinking brain-- the source of slower, thoughtful responses. Indeed, important decisions often benefit from your careful consideration and analysis of each option.\n\nBut sometimes thinking seems to get you nowhere. Even after days of analyzing your options, you may be unable to effectively weigh the pros and cons, determine what you really want, or settle on what you think is best. How can you stop going around in circles? Plus, sometimes our minds lead us astray. How can you be sure you’re not mistakenly rationalizing one option over the others due to unwarranted fear or unfounded fantasy?\n\n\n\nMindfulness means that you are conscious and aware, focused on the present moment, and able to calmly observe and accept all your feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations. Mindfulness means you’re able to pause, reflect, and listen to your inner wisdom. Mindfulness means that you can focus on the relevant information, know when to cut your losses, stay aware of your biases, and check your ego.  Mounting research shows that mindfulness benefits decision-making.\n\nHere are ten tips on how to be mindful as you make important decisions and determine what’s best for you.\n\n1. Slow down\n\n   Mindfulness means taking your time. Sometimes, this isn’t possible, such as with medical emergencies or sudden, time-limited offers. In those cases, mindfully gauge your gut reaction. Otherwise, take the time you need to reflect on your priorities, your goals, and your values. Let the options percolate in your mind as you take stock of your strengths and talents, as well as your true interests and desires. Your slow, deliberate reflection can grant you clarity.\n\n2. ACCEPT THAT MAKING IMPORTANT\n    DECISIONS CAN BE HARD.\n\n   Article continues after advertisement\nBig decisions often have big, long-lasting consequences. Even when the outcome is happy, you may have doubts. And some decisions can be heart wrenching to make, even when you’re certain your choice is for the best. Instead of wishing a big decision were easier, honor the fact that it’s not, nor should it be. Embrace the thoughts and feelings you have as a testament to the significance of this crossroads.\n\n3. Aim For Integrity.\n\n   Aiming for integrity means being true to your authentic self, your priorities, and your values. If an option requires that you compromise your ethics, downplay your priorities, or go against your nature, this is a red flag. Only consider options that are aligned with what’s truly important to you.\n\n\n4.   AIM TO REDUCE YOUR STRESS.\n\n   Reducing the stress in your life is good for your physical health and mental health, both of which are keys to living a contented, fulfilling life. So by focusing on reducing your stress—for example, choosing simplicity over complications; choosing ease over difficulty; or choosing interesting over boring—you can better pinpoint what’s best for you.\n\n5. UNDERSTAND THAT THERE ARE MANY PATHS THAT CAN NURTURE YOUR SOUL.\n\nThere may be times when you reach a fork in the road and all paths look equally appealing, with balanced pros and cons. When multiple options are “right,” but you’re forced to choose just one, you may feel angst contemplating “the path not taken.” But this angst doesn’t indicate the potential for a bad decision. It just means you’re lucky enough to be surrounded by viable options. To choose one more wisely, read the previous post about “gut decisions.” Your gut can give you the extra clarity you seek.\n\n6.  GO WITH THE FLOW.\n\n   Taking the path of least resistance is often the best option. Whether the funding comes through, or you’ve been eager for an opportunity like this, or you finally feel “at home,” or your friend keeps trying to set you up on a blind date, it’s as if life is presenting you a neon sign that reads, “Go This Way!” Even if you’re skeptical about stars aligning, grab the brass ring whenever it’s handed to you.\n\n7.    BREATHE.\n\n   If you’re faced with an opportunity that involves leaving your comfort zone, it’s normal to feel hesitant or fearful at the prospect.  But feeling scared doesn’t necessarily mean you should shy away from that option. Sometimes the “right choice” is “The Brave Choice,” particularly because it can entail positive change, new skills, and worthwhile risks. But how can you tell if you’re cringing because it’s requiring you to stretch and grow, or cringing because it’s truly not right for you? Here’s how: Physiologically, the difference between fear and excitement is breath. In other words, if something seems scary, by mindfully taking some deep breaths, you may transform your fear into excitement. With deep breathing comes relaxation, which can change your thoughts from “Danger: Do not proceed” to “Thrilling: Proceed with excitement!” But what if it’s truly scary and not right for you? You’ll remain hesitant or fearful. The wisdom in your gut will see to that.\n\n8. FOCUS ON BEING, NOT DOING.\n\n   What you do is not as important as who you are. Strive to be trustworthy, responsible, and kind, and you will attract people with the same stripes.\n\nLikewise, what you do isn't as important as who you do it with. For example, which would you rather: Dig ditches with a group of fun, trustworthy, kind people, or work your dream job with a group of mean-spirited, two-faced, manipulative people? It’s not the doing, but the being that is most important.\n\n9. Ask Others To Tell You About Hard Decisions They've Faced.\n\n  It can be immensely helpful to hear other people reflect on the choices they've made. Doing so can help you mindfully reflect on your options, and others' insights may lend clarity to the choices you face. Reading about others' journeys can also be helpful, including memoirs, biographies, or explorations of this terrain, such as the book Callings: Finding and Following an Authentic Life by Gregg Levoy. Also, listening to and reading about others' decisions can make you feel less alone in your struggles.