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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @cryptonvester! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@cryptonvester/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@cryptonvester) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=cryptonvester)_</sub>\n\n\n**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**\n<table><tr><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/use-your-witness-votes-and-get-the-community-badge\"><img src=\"https://steemitimages.com/64x128/https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTugCUsoXX762vg1CuHRrpnPbfnjPogp8iCGv7F2kSVuj/image.png\"></a></td><td><a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/use-your-witness-votes-and-get-the-community-badge\">Use your witness votes and get the Community Badge</a></td></tr></table>\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "author": "cryptonvester",
      "body": "@@ -2650,16 +2650,17 @@\n ch occur\n+r\n ences ar\n",
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      "author": "cryptonvester",
      "body": "<center>\n                    <a href=\"https://dmania.lol/post/cryptonvester/fair-point-soggy-toasts-suck-zg1hbmlh-06clz\">\n                      <img src=\"https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/dmania-images/meme-21-fair-point-soggy-toasts-suck-ykncymq.jpg\">\n                    </a>\n                    <h3><a href=\"https://dmania.lol/post/cryptonvester/fair-point-soggy-toasts-suck-zg1hbmlh-06clz\">View post on dMania</a></h3>\n                    <a href=\"https://dmania.lol\">\n                      <img src=\"https://dmania.lol/assets/img/dmania_steemit_post.png\">\n                    </a>\n                  </center>",
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      "author": "tomask-de",
      "body": "Nice read. I leave an upvote for this article *thumbsup*",
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      "title": "fossbot voter comment"
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{
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      "author": "grammarnazi",
      "body": "You have a minor misspelling in the following sentence: <blockquote>Even though both Firefox and Google Chrome does give out security warnings when visiting an authentication form over HTTP, such occurences are still very common:.</blockquote> It should be <i>occurrences</i> instead of <i>occurences</i>.",
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      "title": "Minor Correction"
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      "body": "There is a lot of exposed data floating on the web. People hear about such events all the time – it seems like data breaches are becoming more and more common. \n\nWith data breaches being so prevalent, one would expect people should protect their data better. However, with many developers underestimating the importance of protecting private data, this isn’t always the case – when developers fail to adequately protect data, sensitive data exposure might occur.\n\n Sensitive data exposure is currently ranked number three in the 2017 OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities list – that makes it a pretty significant vulnerability, and that is what I am covering today.\n\n**What is it?**\n\nSensitive data exposure is such a vulnerability that occurs when an application fails to protect sensitive information. Sensitive information can be either passwords, session tokens, credit cards or other data.\n\n**How prevalent is it?**\n\nSuch a vulnerability is very, very prevalent. Every other day we see data leaks from all sorts of companies – be it small discussion forums or big social media websites. Noone is exempt from data breaches – that’s the harsh reality we have to deal with.\n\nThe impact of sensitive data exposure may vary depending on what data was exposed. For example, if the exposed data would contain only email addresses, the impact would not be very high. \nOn the other hand, if the exposed data also contained passwords, credit cards and other information, you’ve got yourself a way bigger problem.\n\n**How to protect against it?**\n\nThere are a few ways developers can prevent sensitive data exposure. As usual, I will list some of them below, then talk about each of them.\n\nTo protect against sensitive data exposure, developers can (and should) ensure that the following steps are performed:\n\n   * All authentication pages should be served over SSL\n    * Sensitive data should only be stored when necessary\n    * Stored sensitive data should be adequately protected\n\n**Authentication pages should be served over SSL**\n\nServing authentication pages over an unencrypted connection is bad – in order to maintain a secure connection between the website and the browser, HTTPS must be used.\n\nServing pages with password and / or credit card input fields over HTTP will produce this on Firefox:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbvzTbaCu5cFTVwed8CqEW7YGPGM8xhVZXkGrwYYLDAVm/image.png)\nChrome on the other hand behaves like this:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSQg5TpEouG2ZMyzogWrQkpzaTuPgKJU6MSVsRTExWXFi/image.png)\n\nEven though both Firefox and Google Chrome does give out security warnings when visiting an authentication form over HTTP, such occurences are still very common:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUqLkzonYs6caMGYrGUBDTuNuZHdissDB6vDxoMc6unun/image.png)\n\nWarnings are not the only thing you should be concerned about too: credentials transmitted over an unencrypted connection could be intercepted.\n\n**Sensitive data should only be stored when necessary**\n\nSensitive data should only be stored when such actions are a necessity and it should be removed immediately when it’s no longer needed.