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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttp://www.profadeapparel.com/the-history-of-socks/",
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      "body": "![2.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcKoaq3zbYdBWsZD9zvax9PTBiTTYyxCwe1Y7yMhMtAkg/2.jpg)\n\nHow did socks evolve from simple animal skins in the Stone Age to one of the hottest fashion accessories of the 21st century? In this article, we’ll shed some light on the history of socks and how they have transformed from a functional necessity to one of the most hightech focal points of many sports and leisure apparel brands.\n\nDid you know that our ancestors in the Stone Age tied animal skins around their ankles to keep their feet warm and many would consider this to be the first sock. By the 8th century B.C.E., Greek poet Hesiod wrote of something called ‘piloi’ and is derived from the word pilo, which means hair. Piloi were socks that were made from matted animal hairs. The Romans began wrapping their feet in strips of leather or woven fabric. As the second century A.D. came about, they were wearing ‘udones’. ‘Udones’ were sewn from woven fabric and pulled over the feet.\n\nIn Egyptian tombs of the 3rd to the 6th centuries, the first knit socks in history were found. As time went on, Europeans wore socks that were strips of cloth or animal hide that were wrapped around the legs. They called them leggings. Not exactly the fashionable leggings of the 21st century but functional nonetheless. In the 5th century A.D, sock history took a step forward when ‘puttees’ were worn by Europeans to symbolize purity and holiness. As 1000 A.D. approached, socks became a symbol of the nobility. If you had socks, you were considered wealthy. Who knew that many years later in the 21st century footwear and socks would again become a symbol of fashion status.\n\n![[email protected]](https://steemitimages.com/DQmcmwsdBCgYz2BiMbxPqVfZb5RrsXR3uo5uHHsb5swoywP/1_455x300%402x.png)\n\nIn the Middle Ages, the legs of pants became lower and more fitted. Hose was a fitted cloth that covered the lower leg. When breeches became shorter, hose got longer. Around the twelfth century, feet were added to the hose. In 1490, breeches and hose were join ed to create tights. They were made of colorful silk, wool and velvet among other materials. Each leg was usually a different color.\n\nKnitted hose were worn in Scotland in the fifteenth century. This fashion moved to France and other parts of Europe. In 1589, the knitting machine was created and the history of socks moved forward. It’s said the machine’s inventor, William Lee, created the machine because the woman he loved would never look up from her knitting needles. Queen Elizabeth I, refused the first pattern because she preferred the smoother stockings from Spain. She said the stockings this machine created were ‘far too coarse for the royal legs.’ If she could only have experienced the hightech yarns we use today in the 21st century.\n\nDuring the 16th and 17th century, much of the material for socks came from Spain. The socks for women were colorful, embroidered and even had jewels. Men’s socks were made of knitted silk and embroidered with emblems. Cotton came into use in the late 17th century and changed the history of socks forever.\n\nNow we come to the 20th century. Sock innovation continued with the introduction of nylon because of its strength and elasticity. As men’s pants became longer, socks became shorter and the word sock replaced the word ‘stocking’ in common usage. In the roaring twenties, men loved argyle socks. Plain solid colors became more popular throughout the 20th century. In the 21st century, the sock industry has exploded with high tech yarns, bold colors, to combine fashion with function.\n\nWe hope you enjoyed this short cut history of socks. Now you can make some sock history of your own.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.aggienetwork.com/ring/historydetailed.aspx",
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      "body": "![history-of-wedding-rings-wedding-traditions-explained-engagement-ring-wedding-ring.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmXca1mNBdaeFQft7vwFfZBpMCPSMURDiTpB9p9HKH2oMa/history-of-wedding-rings-wedding-traditions-explained-engagement-ring-wedding-ring.jpg)\n1876\tTexas A&M College opens\n1889\tOldest known Aggie Ring made this year.\n1894\tEdward C. Jonas ’94, captain of C Company, chosen to design a new Aggie Ring (he had designed the Commencement programs 1891-1894)\n\nThe Ring committee awards contract to a Bryan jeweler.  The resulting Rings are inspected by Professor P.S. Tilson ’89, who discovered they were weighted with lead.\n1899\tR.J. Poulter is chosen as chairman of a committee to select the 1899 class Ring\n\nLinz Brothers Jewelry Company of Dallas submits design sketches for the Ring\n\nA meeting is held by Poulter’s committee in J.B. Sterns’ room to discuss the designs.  During this meeting the suggestion is made to have the classes of ’00, ’01, and ’02 adopt the design to perpetuate the tradition./1899-Linz Brothers quotes a lower price for rings if Junior, Sophomore and Freshman classes would vote to use the same design\n\nThe classes agree to perpetuate the design\n1900 \nThe class of ’00 buy their rings from Linz Brothers for $10.50, after testing a ring proved their metallic purity\n\nThe classes of ’01 and ’02 did not all buy rings from Linz Brothers; they could not hold a monopoly over the manufacture of the Ring\n1912 \nThe state seal and crossed weapons changes sides\n1926 \nThe state seal and crossed weapons again change sides\n1930\tRings made from 1930-1935 were primarily manufactured by Herff Jones Company\n1933\tOfficers of the class of ’31 petitions the A&M faculty to restrict purchase of the Aggie Ring to students who have attained at least the second semester of their Junior year\n\nTexas A&M President T.O. Walton appoints an Official Senior Ring Committee to standardize the Ring design, create more control for Ring distribution and manufacture, and eliminate some of the undesirable practices connected with handling class Ring orders.  The committee was to consider proposals for rings for the classes ‘35-’39.  No stones (diamonds,rubies) were considered.  Rings would average 12 pennyweight.  Their goal was modernization of the old design while retaining essential features.  The words “Texas A&M College – 1876” were added around the crown\n\nThe Star Engraving Company of Houston is awarded a 5 year contract.  Distributors in the Bryan/College Station area that were chosen were John S. Caldwell and Sankey Park\n1934\tStar Engraving files for a patent on the Ring designed by John Boehme\n1935 \nThe Texas and United States flags were added behind the crossed cannon, rifle and saber.  