\n\n10. TRUST THE PROCESS.\n\n\nWhatever you decide to do, it's impossible for you to make a wrong decision. Even if you have regrets with hindsight, you can learn extremely valuable lessons from mistakes and failures—lessons that can lead you down a path of even greater fulfillment. You can also adopt the calm ing perspective that your life will unfold as it should, which means you’re always exactly where you belong. And you'll leap when you're ready and able. When that time comes, keep a calm, open, curious mind, and watch the net appear.\n\nEven if you feel caught between a rock and a hard place, take heart. By tapping into your gut’s wisdom and harnessing your brain’s mindfulness, you can determine the path that is best for you.",
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      "body": "BMW ![image](https://img.esteem.ws/hb03clcaci.jpg)",
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      "body": "Congratulations @blessingamos! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/voted.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@blessingamos) Award for the number of upvotes received\n\nClick on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\nFor more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)\n\nIf you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`\n\n> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile",
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      "body": "The design of the Cugnot Steam Trolley (Jonathan Holguinisburg) (1769)\n\nThe early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences.\n\n\nIn 1808 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by aninternal combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.[citation needed]\n\nIn 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he placed on a pushcart, building four progressively sophisticated combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine[citation needed]. The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine, an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch and brakes.\n\nThe four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that still constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion was patented by Nikolaus Otto. The similar four-stroke diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel. The hydrogen fuel cell, one of the technologies hailed as a replacement for gasoline as an energy source for cars, was discovered in principle by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838. The battery electric car owes its beginnings to Ányos Jedlik, one of the inventors of the electric motor, and Gaston Planté, who invented the lead-acid battery in 1859.[citation needed]\n\n\nIn 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile.[1] This is also considered to be the first \"production\" vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The automobile was powered by a single[citation needed] cylinder two stroke engine.\n\nAfter producing and selling the Model A in 1903, Ford Motor Company's Model T became the first mass-produced automobile in 1908, focusing on affordability for the average consumer. By 1927 Ford produced over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles and only then developed the Model A.\n\nAt the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles were a popular method of automobile propulsion[citation needed], but their common use did not last long, and they diminished to a niche market until the turn of the 21st century.\n\nContents\n\n \n\n1Power sources1.1Steam-powered wheeled vehicles1.1.117th and 18th centuries1.1.219th century1.1.320th century1.2Electric automobiles1.3Internal combustion engines2Eras of invention2.1Veteran era2.1.1Brass or Edwardian era2.2Vintage era2.3Pre-war era2.4Post-war era2.5Modern era3See also4References5Further reading6External links\n\nPower sources[edit]\n\nThe early history of the automobile was concentrated on the search for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle.\n\nSteam-powered wheeled vehicles[edit]\n\nMain article: History of steam road vehicles\n\n\n17th and 18th centuries[edit]\n\nFerdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built a steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. It was small scale and could not carry a driver but it was, quite possibly, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').[2][3]\n\n\n\nCugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version\n\n\n\nA replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil'\n\nSteam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were first devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated hisfardier à vapeur (\"steam dray\"), an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. As Cugnot's design proved to be impractical, his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth [4]and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads inCamborne. The first automobile patent in the United States was granted to Oliver Evans in 1789.\n\n19th century[edit]\n\nDuring the 19th century attempts were made to introduce practical steam powered vehicles. Innovations such as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions and better steering developed. Some commercially successful vehicles provided mass transit until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the United Kingdom Locomotive Act (1865), which required many self-propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively halted road auto development in the UK for most of the rest of the 19th century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in railway locomotives. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878.\n\nIn 1816, a professor at Prague Polytechnic, Josef Bozek, built an oil-fired steam car.[5]:p.27Walter Hancock, builder and operator of London steam buses, in 1838 built a 2 seated carphaeton.[5]:p27\n\nIn 1867, Canadian jeweller Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his 4-wheeled \"steam buggy\" at the Stanstead Fair in Stanstead, Quebec and again the following year.[6] The basis of the buggy, which he began building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor.[7]\n\nOne of the first \"real\" automobiles was produced by Frenchman Amédée Bollée in 1873, who built a self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers.\n\nThe first carriage-sized automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Racine, Wisconsin.[8] It induced the State of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a $10,000 award to the first to produce a practical substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) over a 200-mile (320 km) course. The offer led to the first city to city automobile race in the United States, starting on 16 July 1878 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, and ending in Madison, via Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupun, Watertown, Fort Atkinson, and Janesville. While seven vehicles were registered, only two started to compete: the entries from Green Bay and Oshkosh. The vehicle from Green Bay was faster, but broke down before completing the race. The Oshkosh finished the 201-mile (323 km) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes, and posted an average speed of six miles per hour. In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.[9][10][11]\n\n20th century[edit]\n\nPre WWII\n\n\n\n1924 Doble Model E\n\nSteam-powered road vehicles, both cars and wagons, reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast-steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs. Internal combustion engines also developed greatly during WWI, becoming simpler to operate and more reliable. The development of the high-speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons, accelerated in the UK by tax changes making steam wagons uneconomic overnight. Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power, no significant developments in production steam cars took place after Doble in 1931.\n\nPost-WWII\n\nWhether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be seen. Magazines such as Light Steam Power continued to describe them into the 1980s. The 1950s saw interest in steam-turbine cars powered by small nuclear reactors[citation needed] (this was also true of aircraft), but the dangers inherent in nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas.\n\nElectric automobiles[edit]\n\n\n\nGerman Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888, regarded as the first electric car of the world[12]\n\nSee also: History of the electric vehicle\n\nIn 1828, Ányos Jedlik, a Hungarian who invented an early type of electric motor, created a tiny model car powered by his new motor.[13] In 1834, Vermont blacksmithThomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installed his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified track.[14]In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.[15] In 1838, Scotsman Robert Davidson built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 4 miles per hour (6 km/h). In England, a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rail tracks as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain) Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.\n\nThe Flocken Elektrowagen of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken is regarded as the first real electric car of the world.[12]\n\nElectric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and early 20th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Advances in internal combustion technology, especially the electric starter, soon rendered this advantage moot; the greater range of gasoline cars, quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies such as the Ford Motor Company, which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars, led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion, effectively removing it from important markets such as the United States by the 1930s. However, in recent years, increased concerns over theenvironmental impact of gasoline cars, higher gasoline prices, improvements in battery technology, and the prospect of peak oil, have brought about renewed interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run, despite high initial costs, after a failed reappearance in the late-1990s.\n\nInternal combustion engines[edit]\n\n\n\n1885-built Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first car to go into production with an internal combustion engine\n\n\n\nThe second Marcus car of 1888 at the Technical Museum in Vienna\n\nEarly attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, therefore the earliest engines used gas mixtures.\n\nEarly experimenters used gases. In 1806, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz builtan engine powered by internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen mixture. In 1826, Englishman Samuel Brown tested his hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill in south-east London. Belgian-born Etienne Lenoir's Hippomobile with a hydrogen-gas-fuelled one-cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont in 1860, covering some nine kilometres in about three hours.