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      "body": "Congratulations @cryptocoins2018! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@cryptocoins2018/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@cryptocoins2018) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=cryptocoins2018)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://bitcoin-newswire.com/2018/03/26/the-right-way-to-think-about-crypto-tokens/",
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      "title": "The Right Way to Think About Crypto Tokens",
      "body": "![ICO_336_280-336x260.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbrVkJFaM8SAZi3XZ6SZZzmynfpsdpoA6BZFztQ1VBPnq/ICO_336_280-336x260.jpg)\n\nConsumers might be the biggest winners when crypto tokens are designed correctly.\n\nAt least that's the case made by a new paper by MIT's Christian Catalini and the University of Toronto's Joshua Gans, which describes a simplified model that illustrates what might be a valuable price discovery role that utility tokens, or those that operate as true commodities in the spirit of bitcoin and ether, might enable.\n\nNot only that but the paper, called \"Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens,\" goes so far as to predict a world where tokens empower consumers to choose an optimal price for a service collectively.\n\nFrom the introduction:\n\n**\"This paper provides the first economic analysis of the ICO funding mechanism and how it relates to traditional equity financing.\"**\n\nIt goes on to tease out intriguing benefits that might accrue to society through the sale of and trade in utility tokens, one of the most controversial topics in crypto today, suggesting that risks could be balanced by returns if entrepreneurs are permitted to try the token fundraising model so the public can see how it plays out.\n\nMost people looking at the initial coin offering (ICO) trend see extraordinary sums of money coming in -- $8.84 billion as of February, according to the CoinDesk ICO tracker, and no doubt that's why U.S. regulators, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have raised so many questions about this new industry.\n\n**\"The problem the regulators have is they don't know what the goals are,\" Gans told CoinDesk in a phone call. \"Instead the regulators are coming in saying 'I don't really know how the market should be working, but it smells terrible.'\"**\n\nWhat tokens do\nIn this way, the paper was meant to begin a conversation about the right way to think about tokens so that societies could rationally consider the correct approach to managing them.\n\n**\"You have to create the economic theory to understand what's going on here to even know what category of regulation to choose,\"**   Gans said.\n\n**\"The ICO mechanism allows entrepreneurs to generate buyer competition for the token, which, in turn, reveals consumer value without the entrepreneurs having to know, ex ante [based on forecasts], consumer willingness to pay,\" ** the paper argues.\n\nGans said:\n\n**\"We were trying, with our paper, to ask why would these tokens be of any value.\"**\n\nThe paper plays out a simple model of a company offering a token as the sole means of paying for some new technology platform (like a video site or malware detector), with a founder who has no intention of cheating or bending on commitments. The idea is that the issuer can have some idea of how much it would cost to build whatever it wants to build, but the firm can't reliably know how the public will price it.\n\nThe hard thing about technology projects is that they often have very high upfront costs to write the code, test it and get it working (fixed costs). On the other hand, once it's built, each new user usually doesn't cost the company much (the marginal cost).\n\nGans believes that entrepreneurs are thinking about costs a lot more than demand when they run token sales.\n\n**\"The real value of the tokens has really nothing to do with the amount of money you want to spend, but with how much money people want to spend with you,\" ** Gans said.\n\nThat said, Gans argued that it didn't matter if a token project gets specific early on about pricing new services in terms of its token. For example, if Netflix launched today with an ICO, it might say in its white paper that one NFLX token would be good for one month of streaming video.\n\nThat level of specificity isn't necessary before a project gets started, Gans said, but it might help if the company spelled out some of its thinking about how many users it might get over time and what factors might influence it growing or declining.\n\nSuch projections would give the market more insight to price the products accurately before they launch, including future gains.\n\n**\"Maybe people who are doing these white papers could provide a more clear path to whatever they are doing,\" ** Gans said.\n\nOn the other hand, he added:\n\n**\"I don't think for a moment that anyone who's buying these tokens has worked all that out.