humank Steem Profile | Ecosynthesizer

@humank

steemit.com/@humank

VOTING POWER100.00%

DOWNVOTE POWER100.00%

RESOURCE CREDITS100.00%

REPUTATION PROGRESS52.75%

Net Worth

14.270USD

STEEM

0.608STEEM

SBD

17.615SBD

Own SP

99.624SP

Detailed Balance

STEEM
balance	0.363STEEM	STEEM
market_balance	0.000STEEM	STEEM
savings_balance	0.000STEEM	STEEM
reward_steem_balance	0.245STEEM	STEEM
STEEM POWER
Own SP	99.624SP	SP
Delegated Out	0.000SP	SP
Delegation In	0.000SP	SP
Effective Power	99.624SP	SP
Reward SP (pending)	50.120SP	SP
SBD
sbd_balance	0.390SBD	SBD
sbd_conversions	0.000SBD	SBD
sbd_market_balance	0.000SBD	SBD
savings_sbd_balance	0.000SBD	SBD
reward_sbd_balance	17.225SBD	SBD

{
  "balance": "0.363 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.245 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "162033.054638 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "sbd_balance": "0.390 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "reward_sbd_balance": "17.225 SBD",
  "conversions": []
}

Account Info

name	humank
id	937594
rank	17,685
reputation	1478161455056
created	2018-04-12T01:08:48
recovery_account	steem
proxy	None
post_count	108
comment_count	0
lifetime_vote_count	0
witnesses_voted_for	0
last_post	2021-11-03T05:51:54
last_root_post	2021-11-03T05:51:54
last_vote_time	2019-09-07T00:07:03
proxied_vsf_votes	0, 0, 0, 0
can_vote	1
voting_power	9,224
delayed_votes	0
balance	0.363 STEEM
savings_balance	0.000 STEEM
sbd_balance	0.390 SBD
savings_sbd_balance	0.000 SBD
vesting_shares	162033.054638 VESTS
delegated_vesting_shares	0.000000 VESTS
received_vesting_shares	0.000000 VESTS
reward_vesting_balance	100036.472092 VESTS
vesting_balance	0.000 STEEM
vesting_withdraw_rate	0.000000 VESTS
next_vesting_withdrawal	1969-12-31T23:59:59
withdrawn	0
to_withdraw	0
withdraw_routes	0
savings_withdraw_requests	0
last_account_recovery	1970-01-01T00:00:00
reset_account	null
last_owner_update	1970-01-01T00:00:00
last_account_update	2018-06-18T07:15:24
mined	No
sbd_seconds	0
sbd_last_interest_payment	2018-12-13T06:22:51
savings_sbd_last_interest_payment	1970-01-01T00:00:00

{
  "id": 937594,
  "name": "humank",
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM58DgKLnMm1m9bhMWa78nR6Tz1Zd2fNaiBaum3RR7yFCJsn28Uj",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7zj7E4VcR3tCZ1n7ejvV9637pB1WksHZxjGrj26cMEgvVYUeys",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5ZdJaNubq4oUeNhPqhynS1U1s6xMiu4VTSXuj53dw4p7pJPunR",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo_key": "STM5ubrtmSKbozoH4vsC1fkCVGZsKpns2eFGTSWhWLrPs3GbAkWAS",
  "json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRWiDnnR4ZgTXcWjWkDGwKyxnh6C1h3Jd7g2Wdcyib3qF/%EB%82%B4%20%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%842.JPG\",\"name\":\"humank\"}}",
  "posting_json_metadata": "{\"profile\":{\"profile_image\":\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRWiDnnR4ZgTXcWjWkDGwKyxnh6C1h3Jd7g2Wdcyib3qF/%EB%82%B4%20%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%842.JPG\",\"name\":\"humank\"}}",
  "proxy": "",
  "last_owner_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "last_account_update": "2018-06-18T07:15:24",
  "created": "2018-04-12T01:08:48",
  "mined": false,
  "recovery_account": "steem",
  "last_account_recovery": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "reset_account": "null",
  "comment_count": 0,
  "lifetime_vote_count": 0,
  "post_count": 108,
  "can_vote": true,
  "voting_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "149459512643",
    "last_update_time": 1567814823
  },
  "downvote_manabar": {
    "current_mana": "40508263659",
    "last_update_time": 1567814823
  },
  "voting_power": 9224,
  "balance": "0.363 STEEM",
  "savings_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "sbd_balance": "0.390 SBD",
  "sbd_seconds": "0",
  "sbd_seconds_last_update": "2018-12-13T06:22:51",
  "sbd_last_interest_payment": "2018-12-13T06:22:51",
  "savings_sbd_balance": "0.000 SBD",
  "savings_sbd_seconds": "0",
  "savings_sbd_seconds_last_update": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_sbd_last_interest_payment": "1970-01-01T00:00:00",
  "savings_withdraw_requests": 0,
  "reward_sbd_balance": "17.225 SBD",
  "reward_steem_balance": "0.245 STEEM",
  "reward_vesting_balance": "100036.472092 VESTS",
  "reward_vesting_steem": "50.120 STEEM",
  "vesting_shares": "162033.054638 VESTS",
  "delegated_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "received_vesting_shares": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "vesting_withdraw_rate": "0.000000 VESTS",
  "next_vesting_withdrawal": "1969-12-31T23:59:59",
  "withdrawn": 0,
  "to_withdraw": 0,
  "withdraw_routes": 0,
  "curation_rewards": 72,
  "posting_rewards": 102588,
  "proxied_vsf_votes": [
    0,
    0,
    0,
    0
  ],
  "witnesses_voted_for": 0,
  "last_post": "2021-11-03T05:51:54",
  "last_root_post": "2021-11-03T05:51:54",
  "last_vote_time": "2019-09-07T00:07:03",
  "post_bandwidth": 0,
  "pending_claimed_accounts": 0,
  "vesting_balance": "0.000 STEEM",
  "reputation": "1478161455056",
  "transfer_history": [],
  "market_history": [],
  "post_history": [],
  "vote_history": [],
  "other_history": [],
  "witness_votes": [],
  "tags_usage": [],
  "guest_bloggers": [],
  "rank": 17685
}

Withdraw Routes

Incoming	Outgoing
Empty	Empty

{
  "incoming": [],
  "outgoing": []
}

From Date

To Date

pepsi81upvoted (100.00%) @humank / 2byhfb-5

2021/11/03 14:28:48 UTC

58,677,430|f26599a

author	humank
permlink	2byhfb-5
voter	pepsi81
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #58677430/Trx f26599ae1741c06b7a377e18b073add05d82178d

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 58677430,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "permlink": "2byhfb-5",
      "voter": "pepsi81",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-11-03T14:28:48",
  "trx_id": "f26599ae1741c06b7a377e18b073add05d82178d",
  "trx_in_block": 18,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankpublished a new post: 2byhfb-5

2021/11/03 05:51:54 UTC

58,667,151|acea987

author	humank
body	<html> <h1><img src="https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkqBAX2UmHPar8MpuBtsnm3F7diC2CtGwibgqTUafPcS/%EB%87%8C%EC%B1%85.jpg" alt="뇌책.jpg"/></h1> <p>1968년 2월12일에 관한 책 5권이다.</p> <p>초판과 개정판, 그리고 전시 도록 목적으로 나온 책, 베트남어판, 일본어판.</p> <p>전시 도록 목적으로 낸 한 권은 완전히 다르고, 나머지 네 권은 같으면서도 또 각각 다르다.</p> <p>어쩌다 보니 5권이나 썼는데, </p> <p>무 슨 열정으로 이렇게까지 했는지...</p> <p>나 스스로 미스터리하다.</p> </html>
json metadata	{"tags":["book","vietnam","massacre","korean","oneday"],"image":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkqBAX2UmHPar8MpuBtsnm3F7diC2CtGwibgqTUafPcS/%EB%87%8C%EC%B1%85.jpg"],"app":"steemit/0.2","format":"html"}
parent author
parent permlink	book
permlink	2byhfb-5
title	그날 하루에 관한 책, 5권
Transaction Info	Block #58667151/Trx acea987f12f8abe23116b91b19d195e7479c2ea7

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 58667151,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkqBAX2UmHPar8MpuBtsnm3F7diC2CtGwibgqTUafPcS/%EB%87%8C%EC%B1%85.jpg\" alt=\"뇌책.jpg\"/></h1>\n<p>1968년 2월12일에 관한 책 5권이다.</p>\n<p>초판과 개정판, 그리고 전시 도록 목적으로 나온 책, 베트남어판, 일본어판.</p>\n<p>전시 도록 목적으로 낸 한 권은 완전히 다르고, 나머지 네 권은 같으면서도 또 각각 다르다.</p>\n<p>어쩌다 보니 5권이나 썼는데, </p>\n<p>무 슨 열정으로 이렇게까지 했는지...</p>\n<p>나 스스로 미스터리하다.</p>\n</html>",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"book\",\"vietnam\",\"massacre\",\"korean\",\"oneday\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUkqBAX2UmHPar8MpuBtsnm3F7diC2CtGwibgqTUafPcS/%EB%87%8C%EC%B1%85.jpg\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "book",
      "permlink": "2byhfb-5",
      "title": "그날 하루에 관한 책, 5권"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-11-03T05:51:54",
  "trx_id": "acea987f12f8abe23116b91b19d195e7479c2ea7",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

schkoladeupvoted (100.00%) @humank / 19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum

2021/04/17 14:29:42 UTC

52,967,585|7383a17

author	humank
permlink	19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum
voter	schkolade
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #52967585/Trx 7383a17b9e77ba592611e171b85b24f582a11a5d

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 52967585,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "permlink": "19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum",
      "voter": "schkolade",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2021-04-17T14:29:42",
  "trx_id": "7383a17b9e77ba592611e171b85b24f582a11a5d",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

blurtofficialsent 0.001 STEEM to @humank- "CONGRATS! You have a 1:1 BLURT AIRDROP of 148.502 BLURT and 83.014000 BLURT POWER waiting for you. Check out https://blurtwallet.com/@humank and https://blurt.blog/ TODAY!"

2020/12/16 19:45:00 UTC

49,506,744|ce6806c

amount	0.001 STEEM
from	blurtofficial
memo	CONGRATS! You have a 1:1 BLURT AIRDROP of 148.502 BLURT and 83.014000 BLURT POWER waiting for you. Check out https://blurtwallet.com/@humank and https://blurt.blog/ TODAY!
to	humank
Transaction Info	Block #49506744/Trx ce6806c8835f7fa301d9969fbb17896ec32d3184

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 49506744,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 STEEM",
      "from": "blurtofficial",
      "memo": "CONGRATS! You have a 1:1 BLURT AIRDROP of 148.502 BLURT and 83.014000 BLURT POWER waiting for you. Check out https://blurtwallet.com/@humank and https://blurt.blog/ TODAY!",
      "to": "humank"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-12-16T19:45:00",
  "trx_id": "ce6806c8835f7fa301d9969fbb17896ec32d3184",
  "trx_in_block": 1,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankreceived 0.007 SBD, 0.054 SP author reward for @humank / suglq

2020/10/24 08:05:06 UTC

47,994,514|virtual

author	humank
permlink	suglq
sbd payout	0.007 SBD
steem payout	0.000 STEEM
vesting payout	88.423080 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #47994514/Virtual Operation #3

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 47994514,
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "permlink": "suglq",
      "sbd_payout": "0.007 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.000 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "88.423080 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-10-24T08:05:06",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": 3
}

hyeongjoongyoonupvoted (100.00%) @humank / suglq

2020/10/17 10:43:48 UTC

47,799,689|58b707f

author	humank
permlink	suglq
voter	hyeongjoongyoon
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #47799689/Trx 58b707fec746474de5c03e782ebc3580c4b415e5

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 47799689,
  "op": [
    "vote",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "permlink": "suglq",
      "voter": "hyeongjoongyoon",
      "weight": 10000
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-10-17T10:43:48",
  "trx_id": "58b707fec746474de5c03e782ebc3580c4b415e5",
  "trx_in_block": 2,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 09:24:03 UTC

47,798,122|1ce5e4a

author	humank
body	@@ -374,16 +374,20 @@ %EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%99%80 %EA%B2%80%EC%97%B4%EC%B2%A0%ED%8F%90 +%EB%A5%BC %EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C %ED%88%AC%EC%9F%81. %EB%8B%B9%EC%9E%A5
json metadata	{"tags":["father","press","telephone","wonju"],"image":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png","https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png"],"app":"steemit/0.2","format":"html"}
parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47798122/Trx 1ce5e4a3469468ebce745f4ef49c2bf862eed853

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 47798122,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "body": "@@ -374,16 +374,20 @@\n %EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%EC%99%80 %EA%B2%80%EC%97%B4%EC%B2%A0%ED%8F%90\n+%EB%A5%BC %EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C\n  %ED%88%AC%EC%9F%81. %EB%8B%B9%EC%9E%A5 \n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"father\",\"press\",\"telephone\",\"wonju\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "mother",
      "permlink": "suglq",
      "title": "우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-10-17T09:24:03",
  "trx_id": "1ce5e4a3469468ebce745f4ef49c2bf862eed853",
  "trx_in_block": 4,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:33:18 UTC

47,797,126|7cc33de

author	humank
body	@@ -284,16 +284,19 @@ %EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%80 88 + %EC%84%9C %EC%9A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%EC%9D%98 %EB%A6%AC%ED%97%88
json metadata	{"tags":["father","press","telephone","wonju"],"image":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png","https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png"],"app":"steemit/0.2","format":"html"}
parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47797126/Trx 7cc33de2d721a4365d960e9d7026c5215aee1f10

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 47797126,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "body": "@@ -284,16 +284,19 @@\n %EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%80 88\n+  %EC%84%9C\n %EC%9A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%EC%9D%98 %EB%A6%AC%ED%97%88\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"father\",\"press\",\"telephone\",\"wonju\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "mother",
      "permlink": "suglq",
      "title": "우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2020-10-17T08:33:18",
  "trx_id": "7cc33de2d721a4365d960e9d7026c5215aee1f10",
  "trx_in_block": 5,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:32:48 UTC

47,797,116|174c862

author	humank
body	@@ -284,18 +284,16 @@ %EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%80 88 -%0D %EC%9A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%EC%9D%98 %EB%A6%AC%ED%97%88
json metadata	{"tags":["father","press","telephone","wonju"],"image":["https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png","https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png"],"app":"steemit/0.2","format":"html"}
parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47797116/Trx 174c862bb0cc2b22fd01faadd7e6ac84bb7f0fa5

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 47797116,
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "body": "@@ -284,18 +284,16 @@\n %EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%80 88\n-%0D \n %EC%9A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%EC%9D%98 %EB%A6%AC%ED%97%88\n",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"father\",\"press\",\"telephone\",\"wonju\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\",\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
      "parent_author": "",
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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:32:21 UTC

47,797,107|26c941a

author	humank
body	@@ -285,16 +285,17 @@ %EC%95%88%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%80 88%0D + %EC%9A%B8%EC%98%AC%EB%A6%BC%ED%94%BD%EC%9D%98 %EB%A6%AC%ED%97%88 @@ -4352,18 +4352,21 @@ %EC%A7%81%EC%9B%90 %EB%98%90%EB%8A%94 %EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0 -%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C +%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%EB%93%A4%EA%BB%98 %EA%B0%90%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC %EB%93%9C%EB%A6%B4
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47797107/Trx 26c941a10116e4c91c469fe9608e8d19b8949b93

View Raw JSON Data

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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:31:39 UTC

47,797,093|e26a3e7

author	humank
body	@@ -4351,18 +4351,21 @@ %EC%A7%81%EC%9B%90 %EB%98%90%EB%8A%94 %EA%B2%BD%EC%B0%B0 -%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C +%EA%B3%B5%EB%AC%B4%EC%9B%90%EB%93%A4%EA%BB%98 %EA%B0%90%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC %EB%93%9C%EB%A6%B4
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47797093/Trx e26a3e799d7a9451048021e3aa945a1c9876d5bf

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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:26:00 UTC

47,796,983|e573ef1

author	humank
body	<html> <p>우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p>머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. </p> <p>동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.</p> <p>때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88 울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.</p> <p>해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.</p> <p>그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.</p> <p>학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.</p> <p>나는 2학년이었다. 1학년 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을 했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png" alt="image.png"/></p> <p></p> <p>편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. </p> <p> 엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐, 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. </p> <p> 누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까? 그때는 진지했다.</p> <p> 밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다. 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.</p> <p> 거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.</p> <p> 투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.</p> <p> 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.</p> <p>4개월 뒤인 1987년 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해 시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” </p> <p>그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도, 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?</p> <p> 서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간 50분. 열차로는 1시간 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!</p> <p>(이 글은 2019년 썼다. 글들을 모아 책으로 묶는다 해서 옛 기억을 꺼내보았다)</p> <h2><img src="https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png" alt="image.png"/><em><sub><strong>아마도 당시의 엄마 아빠.</strong></sub></em></h2> <p></p> <p></p> </html>
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parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47796983/Trx e573ef1a8ed3bc28bf0187350678db002c1659d5

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"author": "humank",
"body": "<html>\n우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. \n동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.\n때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88\r울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를\r 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.\n해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.\n그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관\r 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에\r 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈\r 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀\r 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을\r 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은\r 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.\n학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을\r 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.\n나는 2학년이었다. 1학년\r 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을\r 했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다\r 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는\r 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을\r 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/>\n\n편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의\r 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센\r 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게\r 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. \n\r엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐,\r 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. \n\r누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까?\r 그때는 진지했다.\n\r밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다.\r 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을\r 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.\n\r거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날\r 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에\r 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유\r 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의\r 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.\n\r투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름\r 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달\r 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.\n\r그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금\r 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를\r 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜\r 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.\n4개월 뒤인 1987년\r 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이\r 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을\r 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도\r 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생\r 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때\r 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해\r 시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” \n그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화\r 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도,\r 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나\r 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래\r 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?\n\r서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간\r 50분. 열차로는 1시간\r 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준\r 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니\r 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!\n(이 글은 2019년 썼다. 글들을 모아 책으로 묶는다 해서 옛 기억을 꺼내보았다)\n<h2><img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/>아마도 당시의 엄마 아빠.</h2>\n\n\n</html>",
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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:23:57 UTC

47,796,942|cb9df8a

author	humank
body	@@ -4475,24 +4475,201 @@ %EA%BA%BC%EB%82%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%98%EB%8B%A4)%3C/p%3E%0A +%3Ch2%3E%3Cimg src=%22https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmd6sw1jHtFywMvCJgEfjtG2PpBVXEKxAj4ZMyHXUmod76/image.png%22 alt=%22image.png%22/%3E%3Cem%3E%3Csub%3E%3Cstrong%3E%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%8F%84 %EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%9C%EC%9D%98 %EC%97%84%EB%A7%88 %EC%95%84%EB%B9%A0.%3C/strong%3E%3C/sub%3E%3C/em%3E%3C/h2%3E%0A %3Cp%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3C
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47796942/Trx cb9df8a48a960c905da5b224a62528f9ed887ba6

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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:15:39 UTC

47,796,778|4f63604

author	humank
body	<html> <p>우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p>머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. </p> <p>동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.</p> <p>때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88 울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.</p> <p>해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.</p> <p>그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.</p> <p>학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.</p> <p>나는 2학년이었다. 1학년 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을 했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png" alt="image.png"/></p> <p></p> <p>편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. </p> <p> 엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐, 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. </p> <p> 누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까? 그때는 진지했다.</p> <p> 밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다. 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.</p> <p> 거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.</p> <p> 투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.</p> <p> 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.</p> <p>4개월 뒤인 1987년 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해 시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” </p> <p>그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도, 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?</p> <p> 서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간 50분. 열차로는 1시간 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!</p> <p>(이 글은 2019년 썼다. 글들을 모아 책으로 묶는다 해서 옛 기억을 꺼내보았다)</p> <p></p> <p></p> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
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"body": "<html>\n우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. \n동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.\n때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88\r울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를\r 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.\n해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.\n그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관\r 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에\r 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈\r 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀\r 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을\r 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은\r 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.\n학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을\r 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.\n나는 2학년이었다. 1학년\r 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을\r 했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다\r 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는\r 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을\r 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/>\n\n편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의\r 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센\r 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게\r 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. \n\r엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐,\r 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. \n\r누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까?\r 그때는 진지했다.\n\r밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다.\r 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을\r 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.\n\r거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날\r 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에\r 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유\r 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의\r 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.\n\r투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름\r 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달\r 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.\n\r그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금\r 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를\r 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜\r 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.\n4개월 뒤인 1987년\r 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이\r 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을\r 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도\r 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생\r 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때\r 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해\r 시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” \n그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화\r 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도,\r 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나\r 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래\r 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?\n\r서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간\r 50분. 열차로는 1시간\r 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준\r 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니\r 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!\n(이 글은 2019년 썼다. 글들을 모아 책으로 묶는다 해서 옛 기억을 꺼내보았다)\n\n\n</html>",
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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:14:00 UTC

47,796,745|4cdda0f

author	humank
body	@@ -1479,21 +1479,17 @@ %EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C %EC%86%90%EC%B0%8C%EA%B2%80%EC%9D%84%0D -%3Cbr/%3E + %ED%96%88%EB%8B%A4. %EC%A7%91%EC%97%90 %EA%B0%80 @@ -3903,13 +3903,9 @@ %EB%B6%80%EC%A1%B1%ED%95%B4%0D -%3Cbr/%3E + %EC%8B%9C%EC%99%B8%EC%A0%84%ED%99%94
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47796745/Trx 4cdda0fde41fa83afaab8fc321c981bbcf0ab2f0

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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:08:24 UTC

47,796,634|3c22315

author	humank
body	@@ -4429,24 +4429,78 @@ %EC%8B%B6%EC%9D%80 %EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C!%3C/p%3E%0A +%3Cp%3E(%EC%9D%B4 %EA%B8%80%EC%9D%80 2019%EB%85%84 %EC%8D%BC%EB%8B%A4. %EA%B8%80%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%84 %EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84 %EC%B1%85%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C %EB%AC%B6%EB%8A%94%EB%8B%A4 %ED%95%B4%EC%84%9C %EC%98%9B %EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B5%EC%9D%84 %EA%BA%BC%EB%82%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%98%EB%8B%A4)%3C/p%3E%0A %3Cp%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3C
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parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47796634/Trx 3c22315bb588dc57ddc3589749cc18df19ea07f5

View Raw JSON Data

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      "body": "@@ -4429,24 +4429,78 @@\n  %EC%8B%B6%EC%9D%80 %EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C!%3C/p%3E%0A\n+%3Cp%3E(%EC%9D%B4 %EA%B8%80%EC%9D%80 2019%EB%85%84 %EC%8D%BC%EB%8B%A4. %EA%B8%80%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%84 %EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84 %EC%B1%85%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C %EB%AC%B6%EB%8A%94%EB%8B%A4 %ED%95%B4%EC%84%9C %EC%98%9B %EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B5%EC%9D%84 %EA%BA%BC%EB%82%B4%EB%B3%B4%EC%95%98%EB%8B%A4)%3C/p%3E%0A\n %3Cp%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3C\n",
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      "permlink": "suglq",
      "title": "우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나"
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  "timestamp": "2020-10-17T08:08:24",
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executive-boardsent 0.001 STEEM to @humank- "❗ Hello humank, great that you are using the STEEM blockchain. The Executive Board hereby invites you to https://discord.gg/KyBbmhh where you will get some insider infos on how you will earn the most ..."