Wording was changed to “A&M College of Texas – 1876” (this design will not change again until 1963)\n\nApril - Star Engraving secures a seven year patent of Ring design\n\nApril 23 - Star Engraving transfers rights of patent #95172 to Texas A&M College\n1937\tC.W. Varner is added as a distributor of Rings\n1939\tRegistrar’s Office begins distributing rings with the class of ’39, to exercise tighter control\n\nJosten Company of Owatonna, Minnesota is awarded a contract to supply rings for the classes ‘40-42\n1942\tJosten Company’s contract is extended to 1948\n\nRing patent is allowed to expire\n1948\tL.G. Balfour Company of Attelboro Massachusetts is awarded a three year contract to supply Rings\n1963\tLegislature changes name of the school to Texas A&M University.  The Ring lettering is correspondingly changed\n\n1963 - 1966 - These class years have an option of College or University\n\nJ.B. “Josh” Sterns, Class of 1899, conceives idea of a permanent ring collection\n1967\tAll students of this class year and forward are required to have A&M University lettering on their Ring\n1970s\tRose and White Gold w/ Antique finishes become available to give students options beyond the Yellow Gold W/ Antique\n1972\tBalfour’s lifetime warranty for Rings available\n1998\tRings are manufactured in a solid one piece design",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.providentmetals.com/knowledge-center/precious-metals-resources/history-of-money.html",
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      "body": "![history-money-400.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUGz5FiXizFgcaFA7sUQTvdcMKRYTkyWqfmJ6jGZAxrsR/history-money-400.png)\n\n\nMost of us take money for granted - not necessarily earning money, but using our money to buy the things that we need or want. We’ll hand over a little cash, swipe a card or fill out a check – and never think about how it all came to be.\n\nMoney can be defined as any “identifiable object of value that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a market”\n\nAs you know from reading around our blog and knowledge center, money has come in many forms, including gold and silver coins. Today, we trade pieces of paper issued by a central bank. Current laws on the books require Americans to use this paper currency, as the dollar bill says, “…for all debts, public and private.”\n\nIf we go back farther in time, other items of value like cattle, grain, shells, beads and countless others were used to barter or trade.\n\nA timeline from the PBS show Nova provides us a glimpse of what prior civilizations used as “money.” As you’ll likely surmise, the differences between a few thousand years ago and today are vast, just as striking though…the similarities.\n\n# The History of Money – A Timeline\n\n10,000+ years ago – Like we said above, barter was the first method of trade and pre-dates money. Barter involves the exchange of resources and/or services for mutual benefit between 2 or more parties. Barter has also survived throughout the ages, and is still a popular form of trade throughout the world. The A&E series Barter Kings is certainly proof of this.\n\n9000 – 6000 BC (Cattle) - Cattle, which can include cows, sheep, camels and other livestock, are considered to be the first form of what’s considered money, which you can argue is a “standardized” form of barter. And as many cultures began farming, items like grain and other vegetable and plant products also became standard.\n\n1200 BC (Cowrie Shells) – These shells of a mollusk are widely available in shallow areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. China was the first area of the world to use these shells as money, but their use did spread to many other civilizations. In fact, many areas of Africa used cowrie shells as currency up until the mid-20th century.\n\n1000 BC (First coins) – Near the end of the Stone Age, China began making imitation cowries out of bronze and copper, which are base metals. These are considered by many to be the earliest form of metal coins.\n\n500 BC (Modern coins) – In other parts of the world, round coins were developed out of lumps of silver and stamped with different gods and emperors depending on the location. The earliest silver coins came out of modern-day Turkey, but techniques were further refined by the Greek, Persian, Macedonian, and Roman empires.\n\n100 BC – 1800 AD (Various other items are used for money) – Even though coinage as we know it began around 500 BC, other items were used as money too. Leather in the form of white deerskin (1-foot square pieces) was popular in China. There were also a few obscure forms of money that might be called “brutal” by some. The phrase “To pay through the nose” for example, comes from Danes in Ireland, who slit the noses of those who didn’t pay Danish poll taxes.\n\nOther forms of money from this time include:\n\nPotlach – From Native American cultures, a “potlach” was a ceremony where gifts were exchanged, and other festivities held.\nWampum – A form of money originating from Native Americans, wampum consisted of strings of beads made from clam shells.\n806 AD (The first paper money) – Paper banknotes first appeared in China and were used from around the 9th to 15th century. Over time, production of paper notes continued to grow to the point where their value rapidly depreciated. Around 1455, paper money disappeared in China for several hundred years. It re-emerged in Europe a few decades later, but it was another 3 centuries before it was considered common.\n\n1792-1816 AD (The Gold Standard) – Although the U.S. began tying its currency to precious metal with the 1792 Mint and Coinage Act, 1816 is considered the seminal year, which is when gold was adopted as the official standard of value in England. Guidelines were developed to allow for a fixed, non-inflationary production of banknotes that represented a specific amount of gold.\n\n1930s AD (The Great Depression and the End of the Gold Standard) – The coming of the Great Depression brought major changes in money and is considered the beginning of the end for the gold standard. The first step was revising the gold standard, which involved confiscating individual gold holdings and increasing its price, which essentially devalued the paper currency that represented the gold. By the 1970s, the dollar was completely delinked from gold.