\"**\n\nFounders mustn't\nOne caveat: it only works if founders don't cheat, and there are two key cheats that consumers and speculators both need to worry about.\n\nAcknowledging the fact that no one has had a chance to see an ICO roll from a token sale to launch and product-market fit, theoretically, this basic model works fine, assuming a good faith founder. Of course, the biggest danger is a founder who presents a compelling vision, runs a token scale and absconds with the earnings.\n\nAnd here Gans welcomes the present scrutiny by regulators. He said, \"Their instinct to stop people making false promises is of course correct.\"\n\nBut what if the issuer breaks the commitment to only accept the token as payment on the platform. If they did that, the price of tokens has the potential to completely collapse.\n\nFor another, the issuer could also just issue more tokens. Then all the tokens in the world would drop proportionally in value.\n\nMost issuers hold tokens, supposedly to align their interests with their users, but this is really no protection because the issuer will still come out ahead issuing new tokens, even if their reserve loses value. As Gans said, this is why some countries get into out of control inflation situations, because every time a treasury prints more money, the state comes out ahead (until it all completely unravels).\n\nThat said, this danger is only contingent on projects that announce a fixed supply of tokens that will never change again after the token generation event (as most ICO projects do today).\n\n**\"What if during that growth cycle you realize you don't have enough money and you need more?\" Gans asked. \"You're going to be a bit stuck.\"**\n\nHe added:\n\n**\"I wonder if they are tying their hands way too much?\"**\n\nWhile Gans and Catalini identify these sorts of dangers, their paper doesn't suggest solutions. The idea here is to begin laying out this basic model to facilitate further research and discussion.\n\n**\"This is a very simplified model,\" Gans said of their paper. \"I don't know how everything's going to work out.\"**\n\nSourse: https://www.coindesk.com/right-way-think-crypto-tokens/\n![cropped-logo_long.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVcKUXzFQSGhzPBTn2BmCxEP5XdMgpoUJjmpdv3aKDnJ5/cropped-logo_long.png)",
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      "body": "Hi!!! If somebody want to know how can \"cheat\" in minerfarm. PM! I know how can you repair machine for free or buy machine which are out of stock! :-) Not a scam!!",
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      "body": "**Coins mentioned in post:**\n\nCoin | | Price (USD) | 📉 24h | 📉 7d\n- | - | - | - | -\n**BTC** | Bitcoin | 7705.050$ | _-6.21%_ | _-12.25%_\n**ETH** | Ethereum | 519.322$ | _-13.39%_ | _-24.5%_\n**ETN** | Electroneum | 0.030$ | _-15.87%_ | _-37.74%_\n**XMR** | Monero | 189.139$ | _-11.13%_ | _-26.41%_",
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      "body": "For future viewers: price of bitcoin at the moment of posting is 8211.00USD",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://cointelegraph.com/news/the-ethics-of-cryptojacking-rampant-malware-or-ad-free-internet",
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      "author": "cryptocoins2018",
      "permlink": "the-ethics-of-cryptojacking-rampant-malware-or-ad-free-internet",
      "title": "The Ethics Of Cryptojacking: Rampant Malware Or Ad-Free Internet?",
      "body": "![528_Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9iYWRnZTI1MWUzZDA2MmI0N2I5ZmUxMjg1MTM1ODUxMmQ4MGJlLmpwZw==.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeedCSEYNMiD9A4ENupdsHsx9LsuN29CSwtrAMTaCM8aQ/528_Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9iYWRnZTI1MWUzZDA2MmI0N2I5ZmUxMjg1MTM1ODUxMmQ4MGJlLmpwZw%3D%3D.jpg)\n\n**The Ethics Of Cryptojacking: Rampant Malware Or Ad-Free Internet?**\nCryptojacking, the practice of using a computer’s processing power to mine for cryptocurrencies without the owner’s permission or knowledge, has recently gained more traction in the crypto sphere as browser-based crypto mining has once again become possible and profitable.\n\nAs Bitcoin (BTC) became more and more popular worldwide since its inception in 2009, it became harder and harder to mine for cryptocurrencies on a personal computer, given the increasingly high amount of energy needed to make a profit. More efficient mining hardware like ASIC chips slowly became the norm, ending the era when one person sitting at home with a PC could make money mining Bitcoin.\n\nHowever, with the introduction of altcoins like Monero, first released in 2014, which are naturally resistant to ASIC mining — due to the large amount of storage they require that ASIC cards cannot provide — the figure of the lone crypto miner has returned via browser-based mining.\n\nBrowser-based cryptojacking, however, is not necessarily accomplished by a single hacker taking over your computer to use its processing power to mine crypto. Today there are entire dedicated businesses and services that allow cryptojacking to take place on a mass, global scale.