2020/10/17 08:06:03 UTC

47,796,587|6c49175

amount	0.001 STEEM
from	executive-board
memo	❗ Hello humank, great that you are using the STEEM blockchain. The Executive Board hereby invites you to https://discord.gg/KyBbmhh where you will get some insider infos on how you will earn the most coins. It's easy, just follow the instructions. Warm regards, The Executive Board.
to	humank
Transaction Info	Block #47796587/Trx 6c49175d4d60cc5b0d501d471bcdbddc984da40b

View Raw JSON Data

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      "memo": "❗ Hello humank, great that you are using the STEEM blockchain. The Executive Board hereby invites you to https://discord.gg/KyBbmhh where you will get some insider infos on how you will earn the most coins. It's easy, just follow the instructions. Warm regards, The Executive Board.",
      "to": "humank"
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humankpublished a new post: suglq

2020/10/17 08:05:06 UTC

47,796,568|059c83f

author	humank
body	<html> <p>우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p>머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. </p> <p>동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.</p> <p>때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88 울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.</p> <p>해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.</p> <p>그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.</p> <p>학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.</p> <p>나는 2학년이었다. 1학년 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을 <br/>했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.</p> <p><img src="https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png" alt="image.png"/></p> <p></p> <p>편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. </p> <p> 엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐, 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. </p> <p> 누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까? 그때는 진지했다.</p> <p> 밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다. 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.</p> <p> 거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.</p> <p> 투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.</p> <p> 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.</p> <p>4개월 뒤인 1987년 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해 <br/>시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” </p> <p>그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도, 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?</p> <p> 서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간 50분. 열차로는 1시간 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!</p> <p></p> <p></p> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	mother
permlink	suglq
title	우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나
Transaction Info	Block #47796568/Trx 059c83f428dbe650a838927bc24a7ae44a6bd87e

View Raw JSON Data

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{
"author": "humank",
"body": "<html>\n우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n머릿 속엔 그 생각 뿐이었다. 와서 뭐라고 하실까. 화를 내며 내 소매를 잡아끌까. \n동기와 선.후배의 부모님들은 속속 ‘입장’ 중이었다. 그 분들은 자식들과 심각한 표정으로 상봉을 했다. 그래, 우리 집은 머니까 시간이 걸리겠지. 마음을 굳게 먹었지만 한편에선 약해지면 어쩌나 하는 걱정도 사그라들지 않았다.\n때는 바야흐로 1986년 9월이었다. ‘국가적 대사’라는 아시안게임을 앞두고 있었다. 서울에서 열리는 86아시안게임은 88\r울올림픽의 리허설 같은 행사였다. 정부는 모든 집회와 시위 불허는 물론 엄단 방침을 발표했다. 그 시점에 우리는 감히 데모를 했다. 학내 언론자유와 검열철폐 투쟁. 당장 3학년 편집장 선배가 학점조항에 걸려 그만둬야 하는 상황이었다. 우리는 기준 학점 이상이 안 되면 기자를 그만둬야 하는 제도가 악법이라고 판단했다. 그동안 참아왔던 원고 사전검열 사례도 넘쳤다. 인쇄까지 된 학보를\r 학교 쪽에서 몰래 몽땅 불태워버린 적도 있었다. 이번 기회에 싸우기로 했다. 주간교수실을 점거하고 농성을 벌이기로 했다.\n해가 지도록 엄마 아빠는 오지 않았다. 가슴을 쓸어내렸다. 안심할 수는 없었다. 막차를 타고 오실 수도 있지. 중고등학교에서 선생님한테 단체로 매를 맞을 때 맨 뒤에 선 심정이 이랬을까.\n그날 오후2시쯤이었다. 중앙도서관\r 앞 민주계단에서 집회를 열었다. 10여명의 학생 기자들이 머리띠를 둘렀다. 8절(A3 크기) 갱지에\r 타자기로 치고 등사기로 밀어 만든 성명서를 뿌렸다. 편집장이 그동안의 검열사례를 폭로하고 투쟁을 결의했다. 운동권 친구들이 집회에 동참을 했다. 전부 합해 100여명 됐을까. 집회가 끝난 뒤 스크럼(요즘엔 생소한 용어다. 어깨동무를 말한다)을 짰다. 정문 앞에 가서 샤우팅을 하고 주간교수실을 점거하러 갈\r 예정이었다. 그런데 스크럼 대열이 100미터쯤 걸었을까. 갑자기 전투경찰이 정문으로 들어왔다. 폭력시위를 할 생각이 전혀\r 없었는데, 그들이 우리를 향해 최루탄을 쏘아댔다. 도발이었다. 흥분이 됐다. 너도나도 보도블록을 깼다. 나도 돌을 던졌다. 급히 학생회관에서 빈 소주병을 들고 와 경찰을\r 향해 던지는 친구들도 있었다. 경찰의 신속한 대응이 말하고 있었다. 지금은\r 시위를 하면 안된다고, 아시안 게임 직전이라고.\n학생회관(당시 학생회관은 후문 앞에 있었다) 4층 학보사 편집실 옆의 주간교수실과 전문위원실을 점거했다. 책상을\r 한쪽으로 치우고 그곳에서 기한 없는 농성을 시작했다. 북을 치며 구호를 외치고 노래를 불렀다. 서너시간 뒤부터 엄마 아빠들이 왔다. 아, 자식들의 고귀한 투쟁을 격려하고 힘을 주러 오신 것인가. 설마, 그럴리가.\n나는 2학년이었다. 1학년\r 후배 아버지가 농성 장소로 와서 아들의 멱살을 잡았다. 아직도 그 아버지의 한 마디를 잊을 수 없다. “입학원서에 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가.” 그러고는 아들에게 손찌검을\r 했다. 집에 가자고 했다. 후배는 꿈쩍도 하지 않았다. 구호를 가장 멋지게 외치던 후배였다. 팔을 힘차게 내저을 때마다\r 손목에 스냅을 주던 장면이 떠오른다. 후배가 저 정도인데, 나는\r 선배로서 부끄러운 모습을 보일 수 없었다. 다시, 마음을\r 굳게 먹었다. 그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나.\n<img src=\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\" alt=\"image.png\"/>\n\n편집장 선배의 일가족이 다 몰려왔다. 선배는 형과 누나들이 많은 대식구의\r 막내였다. 아버지는 꼬꼬할아버지였다. 머리카락이 하얗게 센\r 아버지는 지팡이를 짚고 구부정하게 아무 말 없이 서 있었다. 그 옆에서 큰형이라는 분이 편집장 선배에게\r 큰 소리를 치며 뺨과 머리를 때렸다. 후배들은 안스러운 눈길로 지켜볼 뿐이었다. 편집장 선배는 고개를 숙이고 맞기만 했다. \n\r엄마아빠들에게 누가 연락을 했을까. 아마도, 학생처 직원? 아니면 관할 노량진경찰서 정보과 형사? 이제라도 진실을 밝혀야 할까. 뭐,\r 그럴 필요까지. 아무튼 엄마 아빠들이 농성장소로 와서 자식들을 끌고 가려고 했다. 자식들은 심지가 굳었다. 아무도 흔들리지 않았다. \n\r누군가가 끌려갈 위기에 놓였을 때 학생기자들이 둥그랗게 원을 그리고 노래를 불렀다. “사랑도 명예도 이름도 남김없이…”로 시작하는 그 유명한 ‘임을 위한 행진곡’ 말이다. 울컥했다. 나도 눈물을 쏟았다. 신파였을까?\r 그때는 진지했다.\n\r밤 12시가 되어도 북을 치며 노래를 부르고 구호를 외쳤다. 이른바 닭장차로 불리는 전투경찰 버스와 병력이 후문 골목에 희미하게 보였다.\r 밤중에 전투경찰들이 학생회관으로 들어와 우리를 다 잡아갈지 몰랐다. 운동권 친구들이 교련복을\r 입고 화염병으로 무장한 채 셔터를 내리고 학생회관 경비를 서주었다. 고마웠다. 그런데 그때까지도 우리 엄마아빠는 오지 않았다. 생각해보니, 우리 엄마아빠만 오지 않았다. 뭐야, 도대체 어떻게 된 거야. 날 무시하는 거야? 물론 그런 생각은 들지 않았다. 다행이지 뭐.\n\r거의 밤을 새우다시피 하고 다음날 해가 뜨자마자 교정을 돌며 시위를 했다. 전날\r 아버지한테 맞았던 후배는 플래카드를 들고 맨 앞에 섰다. 갑자기 그의 아버지가 다시 등장했다. 집에 안 가셨나? 아니면 일찍 또 오신 것인가. 그 분은 화가 난 표정으로 어제와 같은 말씀을 반복했다. “입학원서에\r 잉크도 안 마른 새끼가…” 그래도 장한 우리의 아들은 미동도 하지 않고 태연하게 구호를 외쳤다. “사전검열 철폐하고 언론자유 쟁취하자.” “학점조항 철폐하고 언론자유\r 사수하자.” 그 모습을 보자 아버지는 더욱 흥분했다. 자신의\r 한쪽 구두를 벗어들고 아들의 머리통을 갈겼다. 입학원서에….잉크도…안 마른…새끼가….입학원서에…잉크도…. 지금 그 아버지에게 감정이입을 해보면 뭉클하다. 아들이 얼마나 걱정이 되었을까. 아버지 역시 한 숨도 못 주무셨겠지.\n\r투쟁은 패배로 끝났다. 이틀 밤을 새우고 농성을 했지만, 편집장 사임은 막지 못했다. 정확히 기억나지 않지만, 학생 기자의 사설 집필권 등 몇 가지만 따냈다. 농성이 종료되고, 후문으로 나와 혼자 터덜터덜 자취방으로 가던 그 밤길을 잊지 못한다. 보름\r 뒤쯤 편집장 선배는 경찰에 체포되었고, 구속되었다. 한달\r 뒤쯤 기소유예로 풀려났다. 얼마 뒤 군대를 갔다.\n\r그런데 우리 엄마 아빠는 왜 안 온 것인가. 아니, 왜 학생처 직원 또는 노량진경찰서 형사들은 왜 “당신 자식이 지금\r 나쁜 짓, 위험한 일에 휘말려 있다”고, “빨리 와서 데려가지 않으면 나중에 큰 화를 입을 수 있다”고 전화를\r 하지 않았을까. 아니 모든 집에 다 전화하면서, 왜 왜 왜\r 우리 집에만 안 한 것인가.\n4개월 뒤인 1987년\r 1월 나는 신당동에서 기습 가두시위에 참여했다가 경찰에게 재수없이 잡혔다. 근처 성동경찰서로 끌려갔다. 서울대생 박종철 고문치사 사건의 파문이\r 번지던 때였다. 일주일간 경찰서에 구금돼 있다가 구류 2일을\r 살고 풀려났다. 그때 성동경찰서 형사들은 노량진경찰서 정보과로 전화해 내 신상정보를 캤지만, 엄마아빠에게 전화를 하지는 않았다. 1988년 6월엔 연세대 앞을 지나다가 불심검문에 걸려 서대문경찰서로 갔다. 그때도\r 우리 엄마아빠는 모르고 지나갔다. 1989년 봄, 졸업생\r 신분으로 일요일 학보사에서 놀고 있다가 학생회관을 수색하는 백골단 대원들한테 이유도 모르고 연행됐을 때도 마찬가지였다. 노량진경찰서에서 조사를 받았지만 아무 혐의도 없어 다음날 풀려났다. 그때\r 형사와 이런 대화를 했다. “고향이 어디야?” “원주인데요.” “부모님은 어디 계셔?” “원주요.” “………….” “원주에 전화하실 거예요?” “우리가 예산이 부족해\r 시외전화는 걸지 않아요.” \n그렇다. 비밀이 풀렸다. 시외전화\r 거는 비용이 무서워 연락을 안 했던 거였다. 내가 주동자급이었다면 달랐을 지도 모른다. 1986년에도, 1987년에도,\r 1988년에도, 1989년에도 시외전화비 아끼려고 우리 집에는 전화를 안 했던 거다. 초등학생도 핸드폰을 가지고 다니는 2019년엔 상상하기 힘든 풍경이다. 한 집에 겨우 하나씩 전화기가 놓여지던 시절이었다. 공공 사무실이나\r 하숙집엔 남들이 시내전화 거는 것조차 막으려고 검은 전화통 다이얼에 자물쇠를 채웠다. 시외전화 오래\r 걸면 요금폭탄이라도 맞는 줄 알던 때였다. 그것도 모르고 나는 고민했다. 우리 엄마아빠는 언제 오시지? 왜 안 오시지?\n\r서울-원주는 고속버스를 타면 1시간\r 50분. 열차로는 1시간\r 반. 별로 멀지도 않은데, 시외전화 한 통에 벌벌 떨어준\r 학생처 직원 또는 경찰에게 감사를 드릴 뿐이다. 지방에서 아들을 서울로 보냈던 부모님의 걱정을 덜어주셨으니\r 감사패라도 뒤늦게 드리고 싶은 마음!\n\n\n</html>",
"json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"mother\",\"father\",\"press\",\"telephone\",\"wonju\"],\"image\":[\"https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVgDCwM3WLvvCHpfsbp33PSqXzdHiGvSScveXYWk4pst6/image.png\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.2\",\"format\":\"html\"}",
"parent_author": "",
"parent_permlink": "mother",
"permlink": "suglq",
"title": "우리 엄마 아빠는 언제 오시나"
}
],
"op_in_trx": 0,
"timestamp": "2020-10-17T08:05:06",
"trx_id": "059c83f428dbe650a838927bc24a7ae44a6bd87e",
"trx_in_block": 2,
"virtual_op": 0
}

humankreceived 0.123 STEEM, 0.151 SP author reward for @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/21 00:09:21 UTC

36,600,596|virtual

author	humank
permlink	35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names
sbd payout	0.000 SBD
steem payout	0.123 STEEM
vesting payout	245.451450 VESTS
Transaction Info	Block #36600596/Virtual Operation #9

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 36600596,
  "op": [
    "author_reward",
    {
      "author": "humank",
      "permlink": "35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names",
      "sbd_payout": "0.000 SBD",
      "steem_payout": "0.123 STEEM",
      "vesting_payout": "245.451450 VESTS"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-21T00:09:21",
  "trx_id": "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "trx_in_block": 4294967295,
  "virtual_op": 9
}

dtubesent 0.001 STEEM to @humank- "DTube Coin Round #1 is live! Visit https://token.d.tube for more information"

2019/09/20 22:18:48 UTC

36,598,390|de721f8

amount	0.001 STEEM
from	dtube
memo	DTube Coin Round #1 is live! Visit https://token.d.tube for more information
to	humank
Transaction Info	Block #36598390/Trx de721f8cece9994ff375c36b06b6b3df776df3fc

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 36598390,
  "op": [
    "transfer",
    {
      "amount": "0.001 STEEM",
      "from": "dtube",
      "memo": "DTube Coin Round #1 is live! Visit https://token.d.tube for more information",
      "to": "humank"
    }
  ],
  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-20T22:18:48",
  "trx_id": "de721f8cece9994ff375c36b06b6b3df776df3fc",
  "trx_in_block": 8,
  "virtual_op": 0
}

humankpublished a new post: 36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world

2019/09/20 12:58:48 UTC

36,587,216|95766a9

author	humank
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permlink	36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world
title	<Final> 36. Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World
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humankpublished a new post: 36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world