\n Storing unnecessary data can waste your money and disk space by the virtue of you backing it up and it also presents a security risk – the more data is stored, the more of it can be stolen.\n\n**Stored sensitive data should be adequately protected**\n\nAt last but not least, if you do store sensitive data, protect it. By saying “protect it” I mean if you do store passwords, hash them. \nIf your organization handles credit card data, make sure your website complies with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS). And, if you do suffer a data breach, please let your website visitors know.\n\n**The recap**\n\nThough I did mention three very important security precautions that should be taken to ensure that the chances of sensitive data being exposed could be minified, the points I made are far from exhaustive – you could also implement a defense-in-depth mechanism meaning you could use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to protect your website from threats and so on.",
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      "body": "![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTB3GYzywdwCEr6Nc6QjbHKtAQf9dVvtLeZkMJ1Jhiosb/image.png)\n\nWhile browsing the web, you click on a link. The link leads you to a page like this:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmavkhQVE2kbrUE4WBQY7c75VVYB9tgRo5FKXbB4TP7AqB/image.png)\n\nLooks like a usual login page, right? Let’s try logging in.\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmZteMSUSQzF375pdJNZjiFL8QHcwZJHBJQYWMeMbMXYuU/image.png)\n\nYou go off to Discord and your friend asks for the URL of the login page, you provide him with this:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQZEN85JRDJ4uUnVF1eRtQDwJMmW9Hq67HuYEYxwaLEb2/image.png)\nYour friend clicks on the URL and..\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTHHwpaiwDqZxASDZR5XWzRqedea6eHQfSf8oKSh4PmM6/image.png)\n\nWait – he’s logged in? He did not authenticate, how is this possible?\n\nTo understand why this happened, we need to jump back in time and remember the URL that was sent. The URL looked like this:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmU7p5LxxySFyxtxiE2PZa9Pbg9Z8pyBR8G1hnVtdGw1mF/image.png)\n\nIncluding a session ID in the URL might not seem very significant at first, but think about it: what if this was your bank? You just sent off a URL that allows access to your account with money in it. Not a very fun scenario, is it?\n\nSuch a flaw is known as Broken Authentication and Session Management and it is #2 on the 2017 OWASP Top 10.\n\nIn this and the upcoming blog posts I’ll try to cover all of the 2017 OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities. I will not be covering injection because I already did that in a previous blog post, so I will start from a flaw number two.\n\n**What is it?**\n\nSuch a vulnerability can allow an attacker to capture or bypass the authentication method that is used by a web application. An application might be vulnerable to broken authentication and session management if:\n\n  *   The URL displays a session ID.\n    * The session does not expire.\n    * Sensitive data is sent over an unencrypted connection.\n    * The credentials that are used to login to a web application are predictable.\n   *  The passwords are stored in plain text without any protection in place (without hashing and / or salting).\n\nI’ll go through each of these scenarios one by one beginning from the top.\n\n**Displaying the session ID in the URL**\n\nThis is so bad that I can’t even fathom it. Displaying a session ID in the URL allows anyone – anyone – to hijack your session by simply copying the URL. What’s the risk you ask? Refer to the example above.\n\nThis is the most common way Broken Authentication and Session Management is exploited. It’s easy to patch, yet, according to the 2017 OWASP top 10 list, such a flaw is indeed prevalent.\n\n**Failing to terminate a session**\n\nFailing to terminate a session is another way of how such a vulnerability could be introduced – having a session which does not expire could allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access to a web application.\n\nYou visit a café, log in to your bank account and leave your PC unattended while you go talk to the waitress, come back 5 minutes later and the next thing you see is that you have no money – because your bank did not terminate sessions, someone walked up to your PC, switched to a browser tab and stole your money.\n\n**Sending sensitive data over an unencrypted connection**\n\nAny sensitive information that is being sent to a web application should be encrypted, meaning it should be sent through the HTTPS protocol instead of using HTTP.\n\nSending sensitive data over HTTP introduces a web application to a number of risks, most notably, eavesdropping on communications – if your login information is sent over HTTP and your Wi-Fi connection is being monitored, a potential attacker could intercept the traffic.\n\n**Predictable login credentials**\n\nIf a user is using predictable credentials to log into his account, the account could be easily compromised. \nInstead, use strong and unique passwords everywhere – each of your passwords should contain uppercase, lowercase letters, numbers and symbols.\n It should also be noted that on this occasion, password managers are enormously helpful – if you’re not yet using one, start doing it now.\n\n**Insecure password storage**\n\nStrong passwords are important, but storing them securely is enormously important too. 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      "author": "cryptonvester",