\n\n**Coinhive – the crypto miner of choice**\nA recently published academic study from Concordia University on the history of cryptojacking found that the JavaScript browser mining program Coinhive is currently the most commonly used script for Monero mining, and thus cryptojacking in general.\n\nCoinhive works by providing an Application Programming Interface (API) to developers, which then lets the developer use a website visitors’ CPU resources to mine Monero. Coinhive markets itself to web-based companies as a replacement for online ads, proclaiming unabashedly on their website’s main page: “Monetize Your Business With Your Users' CPU Power”.\n\nThis “rejuvenation of browser-based mining,” has taken many forms, from cryptojacking attempts by malicious players to relatively benign cable companies trying to use it as an alternative form of monetization, instead of showing users online ads.\n\n**Malicious cryptojacking cases**\nCryptojacking malware has been placed on a variety of websites around the world — as Cointelegraph reported in late January, more than 55 percent of businesses worldwide have been affected by the practice.\n\nAccording to a Microsoft blog post from March 13, an average of 644,000 computers were infected with crypto mining malware from the period of September 2017 to January 2018. The blog notes that cryptojacking can come in many forms, like video streaming sites constructed with the only goal being cryptojacking, or tech support scam websites that are actually crypto miners.\n![9dfbef65443103553e18f2d3cd07980d.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXjApciiX8rnGmeNb3jM1AtbHWb7Bx5uWusQP8YkMiqb5/9dfbef65443103553e18f2d3cd07980d.png)\n\nIt was discovered in January 2018 that Youtube had been the target of cryptojacking attacks, when anonymous hackers placed cryptojacking scripts into ads that played on the platform. According to reports on the cryptojacking hack, Youtube users in Japan, France, Taiwan, Italy, and Spain were the most affected.\n\nMore recently, Tesla’s Amazon Web Service software container was cryptojacked due to a lack of password protection. A similar case of cryptojacking took place in October 2017 at the Amazon Web Services of the companies Aviva and Gemalto.\n\nEarlier this month, Microsoft reported that it had blocked more than 400,000 cryptojacking attempts in a span of 12 hours. The attackers used the NiceHash crypto cloud mining marketplace, which supports a variety of currencies, although the Microsoft report found that the attempts were to mine for altcoin Electroneum.\n\nOn a larger scale, a study published by the University of Toronto in March found that Telecom Egypt, a government entity, has been linked to using middleboxes to surreptitiously direct Egyptian Internet users to cryptocurrency mining sites, specifically mentioning the service Coinhive.\n\n**Can cryptojacking be non-malicious?**\nThe Coinhive mining script has shown up in several cryptojacking incidents that were arguably not as malicious as those detailed above.\n\nIn September of last year, it was discovered that the illegal piracy site, The Pirate Bay, was secretly mining for Monero on visitors’ computers without their knowledge. When the news broke, The Pirate Bay defended itself by asking users if they would rather see ads on the site or have their computers be used to mine crypto on the company’s behalf.  The majority of respondents voted for mining.\n\nA little more than a week later, major American cable television network Showtime was also found to be secretly running Coinhive to mine Monero using visitors’ computers. Showtime also explained that it used Coinhive as an alternative revenue source, instead of showing ads to users.\n\nIn response to several exposed incidents in which Coinhive was being used by a site without its visitors’ knowledge, the mining script company updated their site to include a statement claiming that it would ask for permission before mining on someone’s computer going forward. Coinhive stated in September 2017:\n\n**“We're a bit saddened to see that some of our customers integrate Coinhive into their pages without disclosing to their users what's going on, let alone asking for their permission.”**\n\nHowever, given the practice is still alive and well as of this month, with examples such as the Telecom Egypt case, it seems unlikely that Coinhive has been able to follow through on their promise.\n\n**Permission-based cryptojacking: the Salon case**\nNews site Salon.com has willingly hopped onto the cryptojacking trend by giving its users the option to allow Salon.com to access their “unused computing power” as an alternative to seeing advertisements. While Salon’s FAQ about this new option neither directly mentions the word “mining” nor the company “Coinhive,” the Financial Times notes that a pop-up on Salon about this new process features the text “powered by Coinhive”.