2019/09/20 12:57:21 UTC

36,587,187|5f7c9fc

author	humank
body	<html> <h1>  Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_36:   Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World  </h1> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R54rGyeOvXY/XYS2zuVxMgI/AAAAAAAABJ0/LmCVwIwdMIYmiasMWYN5eVU0u-6GXxe4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25ED%258C%258C%25EB%25B3%2591%25EC%2584%25A0.jpg" width="640" height="485"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1960</strong>  A banyan tree is planted in Phong Nhị Điện Bàn District (present day, Điện Bàn City) Quang Nam Province. In December, the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong is formed, and North Vietnamese government announces its support for it.   </p> <p><strong>1961  May 16th,</strong> Military coup d'état by Army Major General Park Chung-hee.</p> <p><strong>1963 October 15,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and becomes president. </p> <p>            <strong>November 2,</strong> South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is murdered.  </p> <p><strong>1964 May 9, U.S.</strong> government appeals to 25 countries, including South Korea, for military and economic support for South Vietnam.   </p> <p>            <strong>August 4,</strong> U.S. claims that A North Vietnamese torpedo attacked the U.S destroyer Maddox, and bombs a North Vietnamese naval torpedo base and crude oil storage.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 7,</strong> U.S. Congress delegates all authority related to the Vietnam War to President Johnson.</p> <p>          <strong>September 11,</strong> The first batch of South Korean troops dispatched to South Vietnam (140 soldiers, including military doctors at the first mobile surgery hospital, arriving in Saigon on the 22nd)   </p> <p><strong>1965 February 7,</strong> U.S. begins air raids on North Vietnam.  </p> <p>            <strong>April 24,</strong> The founding of Beheiren, an anti-war peace group in Japan.</p> <p>            <strong>June 21,</strong> South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ requests dispatch of South Korean combat troops.  </p> <p>            <strong>July 3,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee of the Busan Military Academy in South Korea goes AWOL ahead of his dispatch to Vietnam. A month later smuggles himself into Japan.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 13,</strong> South Korea's ruling party (the Republican Party) passes a bill to send troops to Vietnam. </p> <p>           <strong>October 3,</strong> The second batch of South Korean troops dispatched to Vietnam. The 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps (the Blue Dragon Unit), becomes the first combat unit to land in Cam Ranh Bay on the 9th.  </p> <p>           <strong>October 13,</strong> South Korea's Capital Mechanized Infantry Division, also known as Fierce Tiger Division, dispatch to South Vietnam (lands in Qui Nhơn on the 25th)  </p> <p>           <strong>December 16</strong>, ROK’s 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps relocates to Tuy Hòa.  </p> <p><strong>1966  From January 23 to February 26,</strong> three Korean Capital Mechanized Infantry Divisions entered Vinh an, Binh Dinh Province, from a total of 15 points. A total of 1004 people were killed. In particular, 380 people died in an hour in the village of Go Day on February 26.  </p> <p>           <strong>March 7,</strong> U.S. Ambassador to Korea Winthrop Brown promises 14 compensation measures in exchange for South Korea's additional troop dispatch to Vietnam (in what was known as the Brown Memorandum).  </p> <p>           <strong>August 18,</strong> ROK Army Marine Corps 2nd Brigade heads to Chu Lai.</p> <p>           <strong>August 27,</strong> ROK 9th Infantry Division (the White Horse Unit) dispatched (arrive  in Nha Trang on Sept. 5)</p> <p>           <strong>Sept. 9,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications soldier at South Korea's No. 1 Mobile  Surgical Hospital, who was dispatched to South Vietnam, goes missing in  Saigon.   </p> <p>          <strong>October 12,</strong> North Korea's ruling Workers' Party of Chosun adopts a statement of representatives of the Workers' Party of Chosun on the issue of Vietnam, pledging support for the struggle of the people of Vietnam. </p> <p>          <strong>December 3,</strong> ROK Marines 2nd Brigade soldiers enter Bình Hòa, Bình Sơn District, Quảng Ngãi Province. For four days until December 6th, they kill about 430 residents.  </p> <p>          <strong>December 10,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren, spreads "Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers" in front of Yokosuka Base.  </p> <p><strong>1967 March 27,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications sergeant at the South Korean Army's No. 1 Mobile Surgical Hospital, appears on North Korea's Pyongyang Anti-South Korea Broadcasting Station, six months after disappearing from Saigon.</p> <p>          <strong>April 4,</strong> Kim Jin-soo, a Korean-American soldier deserts his Japanese base upon reading Beheiren’s leaflets. Enters the Cuban Embassy and applies for asylum.  </p> <p>     <strong>     May 3,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats political opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and is elected president of South Korea.  </p> <p>          <strong>September 3, </strong>President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ enter South Vietnam's constitutional assembly election.  </p> <p>      <strong>    October 9,</strong> Che Guevara, shot dead by a Bolivian sergeant in Chaco, Bolivia.</p> <p>          <strong>November 11,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren smuggles four soldiers who escaped from the U.S. aircraft carrier, Intrepid, to Sweden.  </p> <p>          <strong>December 22,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade begins relocating from Hoi An to Chu Lai.</p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg" width="640" height="432"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1968 January 20,</strong> Some platoon members of the 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps stormed the village of Thuy bo, Điện Bàn District, killing 145 villagers.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 21,</strong> 31 North Korean special forces members, fail in their attempt to raid the presidential office of the Blue House. (28-29 North Korean special forces members are killed, and 30 ROK soldiers and civilians lose their lives. Kim Shin-jo arrested)  </p> <p>         <strong> January 21,</strong> Japan's Beheiren holds a demonstration urging U.S. soldiers to desert the military in front of the U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, which arrived at Sasebo Port.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 23,</strong> USS Pueblo is abducted by a North Korean navy vessel in the east coast of the Korean peninsula. U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, holds a show of force in front of the Wonsan Port.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 26,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean deserter who was held in Japan's Omura camp, heads to North Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>January 30,</strong> North Vietnam and the Viet Cong wage the Tet Offensive (The General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than) throughout all of South Vietnam.</p> <p>          <strong>January 30,</strong> The 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps completes relocating to Hoi an and begin Operation Monster Dragon #1 in a counterattack to the Tet Offensive.   </p> <p>          <strong>February 1,</strong> Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security, holds a summary execution of the Viet Cong in the streets of Saigon.  </p> <p>          <strong>February 1,</strong> A groundbreaking ceremony for the Seoul-Suwon section of Korea's Gyeongbu Expressway.</p> <p>        <strong>  February 7,</strong> ROK's Defense Ministry Announces Retention of All Soldiers.</p> <p> <strong>         February 11,</strong> U.S. President Johnson's Special Envoy Cyrus Vance arrives in Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>February 12,</strong> President Park Chung-hee in his interview with the Washington Post urges U.S. military action against North Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>February 12,</strong> The first company of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enters the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, leaving 74 civilians dead.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxqwqq0hZTw/XYTJWRnngeI/AAAAAAAABKY/8FEDwFSY7E4D9rpKrsaUcmeAFF9fjsIjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EB%258B%25B9%25EC%259D%25BC1.jpg" width="640" height="426"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg" width="640" height="432"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>          <strong>February 13,</strong> The residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất lead a demonstration in response to the shootings by laying the corpses along the Number one national highway.   </p> <p>          <strong>February 15,</strong> ROK and the U.S. issue a joint statement that they would consult each other to respond immediately to North Korea's provocations.</p> <p>          <strong>February 22,</strong> members of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enter the Hà My village, Điện Bàn District, leaving 138 civilians dead.   </p> <p>          <strong>February,</strong> JATEC (Japan Technical Committee for assistance to Anti -War Deserters), an unofficial secret organization in Beheiren, Japan, is formed.  </p> <p>          <strong>March 16,</strong>  Mỹ Lai massacre incited by U.S. soldiers in the Sơn Mỹ Village, Sơn Tịnh District, Quảng Ngãi Province, resulting in 504 civilian victims.  </p> <p> <strong>        March 31,</strong> U.S. President Johnson, declares partial suspension of aerial attacks on North Vietnam and renounces presidential candidacy.  </p> <p>          <strong>April 1,</strong> Establishment of the ROK Reserve Forces.</p> <p>          <strong>April 4,</strong> The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader of the American Civil Rights movement.  </p> <p>          <strong>April 22,</strong> Korean-American military deserter, Kim Jin-su, escapes to Sweden from Japan.   </p> <p>         <strong> April 27,</strong> The unveiling ceremony of the statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Sejong-ro, Seoul.</p> <p>          <strong>April 29,</strong> U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland writes a letter requesting an explanation to ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident.  </p> <p>          <strong>May 2,</strong> Paris Nanterre University, students begin protesting against school issues, and later against the Vietnam War (later spreads to student movements in other countries around the world, including in Europe).  </p> <p>          <strong>May 5,</strong> Second Major offensive by the Viet Cong. Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security incurs serious injury.   </p> <p> <strong>         May,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade Military Police investigates officers and soldiers related to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident.  </p> <p>           <strong>May 13, </strong>U.S. and North Vietnam have their first Paris Conference.   </p> <p>           <strong>June 4,</strong> ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin responds to U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident, claiming that it was actually the Viet Cong camouflaged as ROK soldiers.  </p> <p>           <strong>June 6, </strong>the assassination of Robert Kennedy of the Democratic Party, a strong presidential candidate of the United States.</p> <p>           <strong>November 6,</strong> Richard Nixon (Republican) elected U.S. President.  </p> <p>           <strong>November 21,</strong> Implementation of the Korean resident registration card system and the abolition of municipal and provincial citizenship.</p> <p>           <strong>December 5,</strong> The Declaration of the Charter of National Education, which opens with "We were born on this land with the mission of national revival."  </p> <p>           <strong>December 9,</strong> Lee Seung-bok, a child from South Korea, dies. Killed by North Korean special forces infiltrating Uljin and Samcheok.  </p> <p><strong>1969 February</strong>, the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất submit a petition to the chairman of South Vietnam’s House of Representatives, a year after the incident.   </p> <p>            <strong>May 27,</strong> South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu visits South Korea and holds a summit meeting with President Park Chung-hee.</p> <p>            <strong>September 2,</strong> the death of Ho Chi Minh.</p> <p>            <strong>November 12,</strong> U.S. freelance reporter, Seymour M. Hersh becomes the first to cover the Mỹ Lai Massacre through the Washington Dispatch News Service.</p> <p>            <strong>November 17,</strong> The New York Times also covers the Mỹ Lai Massacre.</p> <p>            <strong>November 26,</strong> North Vietnamese representative at the Paris Peace Conference claims that 700 civilians were slaughtered by the ROK soldiers, mentioning Điện An, where Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất are located, as one of the areas affected.   </p> <p>            <strong>November, </strong>South Korean President Park Chung-hee orders a special investigation into the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. The Central Intelligence Agency summons officers and soldiers of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps for questioning.  </p> <p>            <strong>December 18,</strong> Col. Sam H. Sharp, the inspector general of the U.S. Army Command submits a confidential report to Major General Elias C. Townsend, Chief of Staff the alleged atrocities committed by the Korean military's Marine Corps, which includes the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case.  </p> <p><strong>1970 January 11,</strong> The U.S. State Department sends a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, instructing them to make sure that reports of atrocities involving Korean troops are never known to the media.  </p> <p>            <strong>February 24,</strong> U.S. Symington hearing commences investigation Korea.</p> <p>            <strong>December, </strong>Takahashi Taketomo from Japan’s JATEC helps two U.S. military deserters, including John Phillip Lowe, escape with forged passports.   </p> <p><strong>1971 April 27,</strong> Park Chung-hee becomes reelected president of South Korea, defeating opponent Kim Dae-jung.   </p> <p><strong>1972 February 29,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade completely returns to Korea.</p> <p> <strong>          October 27,</strong> The announcement of revision to the life-long presidential provision of the Yushin Constitution. President Park Chung-hee elected to the National Assembly of Unification (eighth election).</p> <p><strong>1973, January 28, </strong>Vietnam Armistice Agreement comes into effect.   </p> <p><strong>1975 April 30,</strong> unconditional surrender of the South Vietnamese government after North Vietnamese Army Tanks enter the Independence Palace Square in Saigon where the South Vietnamese presidential residence is located, marking the end of the Vietnam War.</p> <p><strong>1976 January 21,</strong> North and South Vietnam reunified under Socialist Republic of Vietnam.  </p> <p><strong>1978 July 6,</strong> South Korean President Park Chung-hee win presidential election at the National Assembly of Unification on July 6.  </p> <p><strong>1979 October 26, </strong>ROK President Park Chung-hee assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu, director of the Central Intelligence Agency.</p> <p><strong>           December 12,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan, the commander of the security forces in South Korea, seizes military power by arresting Army Chief of Staff Chung Seung-hwa, the martial law commander.</p> <p><strong>1980 May 18,</strong> nationwide expansion of martial law in Korea. Korea Airborne troops in Gwangju start beating and killing mercilessly. </p> <p>           <strong>November 1,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan wins the 11th presidential election of South Korea.   </p> <p><strong>1992, December 18,</strong> Kim Young-sam, a Democratic Liberal Party candidate, wins the 14th South Korean presidential election, leading to the first civilian government in Korea.  </p> <p><strong>1992, December 22, </strong>Korea-Vietnam diplomatic relations established.</p> <p><strong>1995, December,</strong> The Culture and Communications office in Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province investigates Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and publishes a collection of data.   </p> <p><strong>1997 December 18,</strong> Kim Dae-jung wins the 15th presidential election of South Korea.   </p> <p><strong>1999 September 2,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(273th Edition), An article by Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent, “Remember the unavenged souls of Vietnam,” covers the victims of ROK soldiers within five of the central provinces in Vietnam (becoming the first official coverage of civilian massacres from the Vietnam War).   </p> <p>            <strong>September 19,</strong> For the first time in Vietnamese mass media, the killing of civilians by ROK soldiers reported (Bình Hòa Massacre, Quảng Ngãi Province)  </p> <p>            <strong>October 28,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》 (280th edition), starts a campaign to raise money to help victims of the massacre in Vietnam. Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent reports for the first time, the testimonies of victims from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p><strong>2000 January 11,</strong> For the first time, Reuters, Newsweek etc. reports on the massacre of civilians by the ROK soldiers in the Vietnam War.   </p> <p>            <strong>January 28,</strong> The launch of a task force in South Korea to investigate the massacre of civilians in Vietnam, later renamed “the Vietnam War Truth Commission”  </p> <p>            <strong>January 29,</strong> The launching ceremony of "Vietnam Medical Project for Reconciliation and Peace" with members of the Dentistry Society for Health Society in Korea.  </p> <p> <strong> April 7, </strong>American Friends Service Committee along with 24 human rights groups around the world, urge President Kim Dae-jung to issue a public apology and compensate for the civilian massacre in Vietnam through a newspaper advertisement in a Korean daily newspaper〈The Hankyoreh〉  </p> <p>            <strong>May 4,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(306th edition) covers “Investigation of the Central Intelligence Agency: officers involved in the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident”   </p> <p>             <strong>June 27,</strong> More than 2,000 Korean veterans of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, attacked the Hankyoreh newspaper for defamation, destroying property and causing violent acts. Four members of the group arrested (released thereafter on probation). The official loss of the Hankyoreh newspaper was 70 million won.  </p> <p>             <strong>November 23,</strong>《Hankyoreh 21》(334th edition), covers the declassified U.S. documents on Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p><strong>2001 May 3,</strong> 《Hankyoreh 21》(356th edition) covers the people whose corpses are pictured in photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p>            <strong>August 28,</strong> Korean President Kim Dae-jung apologizes to Vietnamese President, Trần Đức Lương, promising to help build hospitals and schools in areas that were affected by civilian massacres.   </p> <p>            <strong>August 24,</strong> South Korea's Grand National Party Representative, Park Geun-hye, criticized Kim Dae-jung on her website, writing that his act of apologizing to Vietnam is akin to the 16 states of head whose countries participated in the Korean War apologizing to Kim Jung-il.   </p> <p><strong>2003 January 21,</strong> The completion of the "Korea-Vietnam Peace Park" in Phú Yên Province, Tuy Hòa (funds raised independently by《Hankyoreh 21》)  </p> <p><strong>2004 August, </strong>Vietnam’s Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất  Victims' Memorial Monument (Civic group "Me and We" members raise funds and also participate in the construction of the building themselves along with the villagers)  </p> <p><strong>2012 December 19, </strong>Saenuri Party candidate Park Geun-hye elected South Korean president (18th election).  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--r5fG7Dg9Yo/XYS2wzCk1gI/AAAAAAAABJw/eGAM2yNpo0gSngRpslJwwrEPJBuV-wGHwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%259D%2591%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%2598%258C%25EC%25A0%2584%2B%25EC%25A7%2591%25282017.2.5%2529.jpg" width="640" height="427"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>2015 March 30, </strong>Two survivors of the Vietnam War massacres make their first visit to South Korea. Nguyễn Thị Thanh from Phong Nhị and Nguyễn Tấn Lân from An Vinh village (Điện Bàn). Members of war organizations, such as the Korean Association for the Vietnam War Veterans, and the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, came out to every site the two Vietnamese visit to protest in their military uniforms.   </p> <p><strong>2016 September 9,</strong> Record Exhibition of <em>The Story of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất</em> by Koh Kyung-tae, held at Gallery Art Link in Seoul. Exhibitions in Busan, Jeju, Gwangju, and Cheongju followed suit.  </p> <p>            <strong>September 19,</strong> The inaugural assembly of the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation. Bishop Kang Woo-il, appointed as the first chairman of the committee, and Koo Soo-jung, the Standing Director.  </p> <p> <strong>          October,</strong> all over South Korea candlelight vigils take place demanding Choi Soon-sil’s denouncement of state affairs and Park Geun-hye’s resignation from presidency.  </p> <p><strong>2017 March 10, </strong>The Korean Constitutional Court unanimously cites the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, which was the first time in Korea’s constitutional history.  </p> <p>            <strong>April 26, </strong>the unveiling ceremony of the Pietà statue, which depicts a mother's pain during the massacre of civilians during the Vietnam War, at Saint Francisco Peace Center in Gangjeong Village, Jeju Island.  </p> <p>           <strong>May 9,</strong> Democratic Party of Korea candidate, Moon Jae-in is elected president in the 19th election.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 2, </strong>the Vietnam War TF, a lawyers association for democratic society, requests that the NIS (formerly the Central Intelligence Agency) disclose the list of documents from 1969 which covers the investigation Choi Young-on, Lee Sang-woo and Kim Ki-dong, veterans of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. Fourteen days later, the agency responds with its decision for nondisclosure so an administrative litigation is currently underway.  </p> <p><strong>2018 March 23,</strong> Moon Jae-in Korean president, in his summit meeting with Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam, announces,"deep regret regarding the unfortunate history between the two countries that remains in our memories.” It is reported that he considered issuing an apology, specifically for the massacre of civilians by South Korean army, but the decision was tabled.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l5BTJbd3kOA/XYTLhwbg46I/AAAAAAAABKw/DEOhuAsdO7orCDrY0Booc8n5TC9xnHUkACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/%25EC%258B%259C%25EB%25AF%25BC%25ED%258F%2589%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B2%2595%25EC%25A0%259511.jpg" width="1600" height="646"/></p> <p>         </p> <p>             <strong>April 21,</strong> “People’s Tribunal on War Crimes by South Korean Troops during the Vietnam War” hosted by Lawyers for a Democratic Society and the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation among others. Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh were plaintiffs and the Republic of Korea was the defendant responsible for the civilian massacre of its military. Former Supreme Court Justice Kim Young-ran, who was in charge of the trial, officially admits the responsibility of the Republic of Korea and recommends that the truth be discovered about illegal activities in the Vietnam War.  </p> <p><strong>2019 April 1,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh visit Korea and are granted the 4.3 Jeju Peace Prize Special Award.  </p> <p>        <strong>   April 4,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh express their position on investigating the truth, issuing an official apology, and restoring the dignity and honor of the victims, through a petition signed by 103 victims of massacre from 17 villages in Vietnam, and directly submit it to the Blue House in Jongro-gu, Seoul.   </p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><br></p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names">Chapter 35.  The Monument bearing the 74 names</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh">Chapter 34.  Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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permlink	36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world
title	<Final> 36. Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World
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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_36:&nbsp; &nbsp;Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World &nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R54rGyeOvXY/XYS2zuVxMgI/AAAAAAAABJ0/LmCVwIwdMIYmiasMWYN5eVU0u-6GXxe4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25ED%258C%258C%25EB%25B3%2591%25EC%2584%25A0.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>1960</strong> &nbsp;A banyan tree is planted in Phong Nhị Điện Bàn District (present day, Điện Bàn City) Quang Nam Province. In December, the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong is formed, and North Vietnamese government announces its support for it. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1961 &nbsp;May 16th,</strong> Military coup d'état by Army Major General Park Chung-hee.</p>\n<p><strong>1963 October 15,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and becomes president.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 2,</strong> South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is murdered. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1964 May 9, U.S.</strong> government appeals to 25 countries, including South Korea, for military and economic support for South Vietnam. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 4,</strong> U.S. claims that A North Vietnamese torpedo attacked the U.S destroyer Maddox, and bombs a North Vietnamese naval torpedo base and crude oil storage. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 7,</strong> U.S. Congress delegates all authority related to the Vietnam War to President Johnson.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 11,</strong> The first batch of South Korean troops dispatched to South Vietnam (140 soldiers, including military doctors at the first mobile surgery hospital, arriving in Saigon on the 22nd) &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1965 February 7,</strong> U.S. begins air raids on North Vietnam. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 24,</strong> The founding of Beheiren, an anti-war peace group in Japan.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 21,</strong> South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ requests dispatch of South Korean combat troops. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>July 3,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee of the Busan Military Academy in South Korea goes AWOL ahead of his dispatch to Vietnam. A month later smuggles himself into Japan. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 13,</strong> South Korea's ruling party (the Republican Party) passes a bill to send troops to Vietnam.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 3,</strong> The second batch of South Korean troops dispatched to Vietnam. The 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps (the Blue Dragon Unit), becomes the first combat unit to land in Cam Ranh Bay on the 9th. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 13,</strong> South Korea's Capital Mechanized Infantry Division, also known as Fierce Tiger Division, dispatch to South Vietnam (lands in Qui Nhơn on the 25th) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 16</strong>, ROK’s 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps relocates to Tuy Hòa. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1966 &nbsp;From January 23 to February 26,</strong> three Korean Capital Mechanized Infantry Divisions entered Vinh an, Binh Dinh Province, from a total of 15 points. A total of 1004 people were killed. In particular, 380 people died in an hour in the village of Go Day on February 26. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>March 7,</strong> U.S. Ambassador to Korea Winthrop Brown promises 14 compensation measures in exchange for South Korea's additional troop dispatch to Vietnam (in what was known as the Brown Memorandum). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 18,</strong> ROK Army Marine Corps 2nd Brigade heads to Chu Lai.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 27,</strong> ROK 9th Infantry Division (the White Horse Unit) dispatched (arrive &nbsp;in Nha Trang on Sept. 5)</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Sept. 9,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications soldier at South Korea's No. 1 Mobile &nbsp;Surgical Hospital, who was dispatched to South Vietnam, goes missing in &nbsp;Saigon. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 12,</strong> North Korea's ruling Workers' Party of Chosun adopts a statement of representatives of the Workers' Party of Chosun on the issue of Vietnam, pledging support for the struggle of the people of Vietnam.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 3,</strong> ROK Marines 2nd Brigade soldiers enter Bình Hòa, Bình Sơn District, Quảng Ngãi Province. For four days until December 6th, they kill about 430 residents. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 10,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren, spreads \"Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers\" in front of Yokosuka Base. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1967 March 27,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications sergeant at the South Korean Army's No. 1 Mobile Surgical Hospital, appears on North Korea's Pyongyang Anti-South Korea Broadcasting Station, six months after disappearing from Saigon.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 4,</strong> Kim Jin-soo, a Korean-American soldier deserts his Japanese base upon reading Beheiren’s leaflets. Enters the Cuban Embassy and applies for asylum. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May 3,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats political opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and is elected president of South Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 3, </strong>President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ enter South Vietnam's constitutional assembly election. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October 9,</strong> Che Guevara, shot dead by a Bolivian sergeant in Chaco, Bolivia.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 11,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren smuggles four soldiers who escaped from the U.S. aircraft carrier, Intrepid, to Sweden. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 22,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade begins relocating from Hoi An to Chu Lai.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>1968 January 20,</strong> Some platoon members of the 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps stormed the village of Thuy bo, Điện Bàn District, killing 145 villagers. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 21,</strong> 31 North Korean special forces members, fail in their attempt to raid the presidential office of the Blue House. (28-29 North Korean special forces members are killed, and 30 ROK soldiers and civilians lose their lives. Kim Shin-jo arrested) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;January 21,</strong> Japan's Beheiren holds a demonstration urging U.S. soldiers to desert the military in front of the U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, which arrived at Sasebo Port. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 23,</strong> USS Pueblo is abducted by a North Korean navy vessel in the east coast of the Korean peninsula. U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, holds a show of force in front of the Wonsan Port. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 26,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean deserter who was held in Japan's Omura camp, heads to North Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 30,</strong> North Vietnam and the Viet Cong wage the Tet Offensive (The General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than) throughout all of South Vietnam.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 30,</strong> The 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps completes relocating to Hoi an and begin Operation Monster Dragon #1 in a counterattack to the Tet Offensive. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 1,</strong> Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security, holds a summary execution of the Viet Cong in the streets of Saigon. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 1,</strong> A groundbreaking ceremony for the Seoul-Suwon section of Korea's Gyeongbu Expressway.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;February 7,</strong> ROK's Defense Ministry Announces Retention of All Soldiers.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;February 11,</strong> U.S. President Johnson's Special Envoy Cyrus Vance arrives in Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 12,</strong> President Park Chung-hee in his interview with the Washington Post urges U.S. military action against North Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 12,</strong> The first company of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enters the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, leaving 74 civilians dead. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxqwqq0hZTw/XYTJWRnngeI/AAAAAAAABKY/8FEDwFSY7E4D9rpKrsaUcmeAFF9fjsIjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EB%258B%25B9%25EC%259D%25BC1.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 13,</strong> The residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất lead a demonstration in response to the shootings by laying the corpses along the Number one national highway. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 15,</strong> ROK and the U.S. issue a joint statement that they would consult each other to respond immediately to North Korea's provocations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 22,</strong> members of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enter the Hà My village, Điện Bàn District, leaving 138 civilians dead. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February,</strong> JATEC (Japan Technical Committee for assistance to Anti -War Deserters), an unofficial secret organization in Beheiren, Japan, is formed. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>March 16,</strong> &nbsp;Mỹ Lai massacre incited by U.S. soldiers in the Sơn Mỹ Village, Sơn Tịnh District, Quảng Ngãi Province, resulting in 504 civilian victims. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;March 31,</strong> U.S. President Johnson, declares partial suspension of aerial attacks on North Vietnam and renounces presidential candidacy. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 1,</strong> Establishment of the ROK Reserve Forces.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 4,</strong> The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader of the American Civil Rights movement. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 22,</strong> Korean-American military deserter, Kim Jin-su, escapes to Sweden from Japan. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;April 27,</strong> The unveiling ceremony of the statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Sejong-ro, Seoul.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 29,</strong> U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland writes a letter requesting an explanation to ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 2,</strong> Paris Nanterre University, students begin protesting against school issues, and later against the Vietnam War (later spreads to student movements in other countries around the world, including in Europe). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 5,</strong> Second Major offensive by the Viet Cong. Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security incurs serious injury. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade Military Police investigates officers and soldiers related to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 13, </strong>U.S. and North Vietnam have their first Paris Conference. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 4,</strong> ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin responds to U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident, claiming that it was actually the Viet Cong camouflaged as ROK soldiers. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 6, </strong>the assassination of Robert Kennedy of the Democratic Party, a strong presidential candidate of the United States.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 6,</strong> Richard Nixon (Republican) elected U.S. President. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 21,</strong> Implementation of the Korean resident registration card system and the abolition of municipal and provincial citizenship.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 5,</strong> The Declaration of the Charter of National Education, which opens with \"We were born on this land with the mission of national revival.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 9,</strong> Lee Seung-bok, a child from South Korea, dies. Killed by North Korean special forces infiltrating Uljin and Samcheok. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1969 February</strong>, the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất submit a petition to the chairman of South Vietnam’s House of Representatives, a year after the incident. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 27,</strong> South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu visits South Korea and holds a summit meeting with President Park Chung-hee.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 2,</strong> the death of Ho Chi Minh.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 12,</strong> U.S. freelance reporter, Seymour M. Hersh becomes the first to cover the Mỹ Lai Massacre through the Washington Dispatch News Service.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 17,</strong> The New York Times also covers the Mỹ Lai Massacre.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 26,</strong> North Vietnamese representative at the Paris Peace Conference claims that 700 civilians were slaughtered by the ROK soldiers, mentioning Điện An, where Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất are located, as one of the areas affected. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November, </strong>South Korean President Park Chung-hee orders a special investigation into the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. The Central Intelligence Agency summons officers and soldiers of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps for questioning. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 18,</strong> Col. Sam H. Sharp, the inspector general of the U.S. Army Command submits a confidential report to Major General Elias C. Townsend, Chief of Staff the alleged atrocities committed by the Korean military's Marine Corps, which includes the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1970 January 11,</strong> The U.S. State Department sends a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, instructing them to make sure that reports of atrocities involving Korean troops are never known to the media. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 24,</strong> U.S. Symington hearing commences investigation Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December, </strong>Takahashi Taketomo from Japan’s JATEC helps two U.S. military deserters, including John Phillip Lowe, escape with forged passports. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1971 April 27,</strong> Park Chung-hee becomes reelected president of South Korea, defeating opponent Kim Dae-jung. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1972 February 29,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade completely returns to Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October 27,</strong> The announcement of revision to the life-long presidential provision of the Yushin Constitution. President Park Chung-hee elected to the National Assembly of Unification (eighth election).</p>\n<p><strong>1973, January 28, </strong>Vietnam Armistice Agreement comes into effect. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1975 April 30,</strong> unconditional surrender of the South Vietnamese government after North Vietnamese Army Tanks enter the Independence Palace Square in Saigon where the South Vietnamese presidential residence is located, marking the end of the Vietnam War.</p>\n<p><strong>1976 January 21,</strong> North and South Vietnam reunified under Socialist Republic of Vietnam. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1978 July 6,</strong> South Korean President Park Chung-hee win presidential election at the National Assembly of Unification on July 6. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1979 October 26, </strong>ROK President Park Chung-hee assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu, director of the Central Intelligence Agency.</p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;December 12,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan, the commander of the security forces in South Korea, seizes military power by arresting Army Chief of Staff Chung Seung-hwa, the martial law commander.</p>\n<p><strong>1980 May 18,</strong> nationwide expansion of martial law in Korea. Korea Airborne troops in Gwangju start beating and killing mercilessly.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 1,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan wins the 11th presidential election of South Korea. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1992, December 18,</strong> Kim Young-sam, a Democratic Liberal Party candidate, wins the 14th South Korean presidential election, leading to the first civilian government in Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1992, December 22, </strong>Korea-Vietnam diplomatic relations established.</p>\n<p><strong>1995, December,</strong> The Culture and Communications office in Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province investigates Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and publishes a collection of data. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1997 December 18,</strong> Kim Dae-jung wins the 15th presidential election of South Korea. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1999 September 2,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(273th Edition), An article by Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent, “Remember the unavenged souls of Vietnam,” covers the victims of ROK soldiers within five of the central provinces in Vietnam (becoming the first official coverage of civilian massacres from the Vietnam War). &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 19,</strong> For the first time in Vietnamese mass media, the killing of civilians by ROK soldiers reported (Bình Hòa Massacre, Quảng Ngãi Province) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 28,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》 (280th edition), starts a campaign to raise money to help victims of the massacre in Vietnam. Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent reports for the first time, the testimonies of victims from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p><strong>2000 January 11,</strong> For the first time, Reuters, Newsweek etc. reports on the massacre of civilians by the ROK soldiers in the Vietnam War. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 28,</strong> The launch of a task force in South Korea to investigate the massacre of civilians in Vietnam, later renamed “the Vietnam War Truth Commission” &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 29,</strong> The launching ceremony of \"Vietnam Medical Project for Reconciliation and Peace\" with members of the Dentistry Society for Health Society in Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;April 7, </strong>American Friends Service Committee along with 24 human rights groups around the world, urge President Kim Dae-jung to issue a public apology and compensate for the civilian massacre in Vietnam through a newspaper advertisement in a Korean daily newspaper〈The Hankyoreh〉 &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 4,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(306th edition) covers “Investigation of the Central Intelligence Agency: officers involved in the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident” &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 27,</strong> More than 2,000 Korean veterans of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, attacked the Hankyoreh newspaper for defamation, destroying property and causing violent acts. Four members of the group arrested (released thereafter on probation). The official loss of the Hankyoreh newspaper was 70 million won. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 23,</strong>《Hankyoreh 21》(334th edition), covers the declassified U.S. documents on Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p><strong>2001 May 3,</strong> 《Hankyoreh 21》(356th edition) covers the people whose corpses are pictured in photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 28,</strong> Korean President Kim Dae-jung apologizes to Vietnamese President, Trần Đức Lương, promising to help build hospitals and schools in areas that were affected by civilian massacres. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 24,</strong> South Korea's Grand National Party Representative, Park Geun-hye, criticized Kim Dae-jung on her website, writing that his act of apologizing to Vietnam is akin to the 16 states of head whose countries participated in the Korean War apologizing to Kim Jung-il. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2003 January 21,</strong> The completion of the \"Korea-Vietnam Peace Park\" in Phú Yên Province, Tuy Hòa (funds raised independently by《Hankyoreh 21》) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2004 August, </strong>Vietnam’s Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất &nbsp;Victims' Memorial Monument (Civic group \"Me and We\" members raise funds and also participate in the construction of the building themselves along with the villagers) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2012 December 19, </strong>Saenuri Party candidate Park Geun-hye elected South Korean president (18th election). &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--r5fG7Dg9Yo/XYS2wzCk1gI/AAAAAAAABJw/eGAM2yNpo0gSngRpslJwwrEPJBuV-wGHwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%259D%2591%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%2598%258C%25EC%25A0%2584%2B%25EC%25A7%2591%25282017.2.5%2529.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>2015 March 30, </strong>Two survivors of the Vietnam War massacres make their first visit to South Korea. Nguyễn Thị Thanh from Phong Nhị and Nguyễn Tấn Lân from An Vinh village (Điện Bàn). Members of war organizations, such as the Korean Association for the Vietnam War Veterans, and the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, came out to every site the two Vietnamese visit to protest in their military uniforms. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2016 September 9,</strong> Record Exhibition of <em>The Story of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất</em> by Koh Kyung-tae, held at Gallery Art Link in Seoul. Exhibitions in Busan, Jeju, Gwangju, and Cheongju followed suit. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 19,</strong> The inaugural assembly of the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation. Bishop Kang Woo-il, appointed as the first chairman of the committee, and Koo Soo-jung, the Standing Director. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October,</strong> all over South Korea candlelight vigils take place demanding Choi Soon-sil’s denouncement of state affairs and Park Geun-hye’s resignation from presidency. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2017 March 10, </strong>The Korean Constitutional Court unanimously cites the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, which was the first time in Korea’s constitutional history. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 26, </strong>the unveiling ceremony of the Pietà statue, which depicts a mother's pain during the massacre of civilians during the Vietnam War, at Saint Francisco Peace Center in Gangjeong Village, Jeju Island. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 9,</strong> Democratic Party of Korea candidate, Moon Jae-in is elected president in the 19th election. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 2, </strong>the Vietnam War TF, a lawyers association for democratic society, requests that the NIS (formerly the Central Intelligence Agency) disclose the list of documents from 1969 which covers the investigation Choi Young-on, Lee Sang-woo and Kim Ki-dong, veterans of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. Fourteen days later, the agency responds with its decision for nondisclosure so an administrative litigation is currently underway. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2018 March 23,</strong> Moon Jae-in Korean president, in his summit meeting with Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam, announces,\"deep regret regarding the unfortunate history between the two countries that remains in our memories.” It is reported that he considered issuing an apology, specifically for the massacre of civilians by South Korean army, but the decision was tabled. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l5BTJbd3kOA/XYTLhwbg46I/AAAAAAAABKw/DEOhuAsdO7orCDrY0Booc8n5TC9xnHUkACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/%25EC%258B%259C%25EB%25AF%25BC%25ED%258F%2589%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B2%2595%25EC%25A0%259511.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"646\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 21,</strong> “People’s Tribunal on War Crimes by South Korean Troops during the Vietnam War” hosted by Lawyers for a Democratic Society and the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation among others. Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh were plaintiffs and the Republic of Korea was the defendant responsible for the civilian massacre of its military. Former Supreme Court Justice Kim Young-ran, who was in charge of the trial, officially admits the responsibility of the Republic of Korea and recommends that the truth be discovered about illegal activities in the Vietnam War. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2019 April 1,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh visit Korea and are granted the 4.3 Jeju Peace Prize Special Award. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;April 4,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh express their position on investigating the truth, issuing an official apology, and restoring the dignity and honor of the victims, through a petition signed by 103 victims of massacre from 17 villages in Vietnam, and directly submit it to the Blue House in Jongro-gu, Seoul. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names\">Chapter 35. &nbsp;The Monument bearing the 74 names</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh\">Chapter 34.&nbsp; Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission\">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world",
      "title": "<Final> 36. Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World"
    }
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-20T12:57:21",
  "trx_id": "5f7c9fc93379d71912ffbdb8da42b91c35ca2800",
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humankpublished a new post: 36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world