\n\n(Read our blog post “Closing the U.S. Gold Window – 40 Years of Worldwide Paper Money” for more background on what many consider a major event in the history of paper money and the U.S. dollar)\n\n# Present day and the future – \n\nSince the early 1970s, the U.S. and most of the world have used a paper-based currency whose value is regulated by a central bank. International monetary regulations are complex at best and downright impossible to understand at worst. Many feel this standard has brought unbridled monetary expansion, eroding value, stagnant wages and more.\n\nWhile the future is always uncertain, gold coins and other precious metals have become more popular investments. Many investors also buy junk silver and other coins for barter in case the need arises.\n\nThe history of money can be explained in many ways. It’s fascinating to think about how our forbearers went about trading for things they needed. It’s clear that what we call money hasn’t really been in use for that long. While “paper currency” has been around for centuries, it was tied in some way to a precious metal. Never before has money been completely un-tethered from a resource or metal.\n\nJoin the conversation\n\nWhere do you think money is headed? Will the completely paper-based system survive? Or will we see a return to a currency tied to gold or another metal?\n\nHave you ever bartered? If so, what did you trade?",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/a-brief-history-of-gold/",
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      "body": "Investors will be closely monitoring today’s US Federal Reserve meeting for clues on when the country will start raising short-term interest rates. It’s just one of many recent developments to blame for the slump in gold prices. Although prices did stabilize slightly on Tuesday, after reaching a five-year low of $1,085.50 at the end of last week, industry experts still can’t decide whether the worst is yet to come. “Until the Fed provides some clarity on Wednesday, it’s difficult to say that we’ve hit a floor,” an analyst from ING told journalists.\n\n# Price of gold, 2007-2015\n![Gold-boom-and-bust.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdV7s8aFW8m3MxctppVSsGvow3eVcFpgJ6N5m5fXHMgSq/Gold-boom-and-bust.png)\n\nGold’s three pillars – its value as a currency, commodity and safe-haven asset in uncertain times – mean outside events regularly influence its price, as the timeline below shows.\n\n1998: The United Kingdom announces plans to start selling off the country’s gold supply, sending prices tumbling to a 20-year low. Britain sells part of its gold reserve for between $256 and $296 an ounce.\n\n1999: In August, fears that other central banks will start selling off their gold reserves push prices down to $251.70. By October, prices are back up to a two-year high of $338, after 15 European central banks sign the Washington Agreement on Gold, pledging to limit their gold sales.\n\n2001: On September 12 – the day after the 9/11 terrorist attacks – gold prices leap up by $15.50 to $287 an ounce, with investors worrying the events might be related to wider tensions in the Middle East.\n\n2003: As the US prepares to invade Iraq, the price of gold reaches a six-year high of $367 an ounce.\n\n2005: Towards the end of the year, the price of gold breaks the $500 barrier for the first time since 1987. Some analysts blame inflation in the US and concerns about the state of the global economy, although others discount these fears.\n\n2006: Gold prices reach $730 an ounce in spring – the fastest one-month gain in 30 years – on the back of a weak dollar and a report from the International Atomic Agency that claims Iran is conducting a uranium enrichment programme.\n\n2008: In September, turmoil in the stock markets sees the price of gold jump by $90 an ounce, a record one-day gain. At the same time, the dollar falls to a three-year low.\n\n2009: In the wake of the global recession, gold breaks the $1,000 barrier. As economic uncertainty grows, so too does demand for the precious metal, and prices continue to rise, reaching $1,200 by the end of the year.\n\n2011: Geopolitical uncertainty sends the price of gold skyrocketing. This was the year of the Arab Spring, Western military intervention in Libya, strikes in Greece, riots in the UK and the continuing Eurozone crisis. A record high comes in September, when gold peaks at $1921.17 per ounce.\n\n2012: A year after its all-time high, the price of gold stands at $1,690. Analysts blame the dip on the Fed’s desire to wind down quantitative easing; panic selling drives the price down even further.\n\n![RTX1M5IC.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmQDJxFVAZ6Vc7DaQjzPHH7XwACYvUe5sxZGKPDtoYF77t/RTX1M5IC.jpg)\n\n2013: By the end of the year, gold prices have fallen 23%, the largest annual decline since 1981. Analysts put the drop down to expectations that the Federal Reserve will cut its bond-purchase programme, along with a more favourable economic climate, which drives investment in equities instead.\n\n2014: The price of gold continues to fall, but stays within a relatively narrow range of around $1,150 to $1,400.\n\n2015: With a strengthening US dollar, a new bailout deal for Greece and the realization that China’s gold reserves are smaller than previously thought, gold prices tumble to levels 43% lower than their 2011 peak.\n\nHave you read?\nWhere does the Fed see rates heading?\nGreek banks re-open and gold falls\n\nAuthor: Stéphanie Thomson is an editor at World Economic Forum.\n\nImage: Gold rings are seen on display at a goldsmith shop in Kuala Lumpur April 21, 2011. REUTERS/Bazuki Muhammad",
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      "body": "Such a good remembrance and useful formations.. Any way I hate WW1 and WW2, makes lots of fatalities around the glob!",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/10-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-the-second-world-war/",
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      "author": "rotjaeley",
      "body": "Vote exchange site https://mysteemup.club",
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      "author": "ethio",