      "body": "If you’re a web developer, you’re probably fammiliar with .htaccess. \nIf you’re not, let me give you a quick introduction: .htaccess is a part of Apache.\n A .htaccess file provides a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis without needing to edit Apache’s main configuration files. \n.htaccess is useful for many purposes: it can be used for URL rewriting, IP address blocking, restricting access to certain directories and so on.\n\nWhat I’m going to focus on today is probably a bit unusual – I will try to explain how to make a .htaccess-based Web Application Firewall (WAF). \nI would not recommend this approach if you want to create your own Web Application Firewall – you’re better off using a language like PHP or whatever you’re comfortable with – but it’s certainly possible.\n\n**But .htaccess..**\n\nI know, I know. That is not the main purpose of .htaccess, but hey, we all want to try something new at some point in time, don’t we? So, without further ado, I’ll jump straight into it.\n\n**The functionality**\n\nOur small, .htaccess-based WAF will detect a potentially malicious attack attempt, block it and log the attempt to a database. We will need an .htaccess file, a WAF.php file and an Index.php file (the file names can be anything, I chose WAF and Index for simplicity).\n\nI assume you created the files already, so here’s what we will do – jump over to your .htaccess, turn RewriteEngine on and paste this, this will be our first WAF rule:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQRcPdP6vnadL4938XXHKACR78C3pgoR7RQZQgpUo1rrP/image.png)\n\nWait..what?\n ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUE7mjtDw9egFiAcLu9WwsNtniqLAWp3JKz8fSjQQzuNE/image.png)\n\nNow, since we have this rule in our .htaccess, we should probably try to create an intentional Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability and try to trigger it somewhere using a [script] tag to see if our small WAF blocks the attempt, right?\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmS5Gdbp3T4uNQKcYjMvjBeisri7fEn7966yLcVEWTBhfo/image.png)\n\nWait – the .htaccess should have stopped the XSS but it still got triggered? How?\n\nThe answer is very simple: that happened because we forgot to tell our .htaccess to actually block the attempt..\n\nBlocking the attempt is pretty easy: open your .htaccess and paste this line after all your WAF rules:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYBuzFXFFMocem7ScrvFnpvfawk4vgqH4dkU6fHontCzs/image.png)\n\nThen, create a WAF.php file, disallow direct access to it (the last thing you want is to log legitimate requests as attacks..) and log the attempts to a database. Let’s use our payload again and see what happens:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPrD8fPRRMzdxiFum8zvgYTNQoMZn6twA3TyPBMYvN4me/image.png)\n\nHere we go – that’s a lot better!\n\nBut wait – we also specified an [OR] parameter – that means we should include at least one more rule, so let’s do that now:\n\n   ![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmc1EP58ceN9mhdekfrS1777kHCaptZNJ91T991zvo2zq7/image.png)\n\nThis way, you can specify multiple keywords that will get blocked without copying and pasting the same line and then modifying it which is an extremely good thing.\n\nOne thing that should be noted is that the firewall will only block malicious GET requests – POST requests will remain unfiltered.\n\n**IP blacklisting**\n\n.htaccess also lets you block IP addresses from accessing your website. To accomplish this, open your .htaccess and add a rule like the one shown below:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWYX1BELQ1dAkYjgH9sLdJSVzqvFR3n5uh67ovywTX4RR/image.png)\n\nThere may be occasions where you would want to deny only specific IP addresses while granting access to others:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmNVC2LAPtGLrVax7KWJxN6xVyFfXKMW42me7a8stNZN1j/image.png)\n\n**Denying access to files and directories**\n\nAt times, you might want to deny access to specific files such as the configuration file. This can be accomplished by adding the following to your .htaccess:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVFFC3vKaRjqt6uUZjNAXbZC39gjFaYfobgqgZJxW4oXf/image.png)\n\nThe same can be applied to directories:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmT4PFLVe2xfNt7LEwkVAzufYieEdfLva1VmTkTocXnGx7/image.png)\nGranted, you could create a .htaccess file in the directory you wish to protect and disallow IP addresses from accessing it as shown above too.\n\n**Summary**\n\n.htaccess isn’t only used for restricting access to directories – when used properly, it can be turned into an extremely powerful tool that can be used to achieve a variety of goals – from forcing your website to load securely to functioning as a Web Application Firewall. \nThat being said, .htaccess has other use cases too – these will be covered in the upcoming articles, perhaps.",
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      "author": "cryptonvester",