2019/09/20 12:53:33 UTC

36,587,111|7d00807

author	humank
body	<html> <h1>  Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_36:   Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World  </h1> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R54rGyeOvXY/XYS2zuVxMgI/AAAAAAAABJ0/LmCVwIwdMIYmiasMWYN5eVU0u-6GXxe4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25ED%258C%258C%25EB%25B3%2591%25EC%2584%25A0.jpg" width="640" height="485"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1960</strong>  A banyan tree is planted in Phong Nhị Điện Bàn District (present day, Điện Bàn City) Quang Nam Province. In December, the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong is formed, and North Vietnamese government announces its support for it.   </p> <p><strong>1961  May 16th,</strong> Military coup d'état by Army Major General Park Chung-hee.</p> <p><strong>1963 October 15,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and becomes president. </p> <p>            <strong>November 2,</strong> South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is murdered.  </p> <p><strong>1964 May 9, U.S.</strong> government appeals to 25 countries, including South Korea, for military and economic support for South Vietnam.   </p> <p>            <strong>August 4,</strong> U.S. claims that A North Vietnamese torpedo attacked the U.S destroyer Maddox, and bombs a North Vietnamese naval torpedo base and crude oil storage.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 7,</strong> U.S. Congress delegates all authority related to the Vietnam War to President Johnson.</p> <p>          <strong>September 11,</strong> The first batch of South Korean troops dispatched to South Vietnam (140 soldiers, including military doctors at the first mobile surgery hospital, arriving in Saigon on the 22nd)   </p> <p><strong>1965 February 7,</strong> U.S. begins air raids on North Vietnam.  </p> <p>            <strong>April 24,</strong> The founding of Beheiren, an anti-war peace group in Japan.</p> <p>            <strong>June 21,</strong> South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ requests dispatch of South Korean combat troops.  </p> <p>            <strong>July 3,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee of the Busan Military Academy in South Korea goes AWOL ahead of his dispatch to Vietnam. A month later smuggles himself into Japan.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 13,</strong> South Korea's ruling party (the Republican Party) passes a bill to send troops to Vietnam. </p> <p>           <strong>October 3,</strong> The second batch of South Korean troops dispatched to Vietnam. The 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps (the Blue Dragon Unit), becomes the first combat unit to land in Cam Ranh Bay on the 9th.  </p> <p>           <strong>October 13,</strong> South Korea's Capital Mechanized Infantry Division, also known as Fierce Tiger Division, dispatch to South Vietnam (lands in Qui Nhơn on the 25th)  </p> <p>           <strong>December 16</strong>, ROK’s 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps relocates to Tuy Hòa.  </p> <p><strong>1966  From January 23 to February 26,</strong> three Korean Capital Mechanized Infantry Divisions entered Vinh an, Binh Dinh Province, from a total of 15 points. A total of 1004 people were killed. In particular, 380 people died in an hour in the village of Go Day on February 26.  </p> <p>           <strong>March 7,</strong> U.S. Ambassador to Korea Winthrop Brown promises 14 compensation measures in exchange for South Korea's additional troop dispatch to Vietnam (in what was known as the Brown Memorandum).  </p> <p>           <strong>August 18,</strong> ROK Army Marine Corps 2nd Brigade heads to Chu Lai.</p> <p>           <strong>August 27,</strong> ROK 9th Infantry Division (the White Horse Unit) dispatched (arrive  in Nha Trang on Sept. 5)</p> <p>           <strong>Sept. 9,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications soldier at South Korea's No. 1 Mobile  Surgical Hospital, who was dispatched to South Vietnam, goes missing in  Saigon.   </p> <p>          <strong>October 12,</strong> North Korea's ruling Workers' Party of Chosun adopts a statement of representatives of the Workers' Party of Chosun on the issue of Vietnam, pledging support for the struggle of the people of Vietnam. </p> <p>          <strong>December 3,</strong> ROK Marines 2nd Brigade soldiers enter Bình Hòa, Bình Sơn District, Quảng Ngãi Province. For four days until December 6th, they kill about 430 residents.  </p> <p>          <strong>December 10,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren, spreads "Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers" in front of Yokosuka Base.  </p> <p><strong>1967 March 27,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications sergeant at the South Korean Army's No. 1 Mobile Surgical Hospital, appears on North Korea's Pyongyang Anti-South Korea Broadcasting Station, six months after disappearing from Saigon.</p> <p>          <strong>April 4,</strong> Kim Jin-soo, a Korean-American soldier deserts his Japanese base upon reading Beheiren’s leaflets. Enters the Cuban Embassy and applies for asylum.  </p> <p>     <strong>     May 3,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats political opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and is elected president of South Korea.  </p> <p>          <strong>September 3, </strong>President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ enter South Vietnam's constitutional assembly election.  </p> <p>      <strong>    October 9,</strong> Che Guevara, shot dead by a Bolivian sergeant in Chaco, Bolivia.</p> <p>          <strong>November 11,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren smuggles four soldiers who escaped from the U.S. aircraft carrier, Intrepid, to Sweden.  </p> <p>          <strong>December 22,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade begins relocating from Hoi An to Chu Lai.</p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg" width="640" height="432"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>1968 January 20,</strong> Some platoon members of the 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps stormed the village of Thuy bo, Điện Bàn District, killing 145 villagers.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 21,</strong> 31 North Korean special forces members, fail in their attempt to raid the presidential office of the Blue House. (28-29 North Korean special forces members are killed, and 30 ROK soldiers and civilians lose their lives. Kim Shin-jo arrested)  </p> <p>         <strong> January 21,</strong> Japan's Beheiren holds a demonstration urging U.S. soldiers to desert the military in front of the U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, which arrived at Sasebo Port.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 23,</strong> USS Pueblo is abducted by a North Korean navy vessel in the east coast of the Korean peninsula. U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, holds a show of force in front of the Wonsan Port.  </p> <p>          <strong>January 26,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean deserter who was held in Japan's Omura camp, heads to North Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>January 30,</strong> North Vietnam and the Viet Cong wage the Tet Offensive (The General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than) throughout all of South Vietnam.</p> <p>          <strong>January 30,</strong> The 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps completes relocating to Hoi an and begin Operation Monster Dragon #1 in a counterattack to the Tet Offensive.   </p> <p>          <strong>February 1,</strong> Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security, holds a summary execution of the Viet Cong in the streets of Saigon.  </p> <p>          <strong>February 1,</strong> A groundbreaking ceremony for the Seoul-Suwon section of Korea's Gyeongbu Expressway.</p> <p>        <strong>  February 7,</strong> ROK's Defense Ministry Announces Retention of All Soldiers.</p> <p> <strong>         February 11,</strong> U.S. President Johnson's Special Envoy Cyrus Vance arrives in Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>February 12,</strong> President Park Chung-hee in his interview with the Washington Post urges U.S. military action against North Korea.</p> <p>          <strong>February 12,</strong> The first company of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enters the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, leaving 74 civilians dead.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxqwqq0hZTw/XYTJWRnngeI/AAAAAAAABKY/8FEDwFSY7E4D9rpKrsaUcmeAFF9fjsIjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EB%258B%25B9%25EC%259D%25BC1.jpg" width="640" height="426"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg" width="640" height="432"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>          <strong>February 13,</strong> The residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất lead a demonstration in response to the shootings by laying the corpses along the Number one national highway.   </p> <p>          <strong>February 15,</strong> ROK and the U.S. issue a joint statement that they would consult each other to respond immediately to North Korea's provocations.</p> <p>          <strong>February 22,</strong> members of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enter the Hà My village, Điện Bàn District, leaving 138 civilians dead.   </p> <p>          <strong>February,</strong> JATEC (Japan Technical Committee for assistance to Anti -War Deserters), an unofficial secret organization in Beheiren, Japan, is formed.  </p> <p>          <strong>March 16,</strong>  Mỹ Lai massacre incited by U.S. soldiers in the Sơn Mỹ Village, Sơn Tịnh District, Quảng Ngãi Province, resulting in 504 civilian victims.  </p> <p> <strong>        March 31,</strong> U.S. President Johnson, declares partial suspension of aerial attacks on North Vietnam and renounces presidential candidacy.  </p> <p>          <strong>April 1,</strong> Establishment of the ROK Reserve Forces.</p> <p>          <strong>April 4,</strong> The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader of the American Civil Rights movement.  </p> <p>          <strong>April 22,</strong> Korean-American military deserter, Kim Jin-su, escapes to Sweden from Japan.   </p> <p>         <strong> April 27,</strong> The unveiling ceremony of the statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Sejong-ro, Seoul.</p> <p>          <strong>April 29,</strong> U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland writes a letter requesting an explanation to ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident.  </p> <p>          <strong>May 2,</strong> Paris Nanterre University, students begin protesting against school issues, and later against the Vietnam War (later spreads to student movements in other countries around the world, including in Europe).  </p> <p>          <strong>May 5,</strong> Second Major offensive by the Viet Cong. Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security incurs serious injury.   </p> <p> <strong>         May,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade Military Police investigates officers and soldiers related to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident.  </p> <p>           <strong>May 13, </strong>U.S. and North Vietnam have their first Paris Conference.   </p> <p>           <strong>June 4,</strong> ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin responds to U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident, claiming that it was actually the Viet Cong camouflaged as ROK soldiers.  </p> <p>           <strong>June 6, </strong>the assassination of Robert Kennedy of the Democratic Party, a strong presidential candidate of the United States.</p> <p>           <strong>November 6,</strong> Richard Nixon (Republican) elected U.S. President.  </p> <p>           <strong>November 21,</strong> Implementation of the Korean resident registration card system and the abolition of municipal and provincial citizenship.</p> <p>           <strong>December 5,</strong> The Declaration of the Charter of National Education, which opens with "We were born on this land with the mission of national revival."  </p> <p>           <strong>December 9,</strong> Lee Seung-bok, a child from South Korea, dies. Killed by North Korean special forces infiltrating Uljin and Samcheok.  </p> <p><strong>1969 February</strong>, the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất submit a petition to the chairman of South Vietnam’s House of Representatives, a year after the incident.   </p> <p>            <strong>May 27,</strong> South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu visits South Korea and holds a summit meeting with President Park Chung-hee.</p> <p>            <strong>September 2,</strong> the death of Ho Chi Minh.</p> <p>            <strong>November 12,</strong> U.S. freelance reporter, Seymour M. Hersh becomes the first to cover the Mỹ Lai Massacre through the Washington Dispatch News Service.</p> <p>            <strong>November 17,</strong> The New York Times also covers the Mỹ Lai Massacre.</p> <p>            <strong>November 26,</strong> North Vietnamese representative at the Paris Peace Conference claims that 700 civilians were slaughtered by the ROK soldiers, mentioning Điện An, where Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất are located, as one of the areas affected.   </p> <p>            <strong>November, </strong>South Korean President Park Chung-hee orders a special investigation into the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. The Central Intelligence Agency summons officers and soldiers of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps for questioning.  </p> <p>            <strong>December 18,</strong> Col. Sam H. Sharp, the inspector general of the U.S. Army Command submits a confidential report to Major General Elias C. Townsend, Chief of Staff the alleged atrocities committed by the Korean military's Marine Corps, which includes the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case.  </p> <p><strong>1970 January 11,</strong> The U.S. State Department sends a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, instructing them to make sure that reports of atrocities involving Korean troops are never known to the media.  </p> <p>            <strong>February 24,</strong> U.S. Symington hearing commences investigation Korea.</p> <p>            <strong>December, </strong>Takahashi Taketomo from Japan’s JATEC helps two U.S. military deserters, including John Phillip Lowe, escape with forged passports.   </p> <p><strong>1971 April 27,</strong> Park Chung-hee becomes reelected president of South Korea, defeating opponent Kim Dae-jung.   </p> <p><strong>1972 February 29,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade completely returns to Korea.</p> <p> <strong>          October 27,</strong> The announcement of revision to the life-long presidential provision of the Yushin Constitution. President Park Chung-hee elected to the National Assembly of Unification (eighth election).</p> <p><strong>1973, January 28, </strong>Vietnam Armistice Agreement comes into effect.   </p> <p><strong>1975 April 30,</strong> unconditional surrender of the South Vietnamese government after North Vietnamese Army Tanks enter the Independence Palace Square in Saigon where the South Vietnamese presidential residence is located, marking the end of the Vietnam War.</p> <p><strong>1976 January 21,</strong> North and South Vietnam reunified under Socialist Republic of Vietnam.  </p> <p><strong>1978 July 6,</strong> South Korean President Park Chung-hee win presidential election at the National Assembly of Unification on July 6.  </p> <p><strong>1979 October 26, </strong>ROK President Park Chung-hee assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu, director of the Central Intelligence Agency.</p> <p><strong>           December 12,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan, the commander of the security forces in South Korea, seizes military power by arresting Army Chief of Staff Chung Seung-hwa, the martial law commander.</p> <p><strong>1980 May 18,</strong> nationwide expansion of martial law in Korea. Korea Airborne troops in Gwangju start beating and killing mercilessly. </p> <p>           <strong>November 1,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan wins the 11th presidential election of South Korea.   </p> <p><strong>1992, December 18,</strong> Kim Young-sam, a Democratic Liberal Party candidate, wins the 14th South Korean presidential election, leading to the first civilian government in Korea.  </p> <p><strong>1992, December 22, </strong>Korea-Vietnam diplomatic relations established.</p> <p><strong>1995, December,</strong> The Culture and Communications office in Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province investigates Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and publishes a collection of data.   </p> <p><strong>1997 December 18,</strong> Kim Dae-jung wins the 15th presidential election of South Korea.   </p> <p><strong>1999 September 2,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(273th Edition), An article by Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent, “Remember the unavenged souls of Vietnam,” covers the victims of ROK soldiers within five of the central provinces in Vietnam (becoming the first official coverage of civilian massacres from the Vietnam War).   </p> <p>            <strong>September 19,</strong> For the first time in Vietnamese mass media, the killing of civilians by ROK soldiers reported (Bình Hòa Massacre, Quảng Ngãi Province)  </p> <p>            <strong>October 28,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》 (280th edition), starts a campaign to raise money to help victims of the massacre in Vietnam. Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent reports for the first time, the testimonies of victims from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p><strong>2000 January 11,</strong> For the first time, Reuters, Newsweek etc. reports on the massacre of civilians by the ROK soldiers in the Vietnam War.   </p> <p>            <strong>January 28,</strong> The launch of a task force in South Korea to investigate the massacre of civilians in Vietnam, later renamed “the Vietnam War Truth Commission”  </p> <p>            <strong>January 29,</strong> The launching ceremony of "Vietnam Medical Project for Reconciliation and Peace" with members of the Dentistry Society for Health Society in Korea.  </p> <p> <strong> April 7, </strong>American Friends Service Committee along with 24 human rights groups around the world, urge President Kim Dae-jung to issue a public apology and compensate for the civilian massacre in Vietnam through a newspaper advertisement in a Korean daily newspaper〈The Hankyoreh〉  </p> <p>            <strong>May 4,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(306th edition) covers “Investigation of the Central Intelligence Agency: officers involved in the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident”   </p> <p>             <strong>June 27,</strong> More than 2,000 Korean veterans of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, attacked the Hankyoreh newspaper for defamation, destroying property and causing violent acts. Four members of the group arrested (released thereafter on probation). The official loss of the Hankyoreh newspaper was 70 million won.  </p> <p>             <strong>November 23,</strong>《Hankyoreh 21》(334th edition), covers the declassified U.S. documents on Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p><strong>2001 May 3,</strong> 《Hankyoreh 21》(356th edition) covers the people whose corpses are pictured in photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p> <p>            <strong>August 28,</strong> Korean President Kim Dae-jung apologizes to Vietnamese President, Trần Đức Lương, promising to help build hospitals and schools in areas that were affected by civilian massacres.   </p> <p>            <strong>August 24,</strong> South Korea's Grand National Party Representative, Park Geun-hye, criticized Kim Dae-jung on her website, writing that his act of apologizing to Vietnam is akin to the 16 states of head whose countries participated in the Korean War apologizing to Kim Jung-il.   </p> <p><strong>2003 January 21,</strong> The completion of the "Korea-Vietnam Peace Park" in Phú Yên Province, Tuy Hòa (funds raised independently by《Hankyoreh 21》)  </p> <p><strong>2004 August, </strong>Vietnam’s Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất  Victims' Memorial Monument (Civic group "Me and We" members raise funds and also participate in the construction of the building themselves along with the villagers)  </p> <p><strong>2012 December 19, </strong>Saenuri Party candidate Park Geun-hye elected South Korean president (18th election).  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--r5fG7Dg9Yo/XYS2wzCk1gI/AAAAAAAABJw/eGAM2yNpo0gSngRpslJwwrEPJBuV-wGHwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%259D%2591%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%2598%258C%25EC%25A0%2584%2B%25EC%25A7%2591%25282017.2.5%2529.jpg" width="640" height="427"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><strong>2015 March 30, </strong>Two survivors of the Vietnam War massacres make their first visit to South Korea. Nguyễn Thị Thanh from Phong Nhị and Nguyễn Tấn Lân from An Vinh village (Điện Bàn). Members of war organizations, such as the Korean Association for the Vietnam War Veterans, and the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, came out to every site the two Vietnamese visit to protest in their military uniforms.   </p> <p><strong>2016 September 9,</strong> Record Exhibition of <em>The Story of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất</em> by Koh Kyung-tae, held at Gallery Art Link in Seoul. Exhibitions in Busan, Jeju, Gwangju, and Cheongju followed suit.  </p> <p>            <strong>September 19,</strong> The inaugural assembly of the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation. Bishop Kang Woo-il, appointed as the first chairman of the committee, and Koo Soo-jung, the Standing Director.  </p> <p> <strong>          October,</strong> all over South Korea candlelight vigils take place demanding Choi Soon-sil’s denouncement of state affairs and Park Geun-hye’s resignation from presidency.  </p> <p><strong>2017 March 10, </strong>The Korean Constitutional Court unanimously cites the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, which was the first time in Korea’s constitutional history.  </p> <p>            <strong>April 26, </strong>the unveiling ceremony of the Pietà statue, which depicts a mother's pain during the massacre of civilians during the Vietnam War, at Saint Francisco Peace Center in Gangjeong Village, Jeju Island.  </p> <p>           <strong>May 9,</strong> Democratic Party of Korea candidate, Moon Jae-in is elected president in the 19th election.  </p> <p>           <strong>August 2, </strong>the Vietnam War TF, a lawyers association for democratic society, requests that the NIS (formerly the Central Intelligence Agency) disclose the list of documents from 1969 which covers the investigation Choi Young-on, Lee Sang-woo and Kim Ki-dong, veterans of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. Fourteen days later, the agency responds with its decision for nondisclosure so an administrative litigation is currently underway.  </p> <p><strong>2018 March 23,</strong> Moon Jae-in Korean president, in his summit meeting with Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam, announces,"deep regret regarding the unfortunate history between the two countries that remains in our memories.” It is reported that he considered issuing an apology, specifically for the massacre of civilians by South Korean army, but the decision was tabled.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l5BTJbd3kOA/XYTLhwbg46I/AAAAAAAABKw/DEOhuAsdO7orCDrY0Booc8n5TC9xnHUkACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/%25EC%258B%259C%25EB%25AF%25BC%25ED%258F%2589%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B2%2595%25EC%25A0%259511.jpg" width="1600" height="646"/></p> <p>         </p> <p>             <strong>April 21,</strong> “People’s Tribunal on War Crimes by South Korean Troops during the Vietnam War” hosted by Lawyers for a Democratic Society and the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation among others. Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh were plaintiffs and the Republic of Korea was the defendant responsible for the civilian massacre of its military. Former Supreme Court Justice Kim Young-ran, who was in charge of the trial, officially admits the responsibility of the Republic of Korea and recommends that the truth be discovered about illegal activities in the Vietnam War.  </p> <p><strong>2019 April 1,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh visit Korea and are granted the 4.3 Jeju Peace Prize Special Award.  </p> <p>        <strong>   April 4,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh express their position on investigating the truth, issuing an official apology, and restoring the dignity and honor of the victims, through a petition signed by 103 victims of massacre from 17 villages in Vietnam, and directly submit it to the Blue House in Jongro-gu, Seoul.   </p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><br></p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names">Chapter 35.  The Monument bearing the 74 names</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh">Chapter 34.  Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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permlink	36-chronological-table-february-12-1968-south-korea-and-the-world
title	36. Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World
Transaction Info	Block #36587111/Trx 7d00807c46feaf350ae5b8807421d06c3fbcc914