      "body": "![Call-of-Duty-WW2-812950.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbT6MwZDNieoWUDG1zZWrfj6QFwdnfjateuTCt1pQepJW/Call-of-Duty-WW2-812950.jpg)\n# 1) France had more tanks, guns and men than Germany in 1940\nIt is always assumed that during the Second World War the Germans bludgeoned their way to victory with a highly modern and mechanised army and Air Force that was superior to anything the Allies could muster in May 1940. The reality was very different.\n\nOn 10 May 1940, when the Germans attacked, only 16 of their 135 divisions were mechanised – that is, equipped with motorised transport. The rest depended on horses and cart or feet. France alone had 117 divisions.\n\nFrance also had more guns: Germany had 7,378 artillery pieces and France 10,700. It didn’t stop there: the Germans could muster 2,439 tanks while the French had 3,254, most of which were bigger, better armed and armoured than the German panzers.\n\n# 2) The priority for manpower in the UK is surprising\nBritain had decided before the war began that it would make air and naval power the focus of its fighting capability, and it was only after the fall of France that British powers realised that the Army would have to grow substantially too.\n\nHowever, right up until the spring of 1944, the priority for manpower in the UK was not the navy, RAF, army, or even the merchant navy, but the Ministry of Aircraft Production. In the war, Britain alone built 132,500 aircraft, a staggering achievement – especially when considering that Fighter Command in the battle of Britain never had more than 750 fighters.\n\n \n# 3) Allied merchant shipping losses were just 1 per cent\nAllied shipping losses in the Second World War in the North Atlantic, Arctic and Home Waters were just 1.48 per cent. Overall, there were 323,090 individual sailings, of which 4,786 were sunk. Of these, 2,562 were British, but on average, there were around 2,000 British ships sailing somewhere around the world on any given day.\n\nConvoys, for the most part, were pretty safe, even though a few suffered terribly. Independent sailings and stragglers from convoys suffered the worst, but faster independent sailings were needed to cut down on unloading time and congestion, which was the drawback of the convoy system.\n\n# 4) Britain had the least rationing in Europe\nFrance and Britain began the war without rationing and, while it was modestly introduced in Britain in January 1940, France had still resisted by the time they were defeated in June 1940. Germany, on the other hand, introduced rationing before the war and struggled to feed its armed forces and the wider population from start to finish.\n\nThe country’s demand for food from occupied territories led to a lot of hunger for a lot of people, including the urban French. British people never had to go hungry and, although a number of foods were rationed, there were lots that were not. Certainly, by 1945, Britain had it very easy compared with the rest of Europe.\n\n \n# 5) The Japanese had Kamikaze rockets\nIt was not only the Germans who put rocket-power aircraft into the air in the Second World War. After their initial victories, the Japanese struggled to pace with US and British technology, but they did develop the Ohka – or ‘Cherry Blossom’, a rocket-power human-guided anti-shipping missile, which was used at the end of the war as a kamikaze weapon.\n\nIt had to be carried by a ‘mother’ plane to get within range, then once released would glide towards the target – usually a ship – before the pilot would fire the rockets and hurtle in at up to 600 mph. Ohka pilots were called Jinrai Butai – ‘thunder gods’ – but only managed to sink three Allied ships. It was a lot of effort and sacrifice for not very much.\n\n# 6) Field Marshal Alexander was the most experienced battlefield commander of the war\nField Marshal Alexander was known to every Britain in the country by the war’s end, but he is less well known today. He had an extraordinary career, and was the only officer of the war to lead front-line troops at every rank.\n\nAfter rising to acting Brigadier in the First World War, he led the Nowshera Brigade on the Northwest Frontier in the 1930s, the First Division in France in 1940, and British forces in Burma in 1942. He commanded Middle East Forces and two army groups before finally becoming Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean.\n\nHe was also unique in the British Army for having commanded German troops in Latvia in 1919-20 during the war against Russia.\n\n \n# 7) There was a difference between Allied & German fighter aces\nThe Luftwaffe had an entirely different approach to their ‘aces.’ Not only were pilots expected to fly on operations longer without breaks, they also actively helped their leading shots get big scores with lesser mortals protecting them while the ‘experten’ did the shooting.\n\nOn the Eastern Front they came up against badly armed and trained Soviet aircraft and soon the leading pilots began amassing huge scores. Bibi Hartmann was the leading ace of all time with 352 ‘kills’. The leading Allied ace of the entire war was RAF ace, James ‘Johnnie’ Johnson with 38 kills.\n\n# 8) The missing Luftwaffe fighter plane\nAt the same time as Messerschmitt was developing the Bf109, rival firm Heinkel were also putting forward a new all-metal monoplane fighter, the He112. Early prototypes of each were pretty evenly matched in terms of speed and rate of climb and both the Me109E, as Messerschmitt’s fighter became, and the He112E had speeds of more than 350mph.\n\nThe latter could climb to 20,000 feet in 10 minutes. More importantly, it had a very sturdy inwardly-retracting undercarriage that made it easy to land for newly trained pilots, and a phenomenal range of some 715 miles, which was better even than the twin-engine Messerschmitt 110.\n\nThe He112 would have been the ideal partner to the Me109 – and its range was an advantage in the battle of Britain and elsewhere. However, while Willy Messerchmitt was a good party man and Göring had a special (and irrational) fondness for the Me110,  Heinkel had a whiff of Jewish blood – so the Heinkel fighter was dropped.\n\n# 9) The American Parsons Jacket was designed with comfort in mind\nThe standard and most widely worn US Army field tunic of the war was the M41, better known as the Parsons Jacket. This was introduced in 1941 following trials by the US 5th Division in exercises in the Midwest and Alaska in the summer and autumn of 1940, and was given its name after Major-General Parsons, the divisional commander.\n\nThe design, however, was based on a pre-war civilian windcheater: the rapidly expanding US Army recognised that most of its recruits were conscripts and that comfort, durability and practicality were more important than slick military bearing. With a zip and button front, it was a simple, lightweight and warm short jacket that required little tailoring and wasted no material, and which was designed in consultation with Esquire magazine’s fashion desk.\n\nSubscribe to BBC History Magazine today!\nPromoted by HistoryExtra\n \n# 10) Germany’s motor transport was minimal\nGerman wartime propaganda that the Third Reich had a highly mechanised and modern army is still widely believed, but actually, in 1939, Germany was one of the least automotive societies in the western world, despite the autobahns and Grand Prix victories of Mercedes.\n\nOn the outbreak of war, there were 47 people for every motor vehicle in Germany. In Britain, that figure was 14, in France it was eight, and in the USA it was four. This meant the German army was largely dependent on railways, horses and carts and the feet of its soldiers to get around; there were only 16 mechanised divisions in the army in May 1940.\n\nMore importantly, however, such comparatively low numbers of motor vehicles meant there were fewer factories, fewer workshops, fewer petrol pumps and fewer people who knew how to drive. In other words, it was a shortage that could not be easily rectified.",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://owlcation.com/humanities/A-Brief-History-of-WW1",