[16] A later version was propelled by coal gas. ADelamare-Deboutteville vehicle was patented and trialled in 1884.\n\nAbout 1870, in Vienna, Austria (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire), inventor Siegfried Marcus put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline. Today, this car is known as \"the first Marcus car\". In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage ignition system of the magneto type; this was his only automotive patent. This design was used for all further engines, and the four-seat \"second Marcus car\" of 1888/89. This ignition, in conjunction with the \"rotating-brush carburetor\", made the second car's design very innovative. His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime he was honored as the originator of the motorcar but his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed, giving credit instead to Karl Benz.[17]\n\nIt is generally acknowledged[according to whom?] that the first really practical automobiles with petrol/gasoline-powered internal combustion engines were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,[18] and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved – with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back – that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.[19]\n\nSoon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited with invention of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile and first motorcycle;.[5]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[5]:p.26\n\nOne of the first four-wheeled petrol-driven automobiles in Britain was built in Birmingham in 1895 by Frederick William Lanchester, who also patented the disc brake and the first electric starter was installed on an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz Velo, built in Kent between 1895 and 1898.[5]:p.25\n\nGeorge F. Foss of Sherbrooke, Quebec built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896 which he drove for 4 years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his \"mad antics.\"[6]\n\nIn all the turmoil, many early pioneers are nearly forgotten. In 1891, John William Lambert built a three-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the same year, while Henry Nadig constructed a four-wheeler in Allentown, Pennsylvania. It is likely they were not the only ones.[5]:p.25\n\nEras of invention[edit]\n\nVeteran era[edit]\n\nMain article: Antique car\n\n\n\nThe Selden Road-Engine\n\n\n\nThe Präsident automobile\n\nThe first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under license from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. There were numerous others, includingtricycle builders Rudolf Egg, Edward Butler, and Léon Bollée.[5]:p.20–23 Bollée, using a 650 cc (40 cu in) engine of his own design, enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45 kilometres per hour (28.0 mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourville rally.[5]:p.23 By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States.\n\nThe first motor car in Central Europe was produced by the Austro-Hungarian company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra in today's Czech Republic) in 1897, the Präsident automobil.[20]\n\nThe first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was Panhard et Levassor in France, which also introduced the firstfour-cylinder engine.[5]:p.22 Formed in 1889, Panhard was quickly followed by Peugeot two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in Western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year.[21]\n\n\n\nThe first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898\n\n\n\n1903 World's Work Article\n\nThe American George B. Selden filed for a patent on 8 May 1879. His application included not only the engine but its use in a 4-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent [22] was granted on 5 November 1895. This patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States. Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on every car they produced.\n\nIn the United States, brothers Charles and Frank Duryea founded the Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. The Autocar Company, founded in 1897, established a number of innovations still in use[23] and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the United States However, it was Ransom E. Olds and his Olds Motor Vehicle Company (later known as Oldsmobile) who would dominate this era of automobile production. Its production line was running in 1901. The Thomas B. Jeffery Company developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500 Ramblers were built and sold in its first year, representing one-sixth of all existing motorcars in the United States at the time.[24] Within a year, Cadillac (formed from the Henry Ford Company), Winton, and Ford were also producing cars in the thousands.\n\nWithin a few years, a dizzying assortment of technologies were being used by hundreds of producers all over the western world. Steam, electricity, and petrol/gasoline-powered automobiles competed for decades, with petrol/gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and engine displacement ranged to more than a dozen litres. Many modern advances, including gas/electric hybrids, multi-valve engines,overhead camshafts, and four-wheel drive, were attempted, and discarded at this time.\n\nIn 1898, Louis Renault had a De Dion-Bouton modified, with fixed drive shaft and differential, making \"perhaps the first hot rodin history\" and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry.[25] Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clearstandards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls, for example many veteran cars use atiller, rather than a wheel for steering. During 1903, Rambler standardized on the steering wheel[26] and moved the driver's position to the left-hand side of the vehicle.[27] Chain drive was dominant over the drive shaft, and closed bodies were extremely rare. Drum brakes were introduced by Renault in 1902.[28] The next year, Dutch designer Jacobus Spijker built the first four-wheel drive racing car;[29] it never competed and it would be 1965 and the Jensen FF before four-wheel drive was used on a production car.[30]\n\nInnovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves, either. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of thepetroleum industry,[31] as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing kerosene and coal oil) and of improvements in heat-tolerant mineral oil lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils).[32]\n\nThere were social effects, also. Music would be made about cars, such as \"In My Merry Oldsmobile\" (a tradition that continues) while, in 1896, William Jennings Bryan would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), inDecatur, Illinois.[33] Three years later, Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City cabdrivers when he sped downLexington Avenue, at the \"reckless\" speed of 12 mph (19 km/h).[34] Also in 1899, Akron, Ohio, adopted the first self-propelledpaddy wagon.[34]\n\n\n\nIn My Merry Oldsmobilesongbook featuring anOldsmobile Curved Dashautomobile (produced 1901–1907) and period driving clothing\n\nBy 1900, the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries, including Belgium (home to Vincke, which copied Benz; Germain, a pseudo-Panhard; and Linonand Nagant, both based on the Gobron-Brillié),[5]:p,25 Switzerland (led by Fritz Henriod, Rudolf Egg, Saurer, Johann Weber, and Lorenz Popp),[5]:p.25 Vagnfabrik AB in Sweden, Hammel (by A. F. Hammel and H. U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, which only built one car, ca. 1886[5]:p.25), Irgens (starting in Bergen, Norway, in 1883, but without success),[5]:p.25–26 Italy (where FIAT started in 1899), and as far afield as Australia (where Pioneer set up shop in 1898, with an already archaic paraffin-fuelled centre-pivot-steered wagon).[5] Meanwhile, the export trade had begun, with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and theDutch East Indies.[5]:p25 The Studebaker brothers, having become the world's leading manufacturers of horse-drawn vehicles, made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902, and gasoline engines in 1904, but also continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919.[35]:p.90\n\nIn 1908, the first South American automobile was built in Peru, the Grieve.[36] Motor cars were also exported very early to British colonies and the first motor car was exported to India in 1897.\n\nThroughout the veteran car era, however, the automobile was seen more as a novelty than as a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for traveling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after Horatio Nelson Jackson's successful transcontinental drive across the United States in 1903.\n\nThe 1908 New York to Paris Race was the first circumnavigation of the world by automobile. German, French, Italian and American teams began in New York City 12 February 1908 with three of the competitors ultimately reaching Paris. The US built Thomas Flyer with George Schuster (driver) won the race covering 22,000 miles in 169 days. While other automakers provided motorists with tire repair kits, Rambler was first in 1909 to equip its cars with a spare tire that was mounted on a fifth wheel.[37]\n\nBrass or Edwardian era[edit]\n\n\n\nModel-T Ford car parked near theGeelong Art Gallery at its launch in Australia in 1915\n\nMain article: Brass Era car\n\nSee also: Antique car\n\nThis period lasted from roughly 1905 through to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. It is generally referred to as the Edwardian era, but in the United States is often known as the Brass era from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time.\n\nWithin the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalised. Although the modern touring car had been invented earlier, it was not until Panhard et Levassor's Système Panhard was widely licensed and adopted that recognisable and standardised automobiles were created. This system specified front-engined, rear-wheel drive internal combustion engined cars with a sliding gear transmission. Traditional coach-style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favour with the introduction oftonneaus and other less-expensive touring bodies.\n\n\n\nA Stanley Steamer racecar in 1903. In 1906, a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5km/h at Daytona Beach Road Course.\n\nBy 1906, steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period.[citation needed]\n\nThroughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included the electric ignition system (by dynamotor on the Arnold in 1898,[38] though Robert Bosch, 1903, tends to get the credit), independent suspension(actually conceived by Bollée in 1873),[38] and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909).[5]:p27 Leaf springs were widely used forsuspension, though many other systems were still in use, with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the frame material of choice. Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Safety glass also made its debut, patented by John Wood in England in 1905.[28] (It would not become standard equipment until 1926, on aRickenbacker.)