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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_36:&nbsp; &nbsp;Chronological Table _February 12, 1968, South Korea, and the World &nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R54rGyeOvXY/XYS2zuVxMgI/AAAAAAAABJ0/LmCVwIwdMIYmiasMWYN5eVU0u-6GXxe4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25ED%258C%258C%25EB%25B3%2591%25EC%2584%25A0.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>1960</strong> &nbsp;A banyan tree is planted in Phong Nhị Điện Bàn District (present day, Điện Bàn City) Quang Nam Province. In December, the National Liberation Front or the Viet Cong is formed, and North Vietnamese government announces its support for it. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1961 &nbsp;May 16th,</strong> Military coup d'état by Army Major General Park Chung-hee.</p>\n<p><strong>1963 October 15,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and becomes president.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 2,</strong> South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is murdered. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1964 May 9, U.S.</strong> government appeals to 25 countries, including South Korea, for military and economic support for South Vietnam. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 4,</strong> U.S. claims that A North Vietnamese torpedo attacked the U.S destroyer Maddox, and bombs a North Vietnamese naval torpedo base and crude oil storage. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 7,</strong> U.S. Congress delegates all authority related to the Vietnam War to President Johnson.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 11,</strong> The first batch of South Korean troops dispatched to South Vietnam (140 soldiers, including military doctors at the first mobile surgery hospital, arriving in Saigon on the 22nd) &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1965 February 7,</strong> U.S. begins air raids on North Vietnam. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 24,</strong> The founding of Beheiren, an anti-war peace group in Japan.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 21,</strong> South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ requests dispatch of South Korean combat troops. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>July 3,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee of the Busan Military Academy in South Korea goes AWOL ahead of his dispatch to Vietnam. A month later smuggles himself into Japan. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 13,</strong> South Korea's ruling party (the Republican Party) passes a bill to send troops to Vietnam.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 3,</strong> The second batch of South Korean troops dispatched to Vietnam. The 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps (the Blue Dragon Unit), becomes the first combat unit to land in Cam Ranh Bay on the 9th. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 13,</strong> South Korea's Capital Mechanized Infantry Division, also known as Fierce Tiger Division, dispatch to South Vietnam (lands in Qui Nhơn on the 25th) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 16</strong>, ROK’s 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps relocates to Tuy Hòa. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1966 &nbsp;From January 23 to February 26,</strong> three Korean Capital Mechanized Infantry Divisions entered Vinh an, Binh Dinh Province, from a total of 15 points. A total of 1004 people were killed. In particular, 380 people died in an hour in the village of Go Day on February 26. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>March 7,</strong> U.S. Ambassador to Korea Winthrop Brown promises 14 compensation measures in exchange for South Korea's additional troop dispatch to Vietnam (in what was known as the Brown Memorandum). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 18,</strong> ROK Army Marine Corps 2nd Brigade heads to Chu Lai.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 27,</strong> ROK 9th Infantry Division (the White Horse Unit) dispatched (arrive &nbsp;in Nha Trang on Sept. 5)</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Sept. 9,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications soldier at South Korea's No. 1 Mobile &nbsp;Surgical Hospital, who was dispatched to South Vietnam, goes missing in &nbsp;Saigon. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 12,</strong> North Korea's ruling Workers' Party of Chosun adopts a statement of representatives of the Workers' Party of Chosun on the issue of Vietnam, pledging support for the struggle of the people of Vietnam.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 3,</strong> ROK Marines 2nd Brigade soldiers enter Bình Hòa, Bình Sơn District, Quảng Ngãi Province. For four days until December 6th, they kill about 430 residents. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 10,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren, spreads \"Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers\" in front of Yokosuka Base. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1967 March 27,</strong> Ahn Hak-soo, a communications sergeant at the South Korean Army's No. 1 Mobile Surgical Hospital, appears on North Korea's Pyongyang Anti-South Korea Broadcasting Station, six months after disappearing from Saigon.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 4,</strong> Kim Jin-soo, a Korean-American soldier deserts his Japanese base upon reading Beheiren’s leaflets. Enters the Cuban Embassy and applies for asylum. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May 3,</strong> Park Chung-hee defeats political opponent, Yoon Bo-sun and is elected president of South Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 3, </strong>President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Vice President Nguyễn Cao Kỳ enter South Vietnam's constitutional assembly election. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October 9,</strong> Che Guevara, shot dead by a Bolivian sergeant in Chaco, Bolivia.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 11,</strong> Japan’s Beheiren smuggles four soldiers who escaped from the U.S. aircraft carrier, Intrepid, to Sweden. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 22,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade begins relocating from Hoi An to Chu Lai.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>1968 January 20,</strong> Some platoon members of the 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps stormed the village of Thuy bo, Điện Bàn District, killing 145 villagers. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 21,</strong> 31 North Korean special forces members, fail in their attempt to raid the presidential office of the Blue House. (28-29 North Korean special forces members are killed, and 30 ROK soldiers and civilians lose their lives. Kim Shin-jo arrested) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;January 21,</strong> Japan's Beheiren holds a demonstration urging U.S. soldiers to desert the military in front of the U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, which arrived at Sasebo Port. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 23,</strong> USS Pueblo is abducted by a North Korean navy vessel in the east coast of the Korean peninsula. U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise, holds a show of force in front of the Wonsan Port. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 26,</strong> Sergeant Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean deserter who was held in Japan's Omura camp, heads to North Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 30,</strong> North Vietnam and the Viet Cong wage the Tet Offensive (The General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than) throughout all of South Vietnam.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 30,</strong> The 2nd Brigade of the ROK Marine Corps completes relocating to Hoi an and begin Operation Monster Dragon #1 in a counterattack to the Tet Offensive. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 1,</strong> Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security, holds a summary execution of the Viet Cong in the streets of Saigon. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 1,</strong> A groundbreaking ceremony for the Seoul-Suwon section of Korea's Gyeongbu Expressway.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;February 7,</strong> ROK's Defense Ministry Announces Retention of All Soldiers.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;February 11,</strong> U.S. President Johnson's Special Envoy Cyrus Vance arrives in Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 12,</strong> President Park Chung-hee in his interview with the Washington Post urges U.S. military action against North Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 12,</strong> The first company of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enters the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, leaving 74 civilians dead. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxqwqq0hZTw/XYTJWRnngeI/AAAAAAAABKY/8FEDwFSY7E4D9rpKrsaUcmeAFF9fjsIjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EB%258B%25B9%25EC%259D%25BC1.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hVsplNPoqDE/XYTKB4WX9iI/AAAAAAAABKk/m9C2Gkb9N5UBmsFyC7wGxyV5to7yj1g1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/1%25EC%25A4%2591%25EB%258C%2580.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"432\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 13,</strong> The residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất lead a demonstration in response to the shootings by laying the corpses along the Number one national highway. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 15,</strong> ROK and the U.S. issue a joint statement that they would consult each other to respond immediately to North Korea's provocations.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 22,</strong> members of the ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade enter the Hà My village, Điện Bàn District, leaving 138 civilians dead. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February,</strong> JATEC (Japan Technical Committee for assistance to Anti -War Deserters), an unofficial secret organization in Beheiren, Japan, is formed. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>March 16,</strong> &nbsp;Mỹ Lai massacre incited by U.S. soldiers in the Sơn Mỹ Village, Sơn Tịnh District, Quảng Ngãi Province, resulting in 504 civilian victims. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;March 31,</strong> U.S. President Johnson, declares partial suspension of aerial attacks on North Vietnam and renounces presidential candidacy. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 1,</strong> Establishment of the ROK Reserve Forces.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 4,</strong> The assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., the leader of the American Civil Rights movement. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 22,</strong> Korean-American military deserter, Kim Jin-su, escapes to Sweden from Japan. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;April 27,</strong> The unveiling ceremony of the statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Sejong-ro, Seoul.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 29,</strong> U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland writes a letter requesting an explanation to ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 2,</strong> Paris Nanterre University, students begin protesting against school issues, and later against the Vietnam War (later spreads to student movements in other countries around the world, including in Europe). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 5,</strong> Second Major offensive by the Viet Cong. Major General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, South Vietnam's chief of security incurs serious injury. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;May,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade Military Police investigates officers and soldiers related to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 13, </strong>U.S. and North Vietnam have their first Paris Conference. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 4,</strong> ROK Army Commander in Vietnam, Chae Myung-shin responds to U.S. Army Commander in Vietnam, Westmoreland regarding the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident, claiming that it was actually the Viet Cong camouflaged as ROK soldiers. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 6, </strong>the assassination of Robert Kennedy of the Democratic Party, a strong presidential candidate of the United States.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 6,</strong> Richard Nixon (Republican) elected U.S. President. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 21,</strong> Implementation of the Korean resident registration card system and the abolition of municipal and provincial citizenship.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 5,</strong> The Declaration of the Charter of National Education, which opens with \"We were born on this land with the mission of national revival.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 9,</strong> Lee Seung-bok, a child from South Korea, dies. Killed by North Korean special forces infiltrating Uljin and Samcheok. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1969 February</strong>, the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất submit a petition to the chairman of South Vietnam’s House of Representatives, a year after the incident. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 27,</strong> South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu visits South Korea and holds a summit meeting with President Park Chung-hee.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 2,</strong> the death of Ho Chi Minh.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 12,</strong> U.S. freelance reporter, Seymour M. Hersh becomes the first to cover the Mỹ Lai Massacre through the Washington Dispatch News Service.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 17,</strong> The New York Times also covers the Mỹ Lai Massacre.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 26,</strong> North Vietnamese representative at the Paris Peace Conference claims that 700 civilians were slaughtered by the ROK soldiers, mentioning Điện An, where Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất are located, as one of the areas affected. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November, </strong>South Korean President Park Chung-hee orders a special investigation into the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. The Central Intelligence Agency summons officers and soldiers of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps for questioning. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December 18,</strong> Col. Sam H. Sharp, the inspector general of the U.S. Army Command submits a confidential report to Major General Elias C. Townsend, Chief of Staff the alleged atrocities committed by the Korean military's Marine Corps, which includes the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1970 January 11,</strong> The U.S. State Department sends a telegram to the U.S. Embassy in Seoul, instructing them to make sure that reports of atrocities involving Korean troops are never known to the media. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>February 24,</strong> U.S. Symington hearing commences investigation Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>December, </strong>Takahashi Taketomo from Japan’s JATEC helps two U.S. military deserters, including John Phillip Lowe, escape with forged passports. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1971 April 27,</strong> Park Chung-hee becomes reelected president of South Korea, defeating opponent Kim Dae-jung. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1972 February 29,</strong> ROK Marine Corps 2nd Brigade completely returns to Korea.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October 27,</strong> The announcement of revision to the life-long presidential provision of the Yushin Constitution. President Park Chung-hee elected to the National Assembly of Unification (eighth election).</p>\n<p><strong>1973, January 28, </strong>Vietnam Armistice Agreement comes into effect. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1975 April 30,</strong> unconditional surrender of the South Vietnamese government after North Vietnamese Army Tanks enter the Independence Palace Square in Saigon where the South Vietnamese presidential residence is located, marking the end of the Vietnam War.</p>\n<p><strong>1976 January 21,</strong> North and South Vietnam reunified under Socialist Republic of Vietnam. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1978 July 6,</strong> South Korean President Park Chung-hee win presidential election at the National Assembly of Unification on July 6. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1979 October 26, </strong>ROK President Park Chung-hee assassinated by Kim Jae-kyu, director of the Central Intelligence Agency.</p>\n<p><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;December 12,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan, the commander of the security forces in South Korea, seizes military power by arresting Army Chief of Staff Chung Seung-hwa, the martial law commander.</p>\n<p><strong>1980 May 18,</strong> nationwide expansion of martial law in Korea. Korea Airborne troops in Gwangju start beating and killing mercilessly.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 1,</strong> Chun Doo-hwan wins the 11th presidential election of South Korea. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1992, December 18,</strong> Kim Young-sam, a Democratic Liberal Party candidate, wins the 14th South Korean presidential election, leading to the first civilian government in Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1992, December 22, </strong>Korea-Vietnam diplomatic relations established.</p>\n<p><strong>1995, December,</strong> The Culture and Communications office in Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province investigates Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and publishes a collection of data. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1997 December 18,</strong> Kim Dae-jung wins the 15th presidential election of South Korea. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>1999 September 2,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(273th Edition), An article by Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent, “Remember the unavenged souls of Vietnam,” covers the victims of ROK soldiers within five of the central provinces in Vietnam (becoming the first official coverage of civilian massacres from the Vietnam War). &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 19,</strong> For the first time in Vietnamese mass media, the killing of civilians by ROK soldiers reported (Bình Hòa Massacre, Quảng Ngãi Province) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>October 28,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》 (280th edition), starts a campaign to raise money to help victims of the massacre in Vietnam. Koo Soo-jung, Ho Chi Minh correspondent reports for the first time, the testimonies of victims from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p><strong>2000 January 11,</strong> For the first time, Reuters, Newsweek etc. reports on the massacre of civilians by the ROK soldiers in the Vietnam War. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 28,</strong> The launch of a task force in South Korea to investigate the massacre of civilians in Vietnam, later renamed “the Vietnam War Truth Commission” &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>January 29,</strong> The launching ceremony of \"Vietnam Medical Project for Reconciliation and Peace\" with members of the Dentistry Society for Health Society in Korea. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;April 7, </strong>American Friends Service Committee along with 24 human rights groups around the world, urge President Kim Dae-jung to issue a public apology and compensate for the civilian massacre in Vietnam through a newspaper advertisement in a Korean daily newspaper〈The Hankyoreh〉 &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 4,</strong> South Korean Current Affairs Magazine 《Hankyoreh 21》(306th edition) covers “Investigation of the Central Intelligence Agency: officers involved in the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident” &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>June 27,</strong> More than 2,000 Korean veterans of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, attacked the Hankyoreh newspaper for defamation, destroying property and causing violent acts. Four members of the group arrested (released thereafter on probation). The official loss of the Hankyoreh newspaper was 70 million won. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>November 23,</strong>《Hankyoreh 21》(334th edition), covers the declassified U.S. documents on Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p><strong>2001 May 3,</strong> 《Hankyoreh 21》(356th edition) covers the people whose corpses are pictured in photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 28,</strong> Korean President Kim Dae-jung apologizes to Vietnamese President, Trần Đức Lương, promising to help build hospitals and schools in areas that were affected by civilian massacres. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 24,</strong> South Korea's Grand National Party Representative, Park Geun-hye, criticized Kim Dae-jung on her website, writing that his act of apologizing to Vietnam is akin to the 16 states of head whose countries participated in the Korean War apologizing to Kim Jung-il. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2003 January 21,</strong> The completion of the \"Korea-Vietnam Peace Park\" in Phú Yên Province, Tuy Hòa (funds raised independently by《Hankyoreh 21》) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2004 August, </strong>Vietnam’s Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất &nbsp;Victims' Memorial Monument (Civic group \"Me and We\" members raise funds and also participate in the construction of the building themselves along with the villagers) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2012 December 19, </strong>Saenuri Party candidate Park Geun-hye elected South Korean president (18th election). &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--r5fG7Dg9Yo/XYS2wzCk1gI/AAAAAAAABJw/eGAM2yNpo0gSngRpslJwwrEPJBuV-wGHwCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%259D%2591%25EC%259A%25B0%25EC%2598%258C%25EC%25A0%2584%2B%25EC%25A7%2591%25282017.2.5%2529.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>2015 March 30, </strong>Two survivors of the Vietnam War massacres make their first visit to South Korea. Nguyễn Thị Thanh from Phong Nhị and Nguyễn Tấn Lân from An Vinh village (Điện Bàn). Members of war organizations, such as the Korean Association for the Vietnam War Veterans, and the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, came out to every site the two Vietnamese visit to protest in their military uniforms. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2016 September 9,</strong> Record Exhibition of <em>The Story of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất</em> by Koh Kyung-tae, held at Gallery Art Link in Seoul. Exhibitions in Busan, Jeju, Gwangju, and Cheongju followed suit. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>September 19,</strong> The inaugural assembly of the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation. Bishop Kang Woo-il, appointed as the first chairman of the committee, and Koo Soo-jung, the Standing Director. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October,</strong> all over South Korea candlelight vigils take place demanding Choi Soon-sil’s denouncement of state affairs and Park Geun-hye’s resignation from presidency. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2017 March 10, </strong>The Korean Constitutional Court unanimously cites the impeachment of Park Geun-hye, which was the first time in Korea’s constitutional history. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 26, </strong>the unveiling ceremony of the Pietà statue, which depicts a mother's pain during the massacre of civilians during the Vietnam War, at Saint Francisco Peace Center in Gangjeong Village, Jeju Island. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>May 9,</strong> Democratic Party of Korea candidate, Moon Jae-in is elected president in the 19th election. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>August 2, </strong>the Vietnam War TF, a lawyers association for democratic society, requests that the NIS (formerly the Central Intelligence Agency) disclose the list of documents from 1969 which covers the investigation Choi Young-on, Lee Sang-woo and Kim Ki-dong, veterans of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất case. Fourteen days later, the agency responds with its decision for nondisclosure so an administrative litigation is currently underway. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2018 March 23,</strong> Moon Jae-in Korean president, in his summit meeting with Trần Đại Quang, President of Vietnam, announces,\"deep regret regarding the unfortunate history between the two countries that remains in our memories.” It is reported that he considered issuing an apology, specifically for the massacre of civilians by South Korean army, but the decision was tabled. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l5BTJbd3kOA/XYTLhwbg46I/AAAAAAAABKw/DEOhuAsdO7orCDrY0Booc8n5TC9xnHUkACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/%25EC%258B%259C%25EB%25AF%25BC%25ED%258F%2589%25ED%2599%2594%25EB%25B2%2595%25EC%25A0%259511.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"646\"/></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>April 21,</strong> “People’s Tribunal on War Crimes by South Korean Troops during the Vietnam War” hosted by Lawyers for a Democratic Society and the Korea-Vietnam Peace Foundation among others. Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh were plaintiffs and the Republic of Korea was the defendant responsible for the civilian massacre of its military. Former Supreme Court Justice Kim Young-ran, who was in charge of the trial, officially admits the responsibility of the Republic of Korea and recommends that the truth be discovered about illegal activities in the Vietnam War. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><strong>2019 April 1,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh visit Korea and are granted the 4.3 Jeju Peace Prize Special Award. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;April 4,</strong> Phong Nhị Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh and Hà My Village Survivor Nguyễn Thị Thanh express their position on investigating the truth, issuing an official apology, and restoring the dignity and honor of the victims, through a petition signed by 103 victims of massacre from 17 villages in Vietnam, and directly submit it to the Blue House in Jongro-gu, Seoul. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names\">Chapter 35. &nbsp;The Monument bearing the 74 names</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh\">Chapter 34.&nbsp; Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission\">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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knfitalyupvoted (50.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 15:34:03 UTC