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      "body": "World War One (abbreviated as WW1) was the first conflict to drag a large number of countries from all around the globe into a fully industrialised conflict. The war would result in: a huge amount of casualties, major technological changes, the introduction of the concept of 'total war', significant social changes and even the fall of old empires. The course of 20th and 21st-century history can be traced back to the turning point of WW1 (1914-1918).\n![13459580.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUfRw9pPXjDR5aCZ5ULVuf9ezhvcffkyenwnBcEgKYABe/13459580.jpg)\n\n# Build up to war (pre-1914)\nPre-war Europe was made up of multiple different empires that were ruled by interrelated royal houses. The British Empire was the dominant force in the world and spanned over 20% of the global land mass; key outposts included India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The Empire was primarily a trading empire, and the British army was a very small force but the soldiers were all full-time professionals and well trained. The British navy was the largest and most powerful in the world.\n\nThe German Empire was a relative newcomer, only being formed in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. Germany had a strong economy and was at the forefront of technological progress. However, the main political power was held by the military and the German Emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm II. Wilhelm was a young leader and wanted to expand the German Empire; a major cause of tension among the older European powers. The Germans had built up a strong navy to try and compete with the British, but the British were always one step ahead in the naval arms race. Conversely, the German army was the largest and best army in the world.\n\nFrance also had an empire and significant tensions with neighbouring Germany, particularly due to territory lost in the Franco-Prussian war. The French army was the second largest in Europe and also a formidable force. The Russian Empire had the potential for the largest army but had significant problems with slow mobilisation and its economy lagged behind the other nations. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a complex entity that was comprised of many different ethnic groups.\n\nGermany signed alliances with Austria-Hungary and Italy in 1879 and 1882 respectively, this is known as the Triple Alliance. British worries over German growth persuaded them to sign alliances with their traditional enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907 respectively. This is known as the Triple Entente. The Entente furthered the Germans fears of encirclement and a potentially crippling war on multiple fronts. Parts of the German military, therefore, concluded that war should be risked as they believed they could defeat France before Russia mobilised significant forces.\n\n![13476236_f520.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNsBfdHqjyJB7dHd6qjtAMpvcd1K7W2SLBhrRKVovDQtb/13476236_f520.jpg)\n\n# 1914: Ignition\nJune 28th - Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.\nGavrilo Princip was linked to the Black Hand society in Serbia.\n# July\n6th - Germany assured Austria-Hungary full support for an upcoming war with Serbia.\n23rd - Austria-Hungary sends Serbia a ten-point ultimatum, with 48 hours to respond. The Serbians would accept all proposals bar one, but this was deemed insufficient by Austria-Hungary.\n26th - Serbia begins mobilisation.\n28th - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.\n30th - Warships bombard Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.\nRussia begins mobilisation against Germany and Austria-Hungary, to support Serbia.\n# August\n1st - Germany declares war on Russia. France mobilises its forces in support of Russia.\nThe Germans begin implementing the Schlieffen plan. The plan involves moving through Luxembourg and Belgium to knock out France. Then turning their full force onto Russia.\n2nd - Germany invades Luxembourg.\n2nd - Germany issue an ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage of its troops through the country.\n3rd - Germany declares war on France.\n4th - Belgium refuses German troops to cross its borders. Great Britain declares war on Germany to defend Belgian neutrality.\nGermany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance.\n6th - Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia and Serbia declares war on Germany.\nAll the major powers have now been dragged into the war.\nThe first shots of the war would be British Empire expeditions against Germany's small overseas colonies.\nThere would be several small naval actions this year, including a German submarine sinking three British cruisers in a single engagement.\n11th - British minister for war, Lord Kitchener, publishes the famous call for volunteers. As a long war will require drastic expansion of the British army.\n12th - France and Great Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary.\n12th - Austro-Hungarian troops invade Serbia. Despite their superior numbers the Serbians manage to repel the invaders and deal out heavy casualties.\nBelgian forts put up resistance to the German advance but they are eventually smashed by heavy artillery.\n16th - The BEF (British Expeditionary Force) has landed in France. It only consists of one cavalry division and four infantry divisions.\n23rd - Japan declares war on Germany. Japan would occupy small German pacific territories but their real impact would be in using their powerful navy to support the British. The war aims of Japan are to increase their territory post war and increase their political influence.\n23rd - Start of the Battle of Mons. British forces try to hold off the advancing German forces in Belgium.\n24th - The British retreat from Mons. Although the Germans have won, they paid the price of disproportionate casualties and the BEF gained moral by proving itself in battle.\n\n# The men all chilled to the bone, almost too exhausted to move and with the depressing consciousness of defeat weighing heavily upon them. A bad defeat, there can be no gainsaying it... we had been badly beaten, and by the English – by the English we had so laughed at a few hours before.