[28]\n\n\n\n1912 All-steel components of the BSA 13.9 body, upholstery above\n\nBetween 1907 and 1912 in the United States, the high-wheel motor buggy (resembling the horse buggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over seventy-five makers including Holsman (Chicago), IHC (Chicago), and Sears (which sold via catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed by the Model T.[5]:p.65 In 1912, Hupp (in the United States, supplied by Hale & Irwin) and BSA (in the UK) pioneered the use of all-steel bodies,[39]joined in 1914 by Dodge (who produced Model T bodies).[28] While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the change would mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood for furniture makers.[5]\n\nSome examples of cars of the period included:[citation needed]\n\n1907 In Japan, the Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. is formed, which was later renamed in 1951 as Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha.1908–1927 Ford Model T — the most widely produced and available 4-seater car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system. Ford T was proclaimed as the most influential car of the 20th century in the international Car of the Century awards.1909 Morgan Runabout – a very popular cyclecar, cyclecars were sold in far greater quantities than 4-seater cars in this period[40]1910 Mercer Raceabout — regarded as one of the first sports cars, the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public, as did the similarly conceived American Underslung and Hispano-Suiza Alphonso.1910–1920 Bugatti Type 13 — a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.1917 Japanese company Mitsubishi builds the Mitsubishi Model A, all hand built in limited numbers for Japanese executives.\n\nVintage era[edit]\n\n\n\n1919 Ford Model T Coupe\n\n\n\n1926 Bugatti Type 35\n\n\n\n1929 Austin Seven\n\nMain article: Vintage car\n\nSee also: Antique car and Role of automobiles in the 1920s\n\nThe vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1918), through to the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period the front-engined car came to dominate with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed.[5]:p.7 Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaftengines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich. Also in 1919, hydraulic brakes were invented by Malcolm Loughead (co-founder of Lockheed); they were adopted by Duesenberg for their 1921 Model A.[28]Three years later, Hermann Rieseler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission, which had two-speed planetary gearbox, torque converter, and lockupclutch; it never entered production.[28] (Its like would only become an available option in 1940.)[28] Just at the end of the vintage era, tempered glass (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France.[28] In this era the revolutionaryponton design of cars without fully articulated fenders, running boards and other non-compact ledge elements was introduced in small series but mass production of such cars was started much later (after WWII).\n\nAmerican auto companies in the 1920s expected they would soon sell six million cars a year, but did not do so until 1955. Numerous companies disappeared.[41] Between 1922 and 1925, the number of U.S. passenger car builders decreased from 175 to 70. H. A. Tarantous, managing editor of MoToR Member Society of Automotive Engineers, in a New York Times article from 1925, suggested many were unable to raise production and cope with falling prices (due to assembly line production), especially for low-priced cars. The new pyroxylin-based paints, eight cylinder engine, four wheel brakes, and balloon tires as the biggest trends for 1925.[42]\n\nExamples of period vehicles:[citation needed]\n\n1922–1939 Austin 7 — one of the most widely copied vehicles ever, serving as a template for cars around the world, from BMW to Nissan.1922–1931 Lancia Lambda — very advanced car for the time, first car to feature a load-bearing monocoque andindependent front suspension.[citation needed]1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 — one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years.[citation needed]1925–1928 Hanomag 2 / 10 PS — early example of ponton styling.1927–1931 Ford Model A (1927-1931) — after keeping the brass era Model T in production for too long, Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for the beginning of Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).1930 Cadillac V-16 — developed at the height of the vintage era, the V16-powered Cadillac would join Bugatti's Royale as the most legendary ultra-luxury cars of the era.\n\nPre-war era[edit]\n\n\n\nFord V-8 (Model B)\n\n\n\nRolls-Royce Phantom III\n\n\n\nCitroën Traction Avant\n\n\n\nVolkswagen Beetle\n\nMain article: Classic car\n\nThe pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed at 1946. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new saloon/sedan body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. The old open-top runabouts, phaetons, and touring cars were largely phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards, and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car.\n\nBy the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some things were later \"re-invented\", and credited to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was re-introduced by André Citroën with the launch of the Traction Avant in 1934, though it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). In the same vein, independent suspension was originally conceived by Amédée Bollée in 1873, but not put in production until appearing on the low-volumeMercedes-Benz 380 in 1933, which prodded American makers to use it more widely.[38] In 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured, thanks in part to the effects of the Great Depression.