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draxupvoted (17.10%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 07:20:24 UTC

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miti.blogupvoted (80.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 06:07:27 UTC

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mitiupvoted (10.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 05:58:51 UTC

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steemprotectupvoted (3.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:17:51 UTC

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midlet-createsupvoted (50.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:16:45 UTC

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soyrosaupvoted (50.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:16:42 UTC

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webdealsupvoted (1.00%) @humank / 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:13:21 UTC

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humankpublished a new post: 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:11:42 UTC

36,399,470|33a58a7

author	humank
body	@@ -22900,22 +22900,8 @@ /p%3E%0A -%3Cp%3E %3C/p%3E%0A %3Cul%3E @@ -23406,22 +23406,16 @@ .  -  Che Guev
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title	35. The Monument bearing the 74 names
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humankpublished a new post: 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:10:33 UTC

36,399,447|863a668

author	humank
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parent permlink	history
permlink	35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names
title	35. The Monument bearing the 74 names
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      "permlink": "35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names",
      "title": "35.  The Monument bearing the 74 names"
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  "timestamp": "2019-09-14T00:10:33",
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humankpublished a new post: 35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names

2019/09/14 00:09:21 UTC

36,399,423|7acdc45

author	humank
body	<html> <h1>  Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_35:   <strong>The Monument bearing the 74 names</strong> </h1> <p><br></p> <h2><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38242.html"> Click to read in Korean(2014년 그날, 향내 매캐한 그 곳)</a></h2> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BxDdYclPoMM/XXwpTdCUS_I/AAAAAAAABIU/DFEpjVOP9c8k8dgjWs_GSUIhNYzTl44egCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841.jpg" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote>  The Memorial Monument for the Victims of the Massacre next to the banyan tree at the entrance to Phong Nhị. Flowers sent by a South Korean civic group on February 12, 2014 stand by the monument.   <strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On February 12, I entered the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.  </p> <p>  It wasn’t on February 12, 1968. It was on February 12, 2014, 46 years after the incident. I started from Da Nang in a car. As I drove on the number one national highway southward toward Hoi An for about 40 minutes, the Điện An area of Điện Bàn, Quảng Nam came into view. A little later, in the middle of the rice paddy to my right, a large tree came into view. It was a banyan tree. This is where the incident began. The banyan tree is a landmark symbol of that day. I slowed down the car and turned right. I continued with the village to my right and facing westward toward the Trường Sơn mountains, just as the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps did forty-six years ago. It was barely wide enough for a single car to pass through. I narrowly escaped the motorcycles speeding by from the opposite direction. After about 50 meters, I saw a small vacant lot. I parked the car and began walking. It wasn’t like 46 years ago when the grass grew thick. It had become a cemented pavement. I could see the villages. The old houses were all transformed into modern-style homes.   </p> <p>  I arrived to Da Nang Airport from Incheon Airport three days ago. It was only in recent years that a direct flight to Da Nang was created, making it no longer necessary to fly through Ho Chi Minh or Hanoi, an indication that Da Nang is the third major city in Vietnam. I stayed at a hotel in Da Nang for a week and rented a car every day to go back and forth, day and night, to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất villages, which is about 40 minutes away. It was my fourth visit since 2000. This time, I deliberately chose early February, with a single objective: I wanted to see the ancestral rites. That day was February 12th based on the Gregorian calendar, and based on the lunar calendar, it was January 13th, which was one day before the incident. In Vietnam, ancestral rites are held one day before the actual day, based on the lunar calendar.   </p> <p>  Forty-six years ago, about 70 residents were found dead in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, after the South Korean troops visited. Including those who were seriously injured prior to dying, there were a total of 74. A total of more than 35 families were known to have been affected by the incident, and even in excluding those that relocated, there were still 20 families observing the ancestral rites in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất  on the same day. The villagers refer to it as the 'Đại Hàn rite.' I made a pilgrimage to four of the homes beginning at 9 a.m. My first destination was the home of old lady Nguyễn Thị Lượng. There is no family she lost as a result of the February 12 incident. But three years later, she married Lê Đình Đái (34) who on that day, lost his wife, Nguyễn Thị Thời (33). Even after her husband's death, Nguyễn Thị Lượng holds a rite for his former wife. It is a long-held belief among the Vietnamese that those who are respectful to the deceased will be blessed. Hà Phước Mậu (57), whom I met on an alleyway in Phong Nhất  during my visit in January 2013, said he still holds a memorial service and bows to the former owners of his home, with whom he has never met. The two former owners burned to death that day, their corpses becoming unrecognizable.   </p> <p>  Next, I visited the home of Lê Đình Mực (56), where I met his younger brother, Lê Đình Mận, who survived the incident being held in his mother’s arms. His mother, Hà Thị Diên(born in 1934), who was working in the field at the time, protected her infant son, even while she herself was shot to death. Lê Đình Mực and his older sister, Lê Thị Chừng(52), came with their children and prepared the ritual food while chattering boisterously. </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Danli3Io1xU/XXwpTmCTQbI/AAAAAAAABIY/XHed3unJPLIiDfTGOsnyVayNL5j-Nn6PQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25843.JPG" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote>  On the morning of February 12, 2014, Lê Đình Mận (left), who survived in the arms of his mother, Hà Thị Diên, and his older brother Lê Đình Mực are lighting an incense to commence the memorial service for their mother.   <strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  The third home I visited was that of the elderly Nguyễn Dân. His eldest daughter, Nguyễn Thị Thanh, (19, at the time of her death) had her breasts mutilated with a knife before being killed. It was one of the most brutal deaths. Gathered together were the children and grandchildren of Nguyễn Thị Thanh's sisters, Nguyen Thị Ba (63) and Nguyễn Thị Hoa (59), who were among the five remaining of the nine Nguyen siblings.   </p> <p>  Finally, I visited the home of Nguyễn Thị Thanh (54, the same name as the aforementioned Nguyễn Thị Thanh) who not only suffered serious injuries but also lost the most family members, including her mother, maternal aunt, older sister, younger brother and nephew.  Her older brother, Nguyễn Đức Sang(61), who miraculously survived along with Nguyễn Thị Thanh, despite suffering a fatal bullet wound, wasn’t able to attend because he was living in Ho Chi Minh. Their uncle, Nguyễn Đức Chơi (76) led the memorial service. The way each household led its memorial service was more or less the same. They would set up foods such as fruits, beer and pork in front of the altar, burn incense, invite the spirits of the dead, wave incense with their hands and bow three times. Then everyone would sit down to eat together. The more affluent homes would invite their neighbors to come and drink together. It was a both a day of mourning and a day of celebration.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YD_cM8dk3h0/XXwpTyOqboI/AAAAAAAABIc/Ewze7SbP9cUVZNAfR4C2giVAh4KZllOyACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25842.JPG" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote>  On the morning of February 12, 2014, the family of Nguyễn Dân (middle in front row) finished the so-called "Đại Hàn rite" and took a photograph to commemorate. The left of the front row is the second daughter, Nguyen Thị Ba (63), and the third daughter, Nguyễn Thị Hoa.  <strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_-qiODeMf_4/XXwpVnoj3wI/AAAAAAAABIg/_XblfhhgX5sAfI2bZGyxQEs2GPF5J-WLACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25844.JPG" width="427" height="640"/></p> <blockquote>  Nguyễn Dân is bowing to the spirits after setting up the ritual food.  <strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  The state did little to nothing to take care of those who passed away that day and the bereaved families. South Vietnam, whose duty it was to protect the residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất in 1968, vanished from existence on April 30, 1975, along with Saigon's defeat to the North Vietnamese army. Since then, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, born as a unified country, also has not actively taken care of the families of those victimized by the South Korean military. This was in stark contrast to the treatment of the so-called "patriotic martyrs"--those within the North Vietnamese Army or the Viet Cong who died during the war. There are 585 martyrs enumerated by the Điện An People's Committee alone, including in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, and there is a splendid large tower dedicated to them just across from the People's Committee building. The families of these martyrs are paid 1.5 million dongs (approximately 70,000 won) every month. Each New Year, they are given an additional 200,000 to 400,000 dongs. One of the bereaved families of the South Korean military victims openly expressed their feelings of alienation, saying, "How could the nation not even support us for a single incense for the memorial service?"  </p> <p>  On other days during the visit, I went to the homes of those who survived the incident to hear their testimonies. There were many from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất who had lost their parents that day and thereafter entered the mountains to become a Viet Cong or fight as a sniper. All of the interviews were conducted after obtaining advance permission from Vietnam's Quang Nam Province Friendship Association, a process that is characteristic of a socialist country. I carefully wrote an official letter in Vietnamese detailing my stay, purpose of the interviews, and interviewers, and submitted it 15 days before my arrival. Quang Nam Province Friendship Association directed its administrative offices at Điện Bàn and the Điện An People's Committee to cooperate in this coverage.   </p> <p>  The people's committee staff came on bicycles to guide me from the first day of my coverage. Although they mean to provide convenience by helping to locate an interviewee's home, their presence can sometimes feel like surveillance. I nevertheless decided to take it as an act of kindness. I even requested data, such as older photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, if there were any kept by the People's Committee. I hoped they would be photographs from the 1960s if possible. I told them I’m fine with any photograph, whether they pictures of the residents, or pictures of the people's committee staff. I asked Trần Quốc Toản(46), who is in charge of foreign activities within the People's Committee of Điện An whether this would be possible. After some thought he replied, "I have photographs from the 1960s," making me ecstatic. He asked me to wait a few days. A staff member with the key to the photograph storage was supposedly on leave because of a death in the family. All I could do was wait for the staff member to return to work.  </p> <p>  Finally, three days later, he returned to the office. Trần Quốc Toản handed me the photographs he had received from the employee. It was a ragged magazine that looked oddly familiar. As it turned out, it was a copy of the November 23, 2000 issue of the 《Hankyoreh 21》. Thirteen years and two months after its publication, the magazine looked as if it were 30 years old with its corners worn out and crumpled. I was at a loss for words. This was a copy that I myself had donated back in April of 2001.  </p> <p>  It was the second time I visited the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. At that time, I stayed for only one day. In 2000, I was able to acquire documents and photographs relating to the massacre of civilians in Vietnam from the U.S. National Archives, which were declassified for the first time in 32 years, and wrote a front-page story for the《Hankyoreh 21》 on November 23, 2000. The main stage for documents and photographs was the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. 《Hankyoreh 21》also dealt with Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất the most in the article. Five months later, in April 2001, I had gone to Vietnam with that issue of 《Hankyoreh 21》. At that time, I made a request to the Điện An People's Committee to gather the families and survivors of those killed on February 12, 1968. It was when the bodies in the photographs published in 《Hankyoreh 21》 remained unreported. I wanted to know their names. I wanted to find their brothers, sisters, mothers and fathers. The residents gathered in the yard of Nguyễn Xu, an elder of the village, thanks to the People's Committee’s broadcast to the village. They circled around the photographs and began matching names to the corpses, which in turn enabled me to write this book.  </p> <p>  In February of 2014, I returned the issue of 《Hankyoreh 21》 to the staff member of the People's Committee and asked if there were any other photographs, but he shook his head no. It was naive of me to hope for more, when the fact that there was a sourcebook on the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident was a blessing itself. It was a thin booklet produced in December 1995 by the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications, a senior administrative body of Điện An. During my visit in January 2013, I inquired here and there to locate and meet with the main character of the sourcebook. It was Lương Mỹ Linh(42) who worked for the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications.  </p> <p>  According to her, in 1995, the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications sent orders to the 20 wards in the prefecture, including Điện An, to report if they had any history or cultural relics that could be included. At that time, the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications supposedly tried to extensively investigate events from the French colonial period to the time of the Korean military presence, and display the artifacts in museums. At that time, Điện An reported incident of February 1968 in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. According to Lương Mỹ Linh’s memory, three wards were investigated: Điện An (which includes Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất),  Điện Thọ (which includes Thủy Bồ), and Điện Dương (which includes Hà My). Lương Mỹ Linh went down to Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and met survivors for two days to gather their testimonies. Her colleagues went to Thủy Bồ and Hà My. Thủy Bồ and Hà My were also victims of 1968, with the Thủy Bồ incident taking place on January 20, and the Hà My incident, February 22.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a> 145 people in Thủy Bồ and 138 people in Hà My were killed. Both locations suffered nearly double the number of victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất.  </p> <p>  The Thủy Bồ incident occurred during the Flying Dragon operation, in which the 2nd Brigade of the Korean Marine Corps was moving its base from Chu lai to Hoi An, and the Hà My incident was during the first operation of the Monster Dragon, which was a counterattack operation to the Tet Offensive that happened at the same time as the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. Along with that of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, the incidents of Thủy Bồ and Hà My are considered the three major incidents of the Vietnam War in the Điện Bàn District of Quang Nam Province.  </p> <p>  It is hardly conceivable that such a thing only happened in the Điện Bàn District. What happened in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất was not an unusual incident. According to Dr. Koo Soo-jung (former Hankyoreh 21 correspondent of Ho Chi Minh), who in 1999, first informed the Korean society of the Korean military's massacre of civilians in the Vietnam War between January 1968 and November 1969, more than 4,000 civilians were killed in districts throughout Quang Nam Province alone, including the Duy Xuyên District, the Quế Sơn District, and  the Thăng Bình District. This is just less than half of the 9,000 civilians who lost their lives in five central provinces (Quang nam, Quảng Ngãi, Binh Dinh, Phú Yên and Khanh Hoa) between 1965 and 1973, the entire period during which Korean combat troops were dispatched to Vietnam. Four thousand out of nine thousand, and seventy-four out of four thousand. Essentially, the 74 people who lost their lives in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất were merely the tip of the iceberg, as the trite phrase goes.  </p> <p>  At the memorial monument next to the banyan tree at the entrance to the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, one can see the names that comprise this "tip of the iceberg." From a 78-year-old man, who was born in 1890, to an infant born in 1968, each victim has his/her year of birth and hometown carved next to his/her name. A sign in front of the monument reads (in Vietnamese), “On February 12, 1968, 74 people were slaughtered by South Korean soldiers near the Banyan Tree in Điện An, Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province. The lunar New Year (the year of the rabbit) January 14." The memorial was completed in August 2004 by members of the South Korean civic group 'Me and We' through civic fundraising and in consultation with the Điện An People's Committee. About 10 members of "Me and We" built the road with shovels, along with members of a Vietnamese volunteer group in July of 2009.  </p> <p>  Consecutive coverage by《Hankyoreh 21》played a crucial part in raising the Korean people’s awareness of the areas affected. The first official report can be dated back to September 2, 1999. Ho Chi Minh Correspondent Koo Soo-jung made a feature of testimonies obtained by visiting five central provinces that were operating areas for South Korean troops in the summer of that year. The readers were shocked, as this was the first time they heard of such a story in the media. The same went for the several testimonies of the war veterans, which has continued since the spring of 2000. At that time, 《Hankyoreh 21》dedicated one to two pages every week for an entire year to publicize the incidents and to collect donation of funds. Many readers responded with great sympathy, but we were also met with a huge whirlwind of antipathy. More than 2,000 members of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, claiming that the honor of the veterans of the Vietnam War was damaged, raided the office building of the Hankyoreh newspaper in Seoul on June 27, 2000, causing an unprecedented disturbance. A blackmail phone call ensued, saying they would detonate the rotary press, which led to the commotion of a bomb-sniffing dog searching the area around the press.  </p> <p>  A year later at a summit meeting on August 23, 2001, President Kim Dae-jung expressed remorse to Vietnam’s head of state, Trần Đức Lương, for having participated in an unfortunate war. President Kim promised and thereafter implemented humanitarian aid aimed at building hospitals and schools for five provinces in central Vietnam. Amid this trend, the Committee for the Establishment of the Peace Museum, which started as the "Committee for Investigating the Truth on the Massacre of Civilians in the Vietnam War," was launched in 2003,and the "Citizens for Vietnam and Korea" was formed on Facebook (2012). Medics with Vietnam and Peace has been volunteering annually since 2000 in the regions impacted by the South Korean military. The massacres during the Vietnam War have become an important motif and a new human rights issue in Korea, a divided nation, stimulating and awakening the populace to the sentiment of peace. It has become a painful historical mirror that must be directly looked into before criticizing Japan as the perpetrator of imperial rule in the past.  </p> <p>  On the afternoon of February 12, 2014, ten flower arrangements were placed in front of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất memorial monument. They are all flowers from civic groups and schools in Korea. Various messages were written in Vietnamese on the ribbons on the arrangements. "We sincerely apologize for your sacrifice" (Medics with Vietnam and Peace). "May the spirits rest in peace" (Jeju Writers' Association). "We kneel down once again to apologize to the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. We are sorry" (Citizens for Vietnam and Korea). "We will remember the History of that Day!" (Roadschola) "We will fight for peace on this land, so that the deaths of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất  victims and their families’ suffering will not be in vain" (Peace Museum).  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UVxTTmBsn1s/XXwp_BWzLYI/AAAAAAAABI4/UVpim2mOmqofkd-7PDNCOQ7Y5EriwxANgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25846.jpg" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote>  After dark, a plane is flying over the memorial monument and the banyan tree next to it. Photograph taken on Feb. 12, 2014.   <strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  The sky was clear and blue over the monument. The wind came blowing. The bamboo pedestal supporting the condolence flowers was thin and weak. The flowers began falling down one by one. The people who visited the monument after a memorial service at their homes picked up the flowers and put them back on the pedestal. However, when they left, the flowers collapsed again. The flowers seemed to represent the deceased who belatedly received a glimmer of spotlight, but that which was nevertheless short-lived. The sun tilted west and the wind blew harder. The leaves of the banyan tree danced. When the darkness penetrated, the area around the banyan tree and the memorial monument without a street lamp became pitch black, with only the sound of an airplane flying over it.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> The relatively well-known civilian massacre of the Vietnam War is the Hà My incident, which took place on January 24 on the lunar calendar and February 22 on the Gregorian calendar. It has been thus far been incorrectly known to have taken place on Jan. 26 on the lunar calendar and Feb. 25 on the Gregorian calendar, apparently because of poor calculation of the lunar calendar when the Hà My incident was first investigated. The memorial monument in the Hà My village also says it was the 24th day of the first lunar month. 『Korean Warriors Dispatched in Vietnam 4-5』, published by the Ministry of National Defense, shows that a South Korean unit entered the Hà My village on Feb. 22, 1968."The engineering company (Captain, Major Eum Moo-ryang) while conducting road reconnaissance of the passing vehicles, found and dismantled two anti-tank mines on the road in Ha My Tay village at 7.30 and 7. 40, and again removed two anti-tank mines from the south at 08.30. On the same day, the squad, led by Lt. Gen. Lee Kwang-heung, went into hiding near the Hà My Tay village and found the enemy at 12.00, lured six of them to death with Cremore landmines and grenades, and acquired 249 bullets of live ammunition."    </p> <p><br></p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <p><br></p> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh">Chapter 34.   Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	35-the-monument-bearing-the-74-names
title	35. The Monument bearing the 74 names
Transaction Info	Block #36399423/Trx 7acdc4528b6d6087becebb1b65db246eb6ac17cd