\n\n— Captain Walter Bloem\n<h4>\n26th - The battle of Tannenberg begins on the eastern front.\n30th - Germany decisively wins the battle of Tannenberg. The Russian 2nd army is almost completely destroyed. The victory gives Field Marshal Hindenburg and staff-officer Ludendorff a grand reputation. Notable is the fast use of railways by the Germans, rail networks will be crucial for the upcoming industrial war.\n30th - First German aeroplane raid on Paris. Although raids will be a nuisance, aeroplanes will prove to be a key military tool at the front.\n![13459606_f520.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSdf35fqA6GFrnqcxc2Eyh36dtDqnZcVNeYrV5Pppwevu/13459606_f520.jpg)\n\n# September\n5th - German forces are only 10 miles from Paris, the closest they will reach throughout the whole war.\n6th - Battle of the Marne begins. The commander of the German 1st army makes a change to the Schlieffen plan which leaves their right flank exposed. French and BEF forces counter attack. Famously, 600 Parisian taxis carry French reinforcements to the front.\n6th - The battle of Drina starts. Austrian forces push back into Serbian, with more success than last time.\n9th - The battle of the Marne is over. The Germans retreat from the Marne. They cross the Aisne and entrench their position.\n12th - The battle of the Aisne begins. The allies try to mount frontal assaults on the German positions and take heavy losses.\n15th - A rebellion breaks out in South Africa.\nAustrian forces steadily retreat from the advancing Russian forces on the Russian-Austrian border. Germany sends the 9th army to halt the Russians. A pattern of Germany rescuing Austria-Hungary will develop as the war goes on.\n22nd - Race to the sea begins. Both armies try to outflank each other to the North due to the failure of frontal assaults. The race to the sea will comprise of many mobile battles: Picardy, Albert, Artois, La Bassée, Arras, Messines, Armentières, Yser, Ypres, Langemarck, Gheluvelt and Nonneboschen. Ypres (deemed \"Wipers\" by British troops) is the only moderate-sized Belgian town in allied hands and will be the scene of more fierce battles to come.\n# October\n19th - First Indian troops arrive on the Flanders front. Troops from all over the British Empire will fight in the war.\n20th - First merchant vessel is sunk by a German submarine.\n29th - Turkish warships begin bombarding Russian cities (Odessa, Sevastopol, and Theodosia).\n30th - Britain and France sever diplomatic ties with Turkey.\n# November\n2nd - Russia declares war on Turkey.\n3rd - German cruisers, under the cover of darkness, launch coastal bombardments on the British coastal towns of Yarmouth and Scarborough. The war would be the beginning of civilians being dragged into a war effort.\n5th - Great Britain and France declares war on Turkey.\n16th - The battle of Kolubara begins. A third invasion of Serbia is attempted.\n22nd - Basra occupied by British forces.\n# December\n16th - Battle of Kolubara is over, Serbia have repelled Austria-Hungary again. The result is huge embarrassment for the Austro-Hungarian empire.\n20th - First battle of Champagne begins. French forces will make small gains at heavy cost, unfortunately a pattern to be followed for most of the war.\n25th - An unofficial Christmas truce breaks out along sections of the western front. Fraternisation would end in the coming years as the war grew in brutality.\n28th - End of the South African rebellion.\nThe pre-war myth of a short, decisive war is shattered and the troops are entrenched ready for the brutal trench warfare that will unfold over the next few years.\nA Brief History of WW1: Stalemate of 1915-1916\n\nA Brief History of WW1: Breakthroughs of 1917-1918\n\n# Sources\n[1] World War 1 Timeline, The Great War, URL: http://www.greatwar.co.uk/timeline/ww1-timeline.htm\n\n[2] World War 1 Timeline, Alpha History, URL: http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/world-war-i-timeline/\n\n[3] R. Holmes, The First World War in Photographs, Carlton Books (2001)\n\n[4] World War One: 10 interpretations of who started WW1, BBC News, URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26048324\n\n[5] Z. Beauchamp, T. B. Lee & M. Yglesias, 40 maps that explain World War 1, Vox (August 2014), URL: http://www.vox.com/a/world-war-i-maps\n\n[6] How close did the world come to peace in 1914?, BBC iWonder, URL: http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z26bjxs",
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      "author": "cheetah",
      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://theartofsimple.net/a-brief-history-of-syria/",
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      "parent_author": "ethio",
      "parent_permlink": "history-of-syria",
      "permlink": "cheetah-re-ethiohistory-of-syria",
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      "author": "ethio",
      "body": "# The ancient era\n\nArchaeologists believe the original civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Seeing as it’s part of the Fertile Crescent, where some of the first people on earth practiced cattle breeding and agriculture, the land is chock-full of neolithic remains.\n\nSyria is home to one of the oldest cities ever excavated—Ebla, believed to exist around 3,000 BCE, is where people spoke one of the oldest known written languages.\n\n![Ebla_clay_tablet.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZHSXWbtv23PnXMwvYQv2NUUgZvz9Qf323EyA2YMwnDLN/Ebla_clay_tablet.jpeg)\n\nThis sought-after land was occupied by all sorts of ancient empires—the Egyptians, Hittites, Sumerians, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonians, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Arameans, Amorites, Persians, and eventually, Greeks with the conquest of Alexander the Great (‘Syria’ means ‘formerly Assyria’ in ancient Greek, and it’s assumed this is when the area was given its name). Several hundred years later, Pompey the Great captured the Greek capital of Antioch (now part of Turkey, but what was once Syria), turning it into a Roman province. Syria has a vastly diverse beginning.\n\nSyria is also important in early Christian Church history—Paul the Apostle converted on the road to Damascus and was a significant figure at the local church in Antioch, where people were first called Christians\n\n![640px-Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWx1nVs611UUaqbwWnVPg9yZLLupgdykY1Ptd4HRkpMB7/640px-Church_of_Saint_Simeon_Stylites_01.jpeg)\n\nWhen the Roman Empire declined, Syria became part of the eastern half, better known as the Byzantine Empire, around 395 CE. Several hundred years later, it was conquered by Muslim Arabs, transferring power to the Islamic Empire.