\n\nSelva Ozelli, a Cointelegraph contributor and international tax attorney, says that Salon’s new use of Monero mining as an alternative form of monetization to traditional advertising is not illegal in the US. However, Ozelli notes that the tax regulations around crypto mining would mean that any money that Salon makes off of its visitors in this manner would need to be taxed appropriately:\n\n**“Under IRS Notice 2014-21, crypto/bitcoin mining is not a tax free exercise. If you mined crypto/Bitcoin as a trade or business, miners would have to recognize income for each bitcoin mined during the taxable year.”**\n\nSince the basis of calculating how much tax to pay on mining profits involves deducting the mining expenses, i.e. “electricity, and depreciation on your mining rig,” it is unclear how Salon would delineate their expenses from their income tax forms.\n\nOzelli told Cointelegraph that is is likely that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) will need to develop a framework for these new types of profit-making mining situations:\n\n**“Since electricity is a deductible mining expense for those who are engaged in a trade or business of crypto mining, likely there will be IRS guidance provided.”**\n\nAnother example of a permission-based cryptojacking business model comes from an unlikely source: UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund). The fund began a charity drive for Syrian refugees in February 2018. On top of accepting fiat donations, UNICEF targeted PC gamers, asking them to let the charity use their high-powered PCs to mine for Ethereum (ETH) during the gamers’ downtime.\n\n**The ethics of cryptojacking**\nThe case of malicious cryptojacking, when users’ computer processing power is siphoned off without their permission or knowledge can clearly be classified as an unethical, and illegal, action. However, both Salon and UNICEF’s permission-based cryptojacking brings up the ethical debate of the morality behind offering users an option of which they may not fully understand the consequences.\n\nThe already mentioned Concordia University study into cryptojacking discussed the question of ethics, questioning whether an average internet user would be able to understand what they are agreeing to when they “opt in” to cryptomining to avoid advertisements, or gain access to paywall content, higher definition videos, ect.\n\nIt is entirely possible that many users may not realize that they are signing up for the potential for raised electricity bills, slower computer and Internet performance, and shorter device lifespan. This is especially true in cases, as with Salon.com, when the language of the permission-asking is deliberately vague or misleading.\n\nOn the other hand, the Concordia report mentions the idea that many Internet users already often give their consent to things they likely don’t fully read or understand online, like privacy disclosures and cookies tracking. As a conclusion to the ethics of non-malicious cryptojacking, the reports notes that nothing is “clear cut” and that the nuances should be further debated for potential regulation.\n\n**How to keep your computer safe from cryptojacking**\nLet’s say that you aren’t a PC gamer planning on donating your computer’s free time to UNICEF, and you don’t regularly read Salon – how do you stop cryptojacking malware from entering your computer?\n\nOne option is to use the Opera web browser, which blocks crypto mining scripts on both its web and mobile versions as of this January.\n\nThe above-mentioned Microsoft report notes that Windows Defender Anti-Virus blocks unwanted applications, citing that the number of coin miners blocked from being downloaded jumped from 2 to 6 percent of all unwanted app downloads from September 2017 to January 2018. Microsoft adds that a variety of their Windows Defender programs can prevent crypto miners from entering corporate networks.\n\nCointelegraph also published a guide in October of last year for checking if your computer has been cryptojacked. The first thing to do is check on your computer’s CPU usage and make sure that there are no unexplained spikes of processing power use after you visited a website.\n\nAd blockers are another way to go, as some have added Coinhive to the list of blocked scripts. If you think you have been targeted by more malicious forms of malware, like the trojan injection attempts that Microsoft recently discovered and blocked, you can use Task Manager to terminate the malicious script.\nSourse: https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-ethics-of-cryptojacking-rampant-malware-or-ad-free-internet\n![cropped-logo_long.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVcKUXzFQSGhzPBTn2BmCxEP5XdMgpoUJjmpdv3aKDnJ5/cropped-logo_long.png)",
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      "title": "Bitcoin Exchange CoinCheck hacked!!",