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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_35:&nbsp; &nbsp;<strong>The Monument bearing the 74 names</strong>&nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38242.html\">&nbsp;Click to read in Korean(2014년 그날, 향내 매캐한 그 곳)</a></h2>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BxDdYclPoMM/XXwpTdCUS_I/AAAAAAAABIU/DFEpjVOP9c8k8dgjWs_GSUIhNYzTl44egCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;The Memorial Monument for the Victims of the Massacre next to the banyan tree at the entrance to Phong Nhị. Flowers sent by a South Korean civic group on February 12, 2014 stand by the monument. &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On February 12, I entered the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It wasn’t on February 12, 1968. It was on February 12, 2014, 46 years after the incident. I started from Da Nang in a car. As I drove on the number one national highway southward toward Hoi An for about 40 minutes, the Điện An area of Điện Bàn, Quảng Nam came into view. A little later, in the middle of the rice paddy to my right, a large tree came into view. It was a banyan tree. This is where the incident began. The banyan tree is a landmark symbol of that day. I slowed down the car and turned right. I continued with the village to my right and facing westward toward the Trường Sơn mountains, just as the 1st Battalion of the 2nd Brigade of the Marine Corps did forty-six years ago. It was barely wide enough for a single car to pass through. I narrowly escaped the motorcycles speeding by from the opposite direction. After about 50 meters, I saw a small vacant lot. I parked the car and began walking. It wasn’t like 46 years ago when the grass grew thick. It had become a cemented pavement. I could see the villages. The old houses were all transformed into modern-style homes. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;I arrived to Da Nang Airport from Incheon Airport three days ago. It was only in recent years that a direct flight to Da Nang was created, making it no longer necessary to fly through Ho Chi Minh or Hanoi, an indication that Da Nang is the third major city in Vietnam. I stayed at a hotel in Da Nang for a week and rented a car every day to go back and forth, day and night, to the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất villages, which is about 40 minutes away. It was my fourth visit since 2000. This time, I deliberately chose early February, with a single objective: I wanted to see the ancestral rites. That day was February 12th based on the Gregorian calendar, and based on the lunar calendar, it was January 13th, which was one day before the incident. In Vietnam, ancestral rites are held one day before the actual day, based on the lunar calendar. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Forty-six years ago, about 70 residents were found dead in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, after the South Korean troops visited. Including those who were seriously injured prior to dying, there were a total of 74. A total of more than 35 families were known to have been affected by the incident, and even in excluding those that relocated, there were still 20 families observing the ancestral rites in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất &nbsp;on the same day. The villagers refer to it as the 'Đại Hàn rite.' I made a pilgrimage to four of the homes beginning at 9 a.m. My first destination was the home of old lady Nguyễn Thị Lượng. There is no family she lost as a result of the February 12 incident. But three years later, she married Lê Đình Đái (34) who on that day, lost his wife, Nguyễn Thị Thời (33). Even after her husband's death, Nguyễn Thị Lượng holds a rite for his former wife. It is a long-held belief among the Vietnamese that those who are respectful to the deceased will be blessed. Hà Phước Mậu (57), whom I met on an alleyway in Phong Nhất &nbsp;during my visit in January 2013, said he still holds a memorial service and bows to the former owners of his home, with whom he has never met. The two former owners burned to death that day, their corpses becoming unrecognizable. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Next, I visited the home of Lê Đình Mực (56), where I met his younger brother, Lê Đình Mận, who survived the incident being held in his mother’s arms. His mother, Hà Thị Diên(born in 1934), who was working in the field at the time, protected her infant son, even while she herself was shot to death. Lê Đình Mực and his older sister, Lê Thị Chừng(52), came with their children and prepared the ritual food while chattering boisterously.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Danli3Io1xU/XXwpTmCTQbI/AAAAAAAABIY/XHed3unJPLIiDfTGOsnyVayNL5j-Nn6PQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25843.JPG\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;On the morning of February 12, 2014, Lê Đình Mận (left), who survived in the arms of his mother, Hà Thị Diên, and his older brother Lê Đình Mực are lighting an incense to commence the memorial service for their mother. &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The third home I visited was that of the elderly Nguyễn Dân. His eldest daughter, Nguyễn Thị Thanh, (19, at the time of her death) had her breasts mutilated with a knife before being killed. It was one of the most brutal deaths. Gathered together were the children and grandchildren of Nguyễn Thị Thanh's sisters, Nguyen Thị Ba (63) and Nguyễn Thị Hoa (59), who were among the five remaining of the nine Nguyen siblings. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Finally, I visited the home of Nguyễn Thị Thanh (54, the same name as the aforementioned Nguyễn Thị Thanh) who not only suffered serious injuries but also lost the most family members, including her mother, maternal aunt, older sister, younger brother and nephew. &nbsp;Her older brother, Nguyễn Đức Sang(61), who miraculously survived along with Nguyễn Thị Thanh, despite suffering a fatal bullet wound, wasn’t able to attend because he was living in Ho Chi Minh. Their uncle, Nguyễn Đức Chơi (76) led the memorial service. The way each household led its memorial service was more or less the same. They would set up foods such as fruits, beer and pork in front of the altar, burn incense, invite the spirits of the dead, wave incense with their hands and bow three times. Then everyone would sit down to eat together. The more affluent homes would invite their neighbors to come and drink together. It was a both a day of mourning and a day of celebration. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YD_cM8dk3h0/XXwpTyOqboI/AAAAAAAABIc/Ewze7SbP9cUVZNAfR4C2giVAh4KZllOyACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25842.JPG\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;On the morning of February 12, 2014, the family of Nguyễn Dân (middle in front row) finished the so-called \"Đại Hàn rite\" and took a photograph to commemorate. The left of the front row is the second daughter, Nguyen Thị Ba (63), and the third daughter, Nguyễn Thị Hoa. &nbsp;<strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_-qiODeMf_4/XXwpVnoj3wI/AAAAAAAABIg/_XblfhhgX5sAfI2bZGyxQEs2GPF5J-WLACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25844.JPG\" width=\"427\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Nguyễn Dân is bowing to the spirits after setting up the ritual food. &nbsp;<strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The state did little to nothing to take care of those who passed away that day and the bereaved families. South Vietnam, whose duty it was to protect the residents of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất in 1968, vanished from existence on April 30, 1975, along with Saigon's defeat to the North Vietnamese army. Since then, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, born as a unified country, also has not actively taken care of the families of those victimized by the South Korean military. This was in stark contrast to the treatment of the so-called \"patriotic martyrs\"--those within the North Vietnamese Army or the Viet Cong who died during the war. There are 585 martyrs enumerated by the Điện An People's Committee alone, including in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, and there is a splendid large tower dedicated to them just across from the People's Committee building. The families of these martyrs are paid 1.5 million dongs (approximately 70,000 won) every month. Each New Year, they are given an additional 200,000 to 400,000 dongs. One of the bereaved families of the South Korean military victims openly expressed their feelings of alienation, saying, \"How could the nation not even support us for a single incense for the memorial service?\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On other days during the visit, I went to the homes of those who survived the incident to hear their testimonies. There were many from Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất who had lost their parents that day and thereafter entered the mountains to become a Viet Cong or fight as a sniper. All of the interviews were conducted after obtaining advance permission from Vietnam's Quang Nam Province Friendship Association, a process that is characteristic of a socialist country. I carefully wrote an official letter in Vietnamese detailing my stay, purpose of the interviews, and interviewers, and submitted it 15 days before my arrival. Quang Nam Province Friendship Association directed its administrative offices at Điện Bàn and the Điện An People's Committee to cooperate in this coverage. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The people's committee staff came on bicycles to guide me from the first day of my coverage. Although they mean to provide convenience by helping to locate an interviewee's home, their presence can sometimes feel like surveillance. I nevertheless decided to take it as an act of kindness. I even requested data, such as older photographs of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, if there were any kept by the People's Committee. I hoped they would be photographs from the 1960s if possible. I told them I’m fine with any photograph, whether they pictures of the residents, or pictures of the people's committee staff. I asked Trần Quốc Toản(46), who is in charge of foreign activities within the People's Committee of Điện An whether this would be possible. After some thought he replied, \"I have photographs from the 1960s,\" making me ecstatic. He asked me to wait a few days. A staff member with the key to the photograph storage was supposedly on leave because of a death in the family. All I could do was wait for the staff member to return to work. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Finally, three days later, he returned to the office. Trần Quốc Toản handed me the photographs he had received from the employee. It was a ragged magazine that looked oddly familiar. As it turned out, it was a copy of the November 23, 2000 issue of the 《Hankyoreh 21》. Thirteen years and two months after its publication, the magazine looked as if it were 30 years old with its corners worn out and crumpled. I was at a loss for words. This was a copy that I myself had donated back in April of 2001. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It was the second time I visited the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. At that time, I stayed for only one day. In 2000, I was able to acquire documents and photographs relating to the massacre of civilians in Vietnam from the U.S. National Archives, which were declassified for the first time in 32 years, and wrote a front-page story for the《Hankyoreh 21》 on November 23, 2000. The main stage for documents and photographs was the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. 《Hankyoreh 21》also dealt with Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất the most in the article. Five months later, in April 2001, I had gone to Vietnam with that issue of 《Hankyoreh 21》. At that time, I made a request to the Điện An People's Committee to gather the families and survivors of those killed on February 12, 1968. It was when the bodies in the photographs published in 《Hankyoreh 21》 remained unreported. I wanted to know their names. I wanted to find their brothers, sisters, mothers and fathers. The residents gathered in the yard of Nguyễn Xu, an elder of the village, thanks to the People's Committee’s broadcast to the village. They circled around the photographs and began matching names to the corpses, which in turn enabled me to write this book. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In February of 2014, I returned the issue of 《Hankyoreh 21》 to the staff member of the People's Committee and asked if there were any other photographs, but he shook his head no. It was naive of me to hope for more, when the fact that there was a sourcebook on the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident was a blessing itself. It was a thin booklet produced in December 1995 by the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications, a senior administrative body of Điện An. During my visit in January 2013, I inquired here and there to locate and meet with the main character of the sourcebook. It was Lương Mỹ Linh(42) who worked for the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;According to her, in 1995, the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications sent orders to the 20 wards in the prefecture, including Điện An, to report if they had any history or cultural relics that could be included. At that time, the Điện Bàn District Office for Culture and Communications supposedly tried to extensively investigate events from the French colonial period to the time of the Korean military presence, and display the artifacts in museums. At that time, Điện An reported incident of February 1968 in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. According to Lương Mỹ Linh’s memory, three wards were investigated: Điện An (which includes Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất), &nbsp;Điện Thọ (which includes Thủy Bồ), and Điện Dương (which includes Hà My). Lương Mỹ Linh went down to Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất and met survivors for two days to gather their testimonies. Her colleagues went to Thủy Bồ and Hà My. Thủy Bồ and Hà My were also victims of 1968, with the Thủy Bồ incident taking place on January 20, and the Hà My incident, February 22.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a> 145 people in Thủy Bồ and 138 people in Hà My were killed. Both locations suffered nearly double the number of victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The Thủy Bồ incident occurred during the Flying Dragon operation, in which the 2nd Brigade of the Korean Marine Corps was moving its base from Chu lai to Hoi An, and the Hà My incident was during the first operation of the Monster Dragon, which was a counterattack operation to the Tet Offensive that happened at the same time as the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất incident. Along with that of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, the incidents of Thủy Bồ and Hà My are considered the three major incidents of the Vietnam War in the Điện Bàn District of Quang Nam Province. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It is hardly conceivable that such a thing only happened in the Điện Bàn District. What happened in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất was not an unusual incident. According to Dr. Koo Soo-jung (former Hankyoreh 21 correspondent of Ho Chi Minh), who in 1999, first informed the Korean society of the Korean military's massacre of civilians in the Vietnam War between January 1968 and November 1969, more than 4,000 civilians were killed in districts throughout Quang Nam Province alone, including the Duy Xuyên District, the Quế Sơn District, and &nbsp;the Thăng Bình District. This is just less than half of the 9,000 civilians who lost their lives in five central provinces (Quang nam, Quảng Ngãi, Binh Dinh, Phú Yên and Khanh Hoa) between 1965 and 1973, the entire period during which Korean combat troops were dispatched to Vietnam. Four thousand out of nine thousand, and seventy-four out of four thousand. Essentially, the 74 people who lost their lives in the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất were merely the tip of the iceberg, as the trite phrase goes. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;At the memorial monument next to the banyan tree at the entrance to the villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất, one can see the names that comprise this \"tip of the iceberg.\" From a 78-year-old man, who was born in 1890, to an infant born in 1968, each victim has his/her year of birth and hometown carved next to his/her name. A sign in front of the monument reads (in Vietnamese), “On February 12, 1968, 74 people were slaughtered by South Korean soldiers near the Banyan Tree in Điện An, Điện Bàn District, Quang Nam Province. The lunar New Year (the year of the rabbit) January 14.\" The memorial was completed in August 2004 by members of the South Korean civic group 'Me and We' through civic fundraising and in consultation with the Điện An People's Committee. About 10 members of \"Me and We\" built the road with shovels, along with members of a Vietnamese volunteer group in July of 2009. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Consecutive coverage by《Hankyoreh 21》played a crucial part in raising the Korean people’s awareness of the areas affected. The first official report can be dated back to September 2, 1999. Ho Chi Minh Correspondent Koo Soo-jung made a feature of testimonies obtained by visiting five central provinces that were operating areas for South Korean troops in the summer of that year. The readers were shocked, as this was the first time they heard of such a story in the media. The same went for the several testimonies of the war veterans, which has continued since the spring of 2000. At that time, 《Hankyoreh 21》dedicated one to two pages every week for an entire year to publicize the incidents and to collect donation of funds. Many readers responded with great sympathy, but we were also met with a huge whirlwind of antipathy. More than 2,000 members of the Association of Korean Veterans Disabled from Defoliant, claiming that the honor of the veterans of the Vietnam War was damaged, raided the office building of the Hankyoreh newspaper in Seoul on June 27, 2000, causing an unprecedented disturbance. A blackmail phone call ensued, saying they would detonate the rotary press, which led to the commotion of a bomb-sniffing dog searching the area around the press. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;A year later at a summit meeting on August 23, 2001, President Kim Dae-jung expressed remorse to Vietnam’s head of state, Trần Đức Lương, for having participated in an unfortunate war. President Kim promised and thereafter implemented humanitarian aid aimed at building hospitals and schools for five provinces in central Vietnam. Amid this trend, the Committee for the Establishment of the Peace Museum, which started as the \"Committee for Investigating the Truth on the Massacre of Civilians in the Vietnam War,\" was launched in 2003,and the \"Citizens for Vietnam and Korea\" was formed on Facebook (2012). Medics with Vietnam and Peace has been volunteering annually since 2000 in the regions impacted by the South Korean military. The massacres during the Vietnam War have become an important motif and a new human rights issue in Korea, a divided nation, stimulating and awakening the populace to the sentiment of peace. It has become a painful historical mirror that must be directly looked into before criticizing Japan as the perpetrator of imperial rule in the past. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On the afternoon of February 12, 2014, ten flower arrangements were placed in front of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất memorial monument. They are all flowers from civic groups and schools in Korea. Various messages were written in Vietnamese on the ribbons on the arrangements. \"We sincerely apologize for your sacrifice\" (Medics with Vietnam and Peace). \"May the spirits rest in peace\" (Jeju Writers' Association). \"We kneel down once again to apologize to the families of the victims of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. We are sorry\" (Citizens for Vietnam and Korea). \"We will remember the History of that Day!\" (Roadschola) \"We will fight for peace on this land, so that the deaths of the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất &nbsp;victims and their families’ suffering will not be in vain\" (Peace Museum). &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-UVxTTmBsn1s/XXwp_BWzLYI/AAAAAAAABI4/UVpim2mOmqofkd-7PDNCOQ7Y5EriwxANgCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25846.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;After dark, a plane is flying over the memorial monument and the banyan tree next to it. Photograph taken on Feb. 12, 2014. &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Photograph by Humank</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The sky was clear and blue over the monument. The wind came blowing. The bamboo pedestal supporting the condolence flowers was thin and weak. The flowers began falling down one by one. The people who visited the monument after a memorial service at their homes picked up the flowers and put them back on the pedestal. However, when they left, the flowers collapsed again. The flowers seemed to represent the deceased who belatedly received a glimmer of spotlight, but that which was nevertheless short-lived. The sun tilted west and the wind blew harder. The leaves of the banyan tree danced. When the darkness penetrated, the area around the banyan tree and the memorial monument without a street lamp became pitch black, with only the sound of an airplane flying over it. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> The relatively well-known civilian massacre of the Vietnam War is the Hà My incident, which took place on January 24 on the lunar calendar and February 22 on the Gregorian calendar. It has been thus far been incorrectly known to have taken place on Jan. 26 on the lunar calendar and Feb. 25 on the Gregorian calendar, apparently because of poor calculation of the lunar calendar when the Hà My incident was first investigated. The memorial monument in the Hà My village also says it was the 24th day of the first lunar month. 『Korean Warriors Dispatched in Vietnam 4-5』, published by the Ministry of National Defense, shows that a South Korean unit entered the Hà My village on Feb. 22, 1968.\"The engineering company (Captain, Major Eum Moo-ryang) while conducting road reconnaissance of the passing vehicles, found and dismantled two anti-tank mines on the road in Ha My Tay village at 7.30 and 7. 40, and again removed two anti-tank mines from the south at 08.30. On the same day, the squad, led by Lt. Gen. Lee Kwang-heung, went into hiding near the Hà My Tay village and found the enemy at 12.00, lured six of them to death with Cremore landmines and grenades, and acquired 249 bullets of live ammunition.\" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<p><br></p>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh\">Chapter 34.&nbsp; &nbsp;Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission\">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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humankreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @pepsi81 / 6dwgse-aaa

2019/09/13 01:32:39 UTC

36,372,355|virtual

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humankreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @pepsi81 / 4uy5xv-aaa

2019/09/12 13:30:57 UTC

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humankreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @pepsi81 / 3tnnhw-aaa

2019/09/12 08:31:57 UTC

36,351,988|virtual

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humankreceived 0.001 SP curation reward for @hyeongjoongyoon / 4nnbnk

2019/09/11 12:09:27 UTC

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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/08 23:40:12 UTC

36,255,372|219d86d

author	humank
body	@@ -27065,65 +27065,69 @@ http +s :// -h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html +steemit.com/history/@humank/xe-the-phantom-of-the-village %22%3ECh
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
Transaction Info	Block #36255372/Trx 219d86df6e36aacf735142e7d3f277c0d23dd135

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pepsi81upvoted (100.00%) @humank / 10

2019/09/08 06:48:57 UTC

36,235,222|e75a40e

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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/08 00:20:36 UTC

36,227,485|ffcee0a

author	humank
body	@@ -519,16 +519,24 @@ ckquote%3E +%3Cstrong%3E Che Guev @@ -549,16 +549,48 @@ 28~1967) +  %3C/strong%3EPhoto Wiki Media %3C/blockq @@ -4611,16 +4611,24 @@ p;  +%3Cstrong%3E Martin L @@ -4642,32 +4642,64 @@ ing(1929~1968)%3C/ +strong%3E  Photo Wiki Media%3C/ blockquote%3E%0A%3Cp%3E%3C @@ -9451,16 +9451,24 @@ ckquote%3E +%3Cstrong%3E Robert K @@ -9484,16 +9484,48 @@ 25~1968) +  %3C/strong%3EPhoto Wiki Media %3C/blockq @@ -14066,16 +14066,24 @@ ckquote%3E +%3Cstrong%3E Ho Chi M @@ -14096,16 +14096,48 @@ 90~1969) +  %3C/strong%3EPhoto Wiki Media %3C/blockq
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permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
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valuetainmentupvoted (100.00%) @humank / 10

2019/09/07 06:30:30 UTC

36,206,163|bd4eb73

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humankpublished a new post: 10

2019/09/07 02:37:24 UTC

36,201,519|d5a2fdd

author	humank
body	<html> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HRCZWOmEUN0/XU__BBOFsfI/AAAAAAAABBU/OAFJi5Gj9U0HZhmk97NZOWGfVCfYVQidgCLcBGAs/s1600/20190321_165153_2.jpg" width="1600" height="827"/></p> <p><br></p> <p> 2009년 나왔다.</p> <p>벌써 10년이 되었다. </p> <p><<유혹하는 에디터>>. </p> <p>1쇄를 2009년 9월 10일 인쇄했다고 나온다.</p> <p>발행일은 2009년 9월14일이다.</p> <p>5쇄까지 찍었는지, 6쇄까지 찍었는지 가물가물하다.</p> <p>내 인생 최초의 단독저서다.</p> <p>한겨레출판의 담당편집자는 김윤정이었다.</p> <p>김윤정은 책이 나오자마자 육아휴가를 떠났다.</p> <p>신문.잡지 광고는 김윤정의 선배 박상준이 만들었다.</p> <p>박상준은 현재 흑석동 자전거포의 사장이다.</p> <p>다음 광고는 좀 낯뜨겁다.</p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wa8wdh5Ig6U/XU__SuOLhmI/AAAAAAAABBc/g5PccfXBLT0JJs2g-sGi6Rhgv5jiz7_wgCLcBGAs/s1600/20190321_164940_2.jpg" width="1600" height="1195"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dXCpI8P2nZU/XXLrHwACUiI/AAAAAAAABGM/V8NK2XP0PrImDS_3mJ4JLPM6-NmF0w6DACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2598%25B9%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%2597%2590%25EB%2594%2594%25ED%2584%25B0_%25EA%25B4%2591%25EA%25B3%25A03.jpg" width="476" height="640"/></p> <p><br></p> <p>낯이 뜨거워서, 맨 위의 광고를 추가 만들었는지도 모른다.</p> <p>아무튼 벌써 10년이 지났다.</p> <p>10년 된 기념으로..</p> <p>아무튼....</p> <p><br></p> <p>커밍 쑨.</p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--kLssUtk3k8/XXMVn5sK0ZI/AAAAAAAABHQ/90gzYbu4gUctN-42k-9reQiSiJeoDu_IwCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2598%25B9%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%2597%2590%25EB%2594%2594%25ED%2584%25B0.jpg" width="398" height="640"/></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p> </p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	book
permlink	10
title	10년 전, 내 생애 첫 책
Transaction Info	Block #36201519/Trx d5a2fddaadccf137fec8810ad0d0c5ab4922fa53