\n\nDamascus was its capital and the empire spread far and wide, making the city prosperous—ancient palaces and mosques still stand from the era. It is believed that Christians lived in Syria peacefully during the early years of the empire, and several held governmental posts.\n\n# The middle ages\nIn 750, the Empire’s capital was moved to Baghdad and the Syrian territory weakened, and eventually, the land was in turmoil between the Hamdanids, Byzantines, and Fatimids, all who wanted to rule the area. The Byzantines eventually won out, but things were still chaotic for hundreds of years. Eventually, Syria was conquered by the Seljuk Turks and then the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt in 1185.\nFor the next several centuries, Syria was held by Crusader states, Mongols, Egyptians, Mamluks, and in 1400, Timur Lenk (a Turko-Mongol general from Central Asia) captured Damascus, where many of the people were massacred and the Christian population suffered persecution. (Oddly enough, the artisans were spared and deported to Samarkand.)\n\n# Got all this so far?\n![ottomanempire.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWD6SFGED6otk64RyjTW2cUvsrMG1XRYF54VYX1NT6ab2/ottomanempire.jpg)\n\nIn 1516, Syria was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, and it remained part until its collapse in 1918. There was peace during most of these centuries. Syrian territory constituted modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Palestinian Authority, Gaza Strip, and parts of Turkey and Iraq.\n\n# The 20th century\nIn 1916, the Sykes-Picot Agreement from World War I secretly divided the Ottoman Empire into zones, and in 1918, when Arab and British troops captured Damascus and Aleppo, Syria became a League of Nations mandate and moved under French control in 1920.\n![Syria_1922.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmY3K7keRYJ8euMPqEwE8eCvdmcxEk8fHMHSktCspKoQkf/Syria_1922.png)\n\nA large number of Syrians weren’t thrilled with the sudden French Mandate, and in 1925 a revolt broke out, spreading into Lebanon, but was suppressed in 1926. In 1928 elections were held for a constituent assembly, which included a Syrian constitution, but France rejected the idea, leading to more protests.\n\nfrance syria treatyEventually, in 1936, France and Syria negotiated a treaty of independence, allowing Syria to maintain independence in theory, even though France held military and economic dominance. But the French never ratified the treaty, and when they themselves were captured in 1940 during World War II, Syria was briefly held by Vichy France (axis-controlled) until British occupied the land in 1941.\n\nSyria was finally recognized as an independent republic in 1944, and the French military eventually left by 1946. It became officially independent on April 17, 1946, but between then and the late 50s, it had 20 different cabinets and four constitutions. Not a very stable government, to say the least.\n\nIn 1948 Syria got involved in the Arab-Israeli War out of protest from the establishment of Israel, and once the demilitarized zone under UN supervision was established, future Syrian-Israel negotiations became volatile (and remain heavily so since). Many Syrian Jews left the country.\n\nThere were three (three!) military coup d’etats in 1949, leading to a fourth coup in 1954 (the first one is considered the first military overthrow in the post-World War II Arab world).\n![suez2_1814896i.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeUmL3avMbJuv11gS4nfJyR1vPCQYoA3mDvyTTcnashRa/suez2_1814896i.jpeg)\n\nFor most of the 20th century, Syria’s power remained in its military and not so much in its parliament. Because of the Suez Crisis in 1956, Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, allowing a Communist foothold in the government in exchange for military equipment. This angered neighboring Turkey, but brought Syria closer to Egypt because of their socialist leanings at the time.\n\nEgypt and Syria decided to merge and become the United Arab Republic, but the idea lasted only a few years because of Egypt’s dominance. Syria broke ties and became the Syrian Arab Republic, and most of the 60s were characterized by frequent coups, military revolts, bloody riots, and civil disorders. There were also tons of issues involving the demilitarized zone in Israel and their occupation of Golan Heights, and they leaned closer and closer toward a socialist regime with Soviet blocs as their allies.\n\n\nEventually, the Minister of Defense, a guy named Hafez al-Assad, seized power in a bloodless coup in 1970, and thus began a new era for 30 years.\n\n# The Assad era\n![SYRIA-ASSAD-BROTHERS-001.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZWcN5QdGhM8RQRb8p8JTiE8TQjWnyQ1gwYgT6v14V2oP/SYRIA-ASSAD-BROTHERS-001.jpeg)\nSo Syria’s history might be confusing so far—but now this is where things get really complicated. Shortly after gaining power, Assad created a new legislature and local councils to govern smaller provinces, consolidated political parties, wrote a new constitution (again), declared Syria a secular socialist state with Islam as the majority religion, and launched a surprise attack on Israel with Egypt.\n\nShortly after, Syria got involved in Lebanon’s civil war, which basically led to a 30-year Syrian military occupation. Assad had his critics, but open dissent was “repressed.” There was an assassination attempt in 1980, and in 1982 between 10,000 and 25,000 civilians were killed or wounded by artillery fire in Hama in a battle against the Muslim Brotherhood.\n\nSyria joined the US-led coalition against Iraq in 1990, leading to better relations in the West, but when Assad died in 2000, his son Bashar al-Assad became his successor at age 34 (parliament quickly changed the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 so that he could take charge). He officially ran for president, but he ran unopposed and earned 97.3% of the vote.\n![assad_1879752c.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmb5cKSSgtUz2NTVSQzC2bTjKG4FNk8xykfHo7AQfzDmTv/assad_1879752c.jpeg)\n\nPeople were initially positive at the start of his regime, and even called this super-short era Damascus Spring, hopeful there would be change in the dictatorial style of leadership from his father. Assad released 600 political prisoners, and Pope John Paul II visited a few months later.\n\nBut only one year later, pro-reform movements were suppressed, leading intellectuals were arrested, and in 2002, the U.S. officially accused Syria of acquiring weapons of mass destruction and included them in their list of “axis of evil” countries. Syria was accused of being behind the assassination of the Lebanese prime minister in 2005.