      "body": "![AmmdKePn.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmS7xRevJiVRxPxLpT2e3TVcqi3qM7apzQt87tQXGXg7yU/AmmdKePn.jpg)\n\nIt is confirmed that 500 Million XEM tokens have been stolen from the exchange, mainly by Bloomberg’s tech reporter in Tokyo, Yuji Nakamura, who’s attended the press conference and made a couple of significant posts that allow us to better understand what was going on during the conference.\n\nExecutives wouldn’t admit that their security is weak, regardless of the fact that they hadn’t setup multisig wallets or any mention of cold storage.\n![tweet2.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmYXhNfkfc1EhTZDucg8AxJaWNC4BoVSNKci2jkdecYFD4/tweet2.png)\n\nAccording to the press conference, Coincheck plans to continue operating and restart the trading features (currently only available for BTC), but without giving any form of clarity as to what their plans are in terms of reimbursing their affected customers.\n\n![tweet3.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaHoTGaeebhPcWCyzLxhBTnWPF1mss7TFRyyvgKHJubCN/tweet3.png)\n\nIt is unfortunate for CoinCheck to get hacked so shortly after getting a digital exchange license by Japan’s FSA in September 2017. They stood a great chance to continue growing seamlessly if it wasn’t for this hack. The theft of 500 million XEM tokens naturally lowered the price, and what was a $530 USD million worth of crypto stolen, now is now worth significantly less at $426 million USD.\n![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaj5DXM3T89TdYAawBkwVu4SEUTSjUZkpCx8MmTqqR6vC/image.png)\nIt is only natural that news like this will negatively impact the price, but we expect it to soon recover, as the NEM Development team is standing behind the currency as a transparent ledger, and is tracking all of the associated accounts.\n\nHopefully, they will be able to catch the individual (or group) that has stolen this amazing amount of value from CoinCheck.\n\nThere are some rumors going around that $123 worth of Ripple was stolen as well, but likely the XRP was withdrawn legitimately, as they noticed that CoinCheck is starting to freeze the accounts. This isn’t 100% confirmed, but as we saw during the press conference, they claim “only NEM was affected”, and that statement leads me to believe that XRP tokens were withdrawn by their rightful owners as a precautionary measurement.\n![DUeXDohU0AAidWc-1-640x480.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmfKGkCjVVFXrXpk34v7MGroR7vCDYxKVk1Loyei47inGR/DUeXDohU0AAidWc-1-640x480.jpg)\n\nThe Bitcoin that were stolen during the Mt.Gox incident in 2014 (cca. 850.000 BTC), valued at the time at $450 million USD, today would be worth $9.5 Trillion USD ($9.545.500.000), an amount so large that it is mindboggling. Nobody really knows what happened to the funds, but I believe that 200.000 BTC were reappropriated.\n\nResearching this event led me to many different news articles that suggested that this CoinCheck hack overcomes what happened to Mt.Gox, but that is not quite the truth. Looking at the dollar value, sure, but when looking at the big picture, it is very clear that the theft of Mt.Gox’s funds will be very hard to overshadow, possibly remaining the biggest theft in the history of the world for many years to come.\n\nInvestigation\nThe Japanese treasury is investigating this event and is getting down to the bottom of the hack. Many different things can be proven/disproven, and we are looking forward to hearing the details surrounding this event. There are many questions to consider:\n\nDid CoinCheck “hack” themselves?\nHow did the hackers gain access to the servers?\nWhat happened to the coins?\nWhy weren’t the wallets protected by a smart contract?\nI am sure that we are going to take more than 30 days to examine the entire data trail and to identify the IP addresses of the hackers (if possible). My expectation is that after 30 days, we will begin to see preliminary reports explaining what has been discovered so far.\n\nConclusion\nCoinCheck is considering how to repay customers that have lost their investments, and whether or not they are able to continue operating in order to do so. As long as there is sufficient evidence that suggests an outside force has committed the crime, I am sure that CoinCheck will continue with their operations and will regain the trust of their customers.\n\nIn the end, it is up to them to prove to their customers that they are doing everything in their power to secure their accounts so that this doesn’t happen again.\n\nUnfortunately for Japan, this is the second time a major exchange has been hacked since Bitcoin started. People in Japan are very enthusiastic about cryptocurrencies, and they deserve to have the best possible security measures and individuals protecting their funds. This further proves that centralized exchanges are vulnerable to hacks and if exploited can affect thousands, if not millions of people.\nSours: https://www.crypto-news.net/bitcoin-exchange-coincheck-hacked/\n![cropped-logo_long.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVcKUXzFQSGhzPBTn2BmCxEP5XdMgpoUJjmpdv3aKDnJ5/cropped-logo_long.png)",
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