\n\nExemplary pre-war automobiles:[citation needed]\n\n1932–1939 Alvis Speed 20 — the first with all-synchromesh gearbox[citation needed]1932–1948 Ford V-8 (Model B) — introduction of the flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles1934–1938 Tatra 77 — first serial-produced car with aerodynamical design1934–1940 Bugatti Type 57 — a singular refined automobile for the wealthy1934–1956 Citroën Traction Avant — the first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, built with monocoque chassis1936–1955 MG T series — sports cars1938–2003 Volkswagen Beetle — a design that was produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units assembled in several counties1936–1939 Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engine\n\nPost-war era[edit]\n\n\n\n1946 GAZ-M20 Pobeda one of the first mass-produced cars with ponton design\n\n\n\n1953 Morris Minor Series II\n\n\n\n1947 Standard Vanguard ponton styled car in 1954 version as station wagon (break)\n\n\n\n1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon, one of the first U.S. all-metalstation wagons\n\n\n\n1974 Citroën DS\n\n\n\nVolkswagen Brasília\n\n\n\nGurgel Supermini\n\nMain article: Classic car\n\nA major change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of pontonstyle, in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body. Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet GAZ-M20 Pobeda(1946), British Standard Vanguard (1947), United States Studebaker Champion andKaiser (1946), as well as the low-production Czech luxury Tatra T600 Tatraplan (1946) and the Italian Cisitalia 220 sports car (1947).\n\nAutomobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and other shadow of war in 1949, the year that in the United States saw the introduction of high-compression V8 engines and modern bodies from General Motors' Oldsmobileand Cadillac brands. Hudson introduced the \"step-down\" design with the 1948Commodore, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame, that was one of the first new-design postwar cars made and featured trend-setting slab-side styling.[43] The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in the automobile market in the United Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series, just as Lancia introduced the revolutionary V6-powered Aurelia.\n\nThroughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobiles were marketed internationally. Alec Issigonis'Mini and Fiat's 500 diminutive cars were introduced in Europe, while the similar kei carclass became popular in Japan. The Volkswagen Beetle continued production afterHitler and began exports to other nations, including the United States. At the same time, Nash introduced the Nash Rambler, the first successful modern compact car made in the United States,[44] while the standard models produced by the \"Big Three\" domestic automakers grew ever larger in size, featuring increasing amounts of chrome trim, and luxury was exemplified by the Cadillac Eldorado Brougham. The markets in Europe expanded with new small-sized automobiles, as well as expensivegrand tourers (GT), like the Ferrari America.\n\nThe market changed in the 1960s, as the United States \"Big Three\" automakers began facing competition from imported cars, the European makers adopted advanced technologies and Japan emerged as a car-producing nation. Japanese companies began to export some of their more popular selling cars in Japan internationally, such as the Toyota Corolla, Toyota Corona, Nissan Sunny, and Nissan Bluebird in the mid-1960s. The success of American Motors' compact-sized Rambler models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960. Performance engines became a focus of marketing by United States automakers, exemplified by the era'smuscle cars. In 1964, the Ford Mustang developed a new market segment, the pony car. New models to compete with the Mustang included the Chevrolet Camaro, AMC Javelin, and Plymouth Barracuda. Captive imports and badge engineering increased in the United States and the UK as amalgamated groups such as the British Motor Corporation consolidated the market. BMC's space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, was marketed under the Austin and Morris names, until Mini became amarque in its own right in 1969.[45] Competition increased, with Studebaker, a pioneering automaker, shutting down, and the trend for consolidation reached Italy where niche makers like Maserati, Ferrari, and Lancia were acquired by larger companies. By the end of the decade, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced.\n\nTechnology developments included the widespread use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety in automotive design. Innovations during the 1960s included NSU's Wankel engine, the gas turbine, and the turbocharger. Of these, only the last endured, pioneered by General Motors, and adopted by BMW and Saab, later seeing mass-market use during the 1980s byChrysler. Mazda continued developing its Wankel engine, in spite of problems in longevity, emissions, and fuel economy. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and GM, never put their designs into production because of engineering and manufacturing problems, as well as the lessons from the 1973 oil crisis.\n\nThe 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers with major events reshaping the industry such as the 1973 oil crisis, stricter automobile emissions control and safety requirements, increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers, as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations. Smaller-sized grew in popularity. The United States saw the establishment of the subcompact segment with the introduction of the AMC Gremlin, followed by the Chevrolet Vega and Ford Pinto. The station wagons (estate, break, kombi, universal) body design was popular, as well as increasing sales of non-commercial all-wheel drive off-road vehicles.