\n\nOver the next few years, Internet censorship tightened, and though things were slowly looking up in its relationship with western countries and the EU, all that was set back (again) when Israel led an air strike in northern Syria on what they claimed was a nuclear facility constructed with North Korea’s help.\n![sipa_ap20999802_000011.jpeg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdarMtkJpu1W1vTXGQXuT1veiFpBMCR3k1yEs57QwLEeD/sipa_ap20999802_000011.jpeg)\n\nIn 2008, Assad met with French president Nicolas Sarkozy and the new Lebanese president Michel Suleiman, laying down foundations for better diplomacy between the countries, and they even hosted a summit including Turkey and Qatar with the goal of Middle East peace. And in 2009, the US sent a special envoy to negotiate peace talks and posted its first ambassador in five years.\n\nAll this progress came to an abrupt end, however, when in 2010, the U.S. renewed economic sanctions against Syria, accusing it of supporting terrorist groups (Hamas, Hezbollah, al Qaeda, and the like), and a year later, the UN basically said the same thing.\n\nRemember part of the Arab Spring in early 2011, when Egypt protested and successfully changed its governments’ regime? Well, that gave Syrian civilians courage to try and do the same. Unfortunately, though, the Syrian government did not respond peacefully.\n\n![Syria-CIA_WFB_Map.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRy9v1MbtqTbVfHiN5LdZGzwt1LHt6dxmsWDyjbCxB7kB/Syria-CIA_WFB_Map.png)\n\nThat brings us to all the craziness happening in Syria the past two years—and where I’m going to leave off trying to explain things. However, this is a fantastic, easy-to-read article that explains what’s going on right now—I highly recommend reading it after you finish this one.\n\nSo… there you have it. A brief history of one of the oldest countries in existence. So many layers of culture and civilizations, and yet a country filled with repeat stories pursuing dominance, control, and power. Learning and writing all this has been a sobering reminder to keep doing what we all need to do daily: pray for peace.\n\nThings are a mess there.",
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      "body": "Congratulations @ethio! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstpost.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ethio) You published your First Post\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/firstvoted.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ethio) You got a First Vote\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/posts.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ethio) Award for the number of posts published\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/voted.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ethio) Award for the number of upvotes received\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/post4day.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ethio) You published 4 posts in one day\n\nClick on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\nFor more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)\n\nIf you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`\n\n> Upvote this notification to help all Steemit users. Learn why [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://bitcoin.org/en/how-it-works",
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      "body": "Bitcoin is undoubtedly the most popular cryptocurrency. It is mined, stored and transferred online. The history of Bitcoin dates back to January 3, 2009 when the block chain was officially launched. Unlike paper currencies, mining of Bitcoin is capped to a certain number.\n\nAs a new user, you can get started with Bitcoin without understanding the technical details. Once you have installed a Bitcoin wallet on your computer or mobile phone, it will generate your first Bitcoin address and you can create more whenever you need one. You can disclose your addresses to your friends so that they can pay you or vice versa. In fact, this is pretty similar to how email works, except that Bitcoin addresses should only be used once.\n\nThe block chain is a shared public ledger on which the entire Bitcoin network relies. All confirmed transactions are included in the block chain. This way, Bitcoin wallets can calculate their spendable balance and new transactions can be verified to be spending bitcoins that are actually owned by the spender. The integrity and the chronological order of the block chain are enforced with cryptography.\n\nBitcoin saw many ups and downs during its brief history as shown in the infographic below;\n![Investoo-History-of-Major-Bitcoin-Crashes_IGDT_d14d52d25d46_1a.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPFgU8mbx7QQix2sgAEJwQ6Vr5sFg2dsLYwuM2MxcgNGa/Investoo-History-of-Major-Bitcoin-Crashes_IGDT_d14d52d25d46_1a.jpg)![Investoo-History-of-Major-Bitcoin-Crashes_IGDT_d14d52d25d46_1a.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmPFgU8mbx7QQix2sgAEJwQ6Vr5sFg2dsLYwuM2MxcgNGa/Investoo-History-of-Major-Bitcoin-Crashes_IGDT_d14d52d25d46_1a.jpg)",
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      "body": "![bitcoin-crash.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSQLbNwp9swJ43sEZNfHU8gEY2VgiyGZs12Lngh6MARZ1/bitcoin-crash.png)\n94% June-November 2011 from $32 to $2 because of MtGox hack\n\n📉 - 36% June 2012 from $7 to $4 Linod hack\n\n📉 - 79% April 2013 from $266 to $54. MTGox stopped trading\n\n📉 - 87% from $1166 to $170 November 2013 to January 2015\n\n📉 - 49% Feb 2014 MTGox tanks\n\n📉 - 40% September 2017 from $5000 to $2972 China ban\n\n📉 - 55% January 2018 Bitcoin ban FUD. from $19000 to 8500\n\nI've held through all the crashes. Who's laughing now? Not the panic sellers.\n\nMarket is all about moving money from impatient to the patient. You see crash, I see opportunity.\n\nYou - OMG Bitcoin is crashing, I gotta sell!\n\nMe - OMG Bitcoin is criminally undervalued, I gotta buy!\n\nN.B. Word to the wise for new investors. What I've learned over 7 years is that whenever it crashes spectacularly, the bounce is twice as impactful and record-setting. I can't predict the bottom but I can assure you that it WILL hit 19k and go further beyond, as hard as it may be for a lot of folks to believe right at this moment if you haven't been through it before.\n\nWhen Bitcoin was at ATH little over a month ago, people were saying, 'it's too pricey now, I can't buy'.\n\nWell, here's your chance at almost 60% discount!\n\nWith growing main net adoption of LN, Bitcoin underlying value is greater than it was when it was valued 19k.",
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