      "body": "Since I started building websites few years ago, I’ve created a few projects. Some of them never saw daylight, some of them were deleted upon creation, some of them still reside in my project archive.\n When I was trawling through the archive a few days ago, I came across one of them. It was a ticket system I first made back in April 2016 – the whole project was dubbed a “Secure Ticket System” so it instantly caught my attention. I just had to take a look..\n\nHere’s how the system looks like:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYRLz3jhxkmcdkayGrJRyCVGuFLSEdPQW2Uz3xZGLkWyi/image.png)\nAs compared to other ticket systems, there are a few things that can be noticed:\n\n  The system did not let the user choose a priority of how his ticket should be handled.\n    A user was unable to choose a ticket category.\n\n**The structure**\n\nThe ticket system consisted of four files (excluding the stylesheets and javascript files which were also present):\n\n * Ticket submission file (Index.php) –  a file which let the user submit a ticket.\n  *  Ticket response file (Respond.php) – a file which allowed the administrators submit a response to a ticket in question.\n   * A file which displayed the contents of tickets (Tickets.php).\n   * Ticket management file (View.php) – a file which allowed administrators to view information about submitted tickets: it displayed the ticket ID, the ticket name, the name and email of the person who submitted the ticket, displayed the ticket status and allowed administrators to click a button to respond to the ticket.\n\nThe system did not use any relational (MySQL) or non-relational (NoSQL) database  – as I wanted to try something new at the time, I’ve made it so that the entire system would be based on a flat file database.\n\nI’ll try to make an in-depth analysis of the security of each of the scripts beginning from the top and moving towards the bottom.\n\n**The submission**\n\nThe submission process was relatively simple:\n\n  After the “Send” button would be clicked, the system would filter all of the input fields using htmlentities() to ensure any and all XSS attack attempts would be halted.\n    If the length of the subject is not greater than 20 characters and file with the same ID did not exist in the ticket archive, the ticket would be flagged as “Open” and submitted. \n\nA text file in the “tickets” directory would be created that would contain the contents of the ticket.\n    The ticket then would also be submitted to View.php which allowed administrators to respond to it.\n    Finally, a message would be displayed – if the submission process was successful, it would say ‘Ticket submitted successfully.” If it was not, the message would say “Ticket failed to submit.”\n\n**Viewing tickets**\n\nWhen the ticket would be submitted, it would be flagged as “Open” and thus, displayed on the viewing page:\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVjCXYfV2xCFxMQ8QQ3ztzhuyjvA36XYp5shLWnASGkx5/image.png)\n\nThe View.php script would scan the “tickets” directory, get the total count of files which then would be displayed. \nWhen the ticket would be submitted and flagged as “Open”, the Index.php script would also write some of the ticket contents to View.php. \nThe script would also allow people who are privileged to view it to respond to the ticket in question:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmavcBswHYhf5K9A5MKw2K7kPaVsEB1nPqnUdFEeE224B2/image.png)\n\nIf the “Close this ticket” checkmark was not checked, the response would be added to the ticket – if it was checked, the ticket would be deleted.\n This is another downside because with the majority of ticket systems on the web today, when the ticket is closed, a person has a chance to re-open it. My ticket system did not include this feature.\n\n**Security**\n\nThe security of the system was not as bad as I expected it to be: the input of the user was sanitized and thus, it could not trigger an XSS attack, the “tickets” directory was protected by .htaccess. That being said, there were some caveats such as this one:\n\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbM6VNQSx3SJ467zwLstrzERDaUuqVkfB4QYxPibv1wN2/image.png)\n\nWait – is that an SQL error? Yes.\n\nThe system operated on a flat file basis, but we still got an SQL error. How? The answer is very simple – it was intentional. \nAs my Web Application Firewall’s SQL injection detection rules were still under heavy development at the time, I wanted to see how effective they were. With that out of the way, we should now probably look at the actual flaws that the system had. \nOne of them was Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF):\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTy4XBDh2PRiiZfqgpvf1XUyZucoPNGXkvQY2i2Skm5h3/image.png)\n\nSince I did not set a CSRF token to validate that the form sent from the browser matches a token on the server, a CSRF attack was possible.\n The system required the user to be logged in to access the ticket submission page, and, if the appropriate POST parameters could be provided, a CSRF attack could be triggered – an end user could be forced to execute unwanted actions: in this case, submit a ticket.\n\n**Spam all the things!**\n\nI failed to protect the form against spam too – this means that anyone could create an automated script to automatically submit tickets.\n![](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmXnsiiecF255BvoX51HgzbtboqnfUtsaU5erddtMPTDjG/image.png)\nNow imagine that, for example, tickets #145, #148 and #157 would be created by a legitimate user requesting support, but tickets #146, #147 and #149-#156 would be created by an automated script to spam the system, how would the administrators remove the spam while leaving the legitimate tickets intact?\n\nSince the system was based on a flat-file database, the administrators would have to accomplish this task manually – if the system had hundreds of tickets, the accomplishment of such a task would become almost impossible.\n\n**Summary**\n\n  The ticket system lacked a few important features – most notably, a ticket re-opening feature.\n\n   The form was sufficiently protected against Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), but it was not protected against Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) – I could have implemented CSRF tokens which would have gotten rid of this problem.\n\n   The system was not protected against spam either – I could have implemented a (re)CAPTCHA which would have fixed this issue.",
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