\n\nTo the end of the 20th century, the United States Big Three (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) partially lost their leading position, Japan became for a while the world's leader of car production and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian, East European, and other countries.\n\nNotable exemplary post-war cars:[citation needed]\n\n1946–1958 GAZ-M20 Pobeda — Soviet car with full ponton design1947–1958 Standard Vanguard — British mass-market car with full ponton design1948–1971 Morris Minor – an early post-war car exported around the world1953–1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953–2002 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham – first generations were representative of tailfindesign1955–1976 Citroën DS — aerodynamic design and innovative technology, awarded third place as Car of the 20th Century1959–2000 Mini — a radical and innovative small car that was manufactured for four decades; awarded second place asCar of the 20th Century1960-1990 Volkswagen Brasília1961–1975 Jaguar E-type — a classic sports car design1963–1989 Porsche 911 – a sports car was awarded fifth place as Car of the 20th Century1964–present Ford Mustang — the pony car that became one of the best-selling cars of the era1966–end of the 20th century Fiat 124 — an Italian car that was produced under license in many other counties including the Soviet Union1966–1971 Subaru 1000 – one of the first Japanese built sedans using a boxer engine, front wheel drive and introducing the \"double offset joint\" drive shaft to the front wheels1967 NSU Ro 80 — the basic wedge profile of this design was emulated in subsequent decades,[46] unlike its Wankel enginelate 1960s-early 1980s Gurgel BR-800late 1960s-early 1980s Gurgel Supermini1969 Datsun 240Z — Japanese sports car[47]1980–1988 AMC Eagle — the first mass-produced full-time all-wheel drive car[48]\n\nModern era[edit]\n\n\n\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articleby adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nThe Toyota Corolla is the world'sbest-selling nameplate.\n\nThe modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year.[citation needed] The modern era has been one of increasing standardisation,platform sharing, computer-aided design, to reduce costs and development time and increasing use of electronic for both engine management and entertainment systems.\n\nSome particular contemporary developments are the proliferation of front- and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. Most modern passenger cars are front-wheel-drive monocoque/unibody designs, withtransversely mounted engines.\n\nBody styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback, sedan, and sport utility vehicle, dominate today's market.[citation needed] All originally emphasised practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxurycrossover SUV, sports wagon and two-volume Large MPV. The rise of pickup trucks in the United States and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring with these \"trucks\" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market.[citation needed] There was also the introduction of the MPV class (smaller non-commercial passenger minivans), among the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the Chrysler minivan versions in the United States\n\nThe modern era has also seen rapidly improving fuel efficiency and engine output. The automobile emissions concerns have been eased with computerised engine management systems.\n\nThe economic crisis of 2008 cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda's sales and about a seventh of sales from General Motors.[49]\n\nSince 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer with production greater than Japan, the United States, and all of Europe. Besides large growth of car production in Asian and other countries, there has been growth in transnationalcorporate groups, with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms as well as badge engineeringor re-badging to suit different markets and consumer segments.\n\nSince the end of the 20th century, several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known, such asEuropean Car of the Year, Car of the Year Japan, North American Car of the Year, World Car of the Year, Truck of the Year, andInternational Car of the Year. 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Sold about 2,500 units worldwide.2008–2013 BYD F3DM – first highway-capable series production plug-in hybrid, launched in China in December 2008, sold over 2,300 units.[54][55]2009–present, Mitsubishi i-MiEV – first highway-capable series production all-electric car, launched in Japan in July 2009 for fleet customers, and in April 2010 for retail customers. Rebadged versions of the i MiEV are sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën (PSA) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.[56][57]2010–present, Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt — all-electric car and plug-in hybrid correspondingly, launched in December 2010, are the world's top selling mass production vehicles of their kind.[58] As of early December 2015, global Leaf sales totaled 200,000 units and Volt sales over 100,000.[59]2012–present, Tesla Model S – Introduced in 2012, the Model S quickly climbed up sales. It was ranked as the world's best selling plug-in electric vehicle in 2015.[60] It was also named car of the century by Car and Driver.[61[",
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