View Raw JSON Data

{
  "block": 36201519,
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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HRCZWOmEUN0/XU__BBOFsfI/AAAAAAAABBU/OAFJi5Gj9U0HZhmk97NZOWGfVCfYVQidgCLcBGAs/s1600/20190321_165153_2.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"827\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;2009년 나왔다.</p>\n<p>벌써 10년이 되었다.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&lt;&lt;유혹하는 에디터&gt;&gt;.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>1쇄를 2009년 9월 10일 인쇄했다고 나온다.</p>\n<p>발행일은 2009년 9월14일이다.</p>\n<p>5쇄까지 찍었는지, 6쇄까지 찍었는지 가물가물하다.</p>\n<p>내 인생 최초의 단독저서다.</p>\n<p>한겨레출판의 담당편집자는 김윤정이었다.</p>\n<p>김윤정은 책이 나오자마자 육아휴가를 떠났다.</p>\n<p>신문.잡지 광고는 김윤정의 선배 박상준이 만들었다.</p>\n<p>박상준은 현재 흑석동 자전거포의 사장이다.</p>\n<p>다음 광고는 좀 낯뜨겁다.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wa8wdh5Ig6U/XU__SuOLhmI/AAAAAAAABBc/g5PccfXBLT0JJs2g-sGi6Rhgv5jiz7_wgCLcBGAs/s1600/20190321_164940_2.jpg\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1195\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dXCpI8P2nZU/XXLrHwACUiI/AAAAAAAABGM/V8NK2XP0PrImDS_3mJ4JLPM6-NmF0w6DACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2598%25B9%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%2597%2590%25EB%2594%2594%25ED%2584%25B0_%25EA%25B4%2591%25EA%25B3%25A03.jpg\" width=\"476\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>낯이 뜨거워서, 맨 위의 광고를 추가 만들었는지도 모른다.</p>\n<p>아무튼 벌써 10년이 지났다.</p>\n<p>10년 된 기념으로..</p>\n<p>아무튼....</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>커밍 쑨.</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--kLssUtk3k8/XXMVn5sK0ZI/AAAAAAAABHQ/90gzYbu4gUctN-42k-9reQiSiJeoDu_IwCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%2598%25B9%25ED%2595%2598%25EB%258A%2594%2B%25EC%2597%2590%25EB%2594%2594%25ED%2584%25B0.jpg\" width=\"398\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n</html>",
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humankupvoted (100.00%) @hyeongjoongyoon / 4nnbnk

2019/09/07 00:07:03 UTC

36,198,527|a0bf219

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Transaction Info	Block #36198527/Trx a0bf21942d61ebfd665c8eb2dce510a03f281dc1

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 3tnnhw-aaa

2019/09/07 00:07:00 UTC

36,198,526|fcd68ef

author	pepsi81
permlink	3tnnhw-aaa
voter	humank
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #36198526/Trx fcd68ef7b0c5e7b0e6b143ec1047d1659864bace

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 4uy5xv-aaa

2019/09/07 00:06:54 UTC

36,198,524|814f3c8

author	pepsi81
permlink	4uy5xv-aaa
voter	humank
weight	10000 (100.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #36198524/Trx 814f3c8198e1fb494c096c9c24f682dbe4e2b9a4

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 6dwgse-aaa

2019/09/07 00:06:48 UTC

36,198,522|7f10223

author	pepsi81
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Transaction Info	Block #36198522/Trx 7f10223b706136ff6e20941a972909197c6091cb

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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/07 00:04:36 UTC

36,198,478|5ff750b

author	humank
body	@@ -26123,16 +26123,26 @@ s!%22%3C/a%3E%3C +/h3%3E%0A%3Ch3%3E%3C a href=%22
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
Transaction Info	Block #36198478/Trx 5ff750b0cd35e55088877071a67745ffed7d00bc

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      "permlink": "34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh",
      "title": "34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh"
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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/07 00:03:39 UTC

36,198,459|d0af917

author	humank
body	<html> <h1> Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_34:  <strong>Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</strong> </h1> <h2><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38190.html">Click to read in Korean(체 게바라와 호찌민 사이, 1968년 그날)</a></h2> <p> </p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJvEcuB89EU/XXLrWN0CoNI/AAAAAAAABGQ/3wv86-kFcuk4u72nqJfqYQnzgflg2Sn2ACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%25B2%25B4%2B%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25B0%2594%25EB%259D%25BC2.jpg" width="375" height="481"/></p> <blockquote>Che Guevara(1928~1967)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On October 9, 1967, Argentine and Cuban revolutionary, Che Guevara passed away. <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a> </p> <p>  Around 1 p.m. that afternoon, he greeted his final moment with dignity in a small rural classroom in Chaco, Bolivia. He was shot in the right calf, had his beard pulled out and his hands tied behind his back. Che, or Che Guevara, stared squarely into the eyes of the Bolivian government sergeant Mario Teran, who held a pistol in his hand, and said, "Don’t be afraid! Pull the trigger!" Mario Terran trembled. Terran hesitated even at the urging of Bolivian military officers and U.S. CIA agents next to him. It was only after a few drinks that he was able to pull the trigger. The bullet didn’t quite hit the target, prolonging Che’s life a bit longer. His corpse was transported to a base in Vaye Grande, Bolivia, in the time it became October 11th from October 10th, and was cremated in a remote location on the 11th.  </p> <p>  "It was a tough day. I was so exhausted that I clenched my teeth." (Feb. 23) "A gloomy day." (Feb. 25) "The prospect is getting narrower, and napalm bombs continue to explode." (March 28) "I didn't have the courage to shoot two soldiers passing by in a car." (June 3) "My asthma is becoming serious, but I don’t have any medication for it." (June 23) "It was a very depressing day." (June 26) "My comrades call me Bakunin (Russian “anarchist)." And they pity the blood shed so far, as well as the blood that will be shed in the event of another Vietnam." (July 24) "I stopped marching at two o'clock in the morning and took a rest. I was so exhausted that I couldn't take another step" (Oct. 7).  </p> <p>  His last diary entries of 1967 in the jungles of Bolivia are wet with despair. Che truly tried to stir up “two, three, many Vietnams” there. He vowed to decentralize and weaken the power of the United States, declaring throughout his lifetime. "I, as a Cuban-Argentine, am willing to sacrifice my life for the freedom of any Latin American nation."  </p> <p> Che became Che Guevara only after he embarked on his path to revolution. Born to an upper-class white family in Argentina in 1928, he went by the name, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna until, even up until he earned his M.D. degree at the age of 25. After leading the Cuban revolution to victory in 1959 with Fidel Castro (1926-2016), he became the industry minister after serving as the president of the Cuban National Bank. He had finally reached a point where he could live comfortably without being ridiculed. In April 1965, after parting with Cuba, he went to support the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Congo in Africa. On November 3, 1966, he arrived at the Lafaz airport in Bolivia disguised as a bald scholar who came to study the local society and economy with his Uruguayan passport. Four days later, he moved to the mountainous area in the city of Rankau-Ashu. He launched guerrilla warfare with 53 anti-dictator special forces members. The endeavor was full of difficulties, and to his surprise, the Bolivian people did not welcome him enthusiastically as he had expected. Neither did help come from the Soviet Union, which was a direct opponent of the U.S. The Soviet Union, which suffered a brinkmanship with the U.S. over the Cuban missile base between October and November of 1962, preferred not to clash with the U.S. over Latin America. The Lyndon Johnson administration of the United States ordered the Bolivian army to kill Che. The effect of the propaganda informing the world that Che had completely failed to overthrow the world and died in battle was great. Che was only 39 years old. </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ngq9UtLjewQ/XXLrWPaehrI/AAAAAAAABGU/0vU34a_ZRd4eH8J9GE87QUn9zYMpS9DjQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A7%2588%25ED%258B%25B4%2B%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2584%25B0%2B%25ED%2582%25B92.jpg" width="338" height="466"/></p> <blockquote>  Martin Luther King(1929~1968)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>On April 4, 1968, the American Baptist minister and black civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. died.   </p> <p>  At 6:01 p.m. that day, he was shot on the balcony of the second floor of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while talking to a friend about going out for dinner. The bullet pierced his right cheek and passed his jaw into his shoulder. He had come to Memphis to empower the union of black street cleaners who were on strike. He received emergency care, but died within an hour. The perpetrator was an escaped convict named James Earl Ray. It had been three and a half years since Malcolm X, a Muslim and radical African-American liberation activist, was killed in Manhattan, New York, on February 21, 1965. But in a similar fashion, the dark shadow of assassination passed over the non-violent pacifist black activist, Martin Luther King, Jr.  </p> <p>  "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." (his speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963).  </p> <p>  King moved step by step toward that dream. Even until the early 1960s, African Americans were not treated like humans. They were not allowed to marry white people, they were not allowed to attend school with white people, and they were banned from most restaurants. Only the rear seats were available in cinemas, theaters, buses and subways. In 1955, a black woman was arrested by the police for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery, King’s hometown. King led the bus boycott, winning a federal Supreme Court ruling that the bus company's segregation policy was unconstitutional. He thus became a famous leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement.  </p> <p>  He had to pay a terrible price for his movement, however. He was arrested by police, stabbed and even had his home detonated. His principle of nonviolent resistance which he learned from Gandhi did not waver, and his struggle led to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act in July 1964 which prohibits racial segregation in public places and schools. King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner of all time in 1964 at the age of 35.  </p> <p>  King's campaign for black civil rights has led to the criticism of the city's issue of the poor and a holy battle against the war since 1966. The Vietnam War was a reckless act from his perspective. Instead of pouring money on the battlefields of a foreign country, the U.S. should have been fighting poverty on its own land. Spending so much on the Vietnam War also contradicted President Johnson's "great society" policy of fighting unemployment and poverty. Eighty percent of the U.S. troops drafted into the Vietnam War came from the working class or poor families. The death rate for black people was double. The elimination of racism and the opposition to the Vietnam War were not two separate issues but rather one issue with the same underlying cause. King participated in a massive anti-war peace march in New York on April 15, 1967. 250,000 people had gathered. That summer, black people, desperate from poverty, set fire on the streets and looted shops. Forty-three people were killed during the police crackdown. On October 21, some 100,000 people marched to the Pentagon where the U.S. Department of Defense is located. The young men took out their draft warrants and burned them. Some of the protesters placed flowers in the gun barrels of the police, but they still could not avoid the beatings. American society was turning into a huge mess of racial conflict and anti-war movements.  </p> <p>  On April 9, 1968, a funeral was held at the Ebenezer Church in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the church where King's father worked as a pastor. The whole nation was rocked by the riots of black people stirred by King's death. Nineteen people lost their lives. On April 23, Columbia University students occupied five of the university buildings. They had anti-Vietnam War and anti-racism slogans. A week later, the police stormed in. 150 people were seriously injured and 700 were arrested. The university occupation movement spread to other universities as well. President Johnson passed a bill that would ban racism in stores and accommodations. King was 39 years old.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uM1Aid-ken8/XXLrWLjWxgI/AAAAAAAABGY/7bzrBOobdFUdthP6X4tN-OYEV_9WObYcACLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25B2%2584%25ED%258A%25B8%2B%25EC%25BC%2580%25EB%2584%25A4%25EB%2594%25942.jpg" width="375" height="470"/></p> <blockquote>Robert Kennedy(1925~1968)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On June 6, 1968, Bobby died.   </p> <p>  He, a U.S. senator and preliminary Democratic presidential candidate, was shot while passing by the cooking area of the Los Angeles Ambassadors Hotel the night before on the 5th. Robert Kennedy, nicknamed "Bobby," was staying in California to deliver his preliminary election speech. The gunman was a Jordanian immigrant in his 20s named Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, who was unhappy about Bobby's support for Israel. He was taken to a hospital with a severe gunshot wound to the head, along with five injured attendants, but failed to gain consciousness again. It was four years and seven months after his second brother, President John F. Kennedy, was shot to death in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Americans had lost yet another promising politician.  </p> <p>  Edward Kennedy, the youngest of nine Kennedy siblings, read his eulogy at the funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on June 8. "My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will someday come to pass for all the world.”  </p> <p>  Bobby was the seventh oldest among the siblings. When his second brother, John F. Kennedy, was elected president in 1961, he took the post of attorney general. Since taking office, he had declared war on crime, fighting to wipe out mafias, and received acclaim for contributing to improving black civil rights. When Martin Luther King was arrested in 1960 for a sit-in at a department store, Bobby was the attorney who called the judge and released King. He was elected to the Senate in New York in 1964 after his brother's death. He declared his presidential bid in March of 1968. The elder Johnson, a Democrat-turned-current president, had declared he would give up his presidential bid. Bobby was making a splash in the Democratic preliminary election in early June 1968, right before he was about to be shot. Having been opposed to the Vietnam War since 1967, Bobby was the hope of the anti-war forces.  </p> <p>  Vietnamese and Americans were killed alike in Vietnam. In February of 1968, as many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed while responding to the Tet Offensive staged by the Viet Cong. The gruesome footage of the television spread across the living rooms of the American people. The U.S. mainland was also akin to a battlefield. On February 8, 1968, the police opened fire on a peaceful anti-war demonstration in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Three black people were killed and 34 others wounded. The hawks still didn’t come to their senses, however. General Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, called on President Johnson to send an additional 200,000 troops to Vietnam. General Abrams, who assumed the post of commander after Westmoreland even said halting the bombing of Northern Vietnam would put the U.S. military into a state of crisis.  </p> <p>  On August 26, 1968, a Democratic convention was held on Chicago’s International Amphitheater Avenue. Bobby was of course absent. Senator Eugene McCarthy won the preliminary election, but Hubert Humphrey, backed by party leaders, was nominated. The anti-war clause put forth by Eugene McCarthy's supporters, never reached the party platform. More than 4,000 people, including members of an anti-war group trying to block Humphrey's nomination, demonstrated outside the convention hall. Jerry Rubin, the leader of the "Yippies,” an International Youth Party," ridiculed the Democratic Party by presenting a pig as its presidential candidate. Police attacked the protesters with rifle headboards and clubs for failing to their follow orders to leave. That day remained a "bloody convention." Three months later, in the November presidential election, the Democratic Humphrey lost to Republican anti-communist Richard Nixon by a 0.7% point difference. What kind of expression would Bobby have made at the news? He would have been 42 years old that year.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_spRC-UDd_8/XXLrXTr1vHI/AAAAAAAABGg/CUVxKNyhKGcETiPqpnMQK2wogGq3q4kfgCLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%2598%25B8%25EC%25B0%258C%25EB%25AF%25BC.jpg" width="350" height="506"/></p> <blockquote>Ho Chi Minh(1890~1969)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On September 2, 1969, Uncle Ho, the national leader revered by the Vietnamese, died.  </p> <p>  At 9:45 a.m. on the day of the 24th anniversary of Vietnam's independence, his pulse, which was running irregularly, stopped with him on the hospital bed. He left Saigon in June of 1911 to work as a kitchen assistant on the French steamer, Amiral Latouche-Treville. He returned home in 1945, after traveling around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States. He would then become a big figure for the next 24 years in Vietnam's independence movement and revolution. His will requested that his body be cremated, divided and scattered onto the northern, central and southern parts of the country and that the exact locations not be revealed. His will reflected his life-long devotion to the country’s reunification, though his body was not cremated. Instead, it was mummified.  </p> <p>  Ho Chi Minh was the founder of Vietnam's Communist Party and the leader of Vietnam's Democratic Republic (North Vietnam), as well as being Vietnam's most symbolic figure. Nevertheless, the Vietnamese people still refer to him as Bác Hổ’, meaning “Uncle Ho.” The most powerful image was that of the 'Modest Saint.' He appeared kind, selfless, and honest. He wasn’t ostentatious, was unmarried, and lived in a small house. It was like Lenin from the Russian Revolution and Gandhi in the Indian National Liberation Movement. A Uruguayan newspaper described him as someone with a heart as wide as the universe, and a man with an unrelenting love for children. It said he was modest in all senses of the word, in its expression of condolence. South Korean soldiers dispatched to Vietnam felt confused when even the South Vietnamese soldiers fighting against North Vietnam said their most respected figure is Ho Chi Minh. Without him, the country of Vietnam was hardly conceivable. Naturally, the U.S. was projected as the devil afflicting saints like Uncle Ho.  </p> <p>  Uncle Ho became feeble in his later years. Vietnam's ruling Workers' Party (later renamed the Communist Party of Vietnam) was a collective leadership system. Soon after Lê Duẩn took office as general secretary of the Vietnamese Workers' Party in 1957, Uncle Ho's influence began declining rapidly. His main role in the mid-1960s was to visit schools, factories and collective farms as the "benevolent uncle" that he was and spreading the great cause of socialism and national reunification. Whenever there was an important problem, Lê Duẩn was quoted as saying to his colleagues. "Let's not worry Uncle Ho. We shouldn't bother our top leader."  </p> <p>  In the late 1960s, Uncle Ho's army increased to more than 400,000 people. All men between the ages of 16 and 45 were conscripted. More than 50,000 U.S. soldiers died during the Vietnam War. More than 5,000 South Korean soldiers died. Meanwhile, one million people from North and South Vietnam combined, lost their lives. In 1967, U.S. President Johnson wrote in a letter to Uncle Ho that he was willing to end the bombing, but that it would only happen when North Vietnam stopped infiltrating the South. Uncle Ho sent a reply demanding unconditional suspension of the bombing of the Vietnamese Democratic Republic. Johnson only actually thought to stop the bombings after the Tet Offensive in March of 1968. On May 10, peace talks between the United States and the Vietnamese Democratic Republic began in Paris, France, yet peace was hardly achieved easily. The bombing continued after Nixon became president in November 1968. Even in September of 1969, when Uncle Ho's pulse was dying down, it was unclear when the war would end. He was 79 years old by then.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SN8bvaU4Wh8/XXLrXdQWZyI/AAAAAAAABGk/FWWh5eCHD1sidYGtdqDp00lhYfjutnIYACLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%259D%2591%25EC%259D%25B8%2B%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%259C%2584.jpg" width="317" height="453"/></p> <blockquote>  African-American athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the men's 200-meter final at the October 15, 1968 Mexico Olympics, raised their fists to the national anthem during the awards ceremony in a silent protest called the "Black Power Salute." Their actions, greatly influenced by Martin Luther King, Jr., became an important occasion to promote black civil rights movementsand the fight against racism to the world. The two athletes, however, were expelled from the U.S. team thereafter and lost their medals for their political messages.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  And then there’s February 12, 1968. </p> <p>What did the year 1968 signify? I refer to it as the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. Both are zeitgeists that represent the year 1968. Flames of protests against the Vietnam War, which erupted on May 2 that year at the University of Nanterre in western Paris (thereafter the 10th University of Paris), spread uncontrollably and soared in protest against the police's violent crackdown and the school authorities' unilateral closure of the school premises. At first, the Parisian students created coalitions among themselves, but eventually, they joined hands with the laborers. Eventually, young people from dozens of countries came together in a worldwide struggle. Germany, Italy, Britain and Spain as well as the socialist country Czechoslovakia and Mexico joined forces. The U.S., which had been reeling from black civil rights movements and anti-war movements, was no exception, especially after Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy were shot. College students, whose number had tripled since World War II, began throwing stones at the windows of the old world.  </p> <p>  Their placard displayed a picture of Che who had just passed away. Che was the spiritual supporter of those who dreamed and imagined the impossible. They repeatedly chanted Che's slogan of creating Two, Three, Many Vietnams. They also chanted "Ho! Ho! Ho Chi Minh."   </p> <p>  "What was most shocking to me was that the highly developed, ultra-modern America and its forces would attack Vietnamese farmers, like white settlers attacking the North American Indians" (Michael von Enlhardt, a German student).   </p> <p>  The authorities of European universities, who shunned out even small demands such as eliminating male and female dormitories (Nanterre University), were considered to be in the same camp as the U.S. military. They were no different from the U.S. aggressors in the sense that there was no reasoning with them. Women who were discriminated against and sexual minorities also worked together. The wave of student movements developed beyond the democratic movement into a cultural revolution.  </p> <p>  The global struggle of 1968 was later dubbed the '68 Movement.' British historian Eric Hobsbawm said that the 68 Movement was the only simultaneous social upheaval in the world since World War II. U.S. scholar Immanuel Wallerstein said that there have only been two world revolutions so far. One occurred in 1848 (the February Revolution in France) and the other in 1968. Both ended in historical failure, but both have changed the world.  </p> <p>  George Katsiaficas, who in 1968 worked with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology branch of the American student movement organization, the Student Democratic Society (SDS), organized a large rally to protest the university's research institute, which developed inertial navigation systems and fluoride for the Vietnam War, and to insist on the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. He later described the year 1968 as having a "global eros effect," describing the global connection of the uprising, in which awareness of the "instinctive desire for liberation" superseded time and space and created simultaneous resonance all over the world. Although the revolution faced limitations and was never entirely completed, it changed the world and stimulated the people of Asian and African countries who had put off their transformation struggles to a distant future.  </p> <p>  In 1968, the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh when the world was stirred with eros, the Republic of Korea was "under the world’s highest iceberg, the 38th parallel and its lump of iron," as described by poet Kim Soo-young.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[2]</a> On February 12 of that year, the Korean army attacked a rural villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. Seventy-four people died, including old farmers and their sons, daughters, and grandchildren. Four of them,  Trần Thị An,Trần Văn Mạnh, Nguyễn Đình Đào, and  Đoàn Thế Minh, were all less than a year old.<br>    </p> <p><br></p> <p><br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, the following books and papers were referred to or cited: "The Biography of Che Guevara" (Jean Cormier, Practical Literature, 2000); "My Life: Bill Clinton”(William Jefferson Clinton, Mulpeure, 2004); "Martin Luther King, the Black Jesus' Dream" (Kartin Haneman, Hankyoreh Children, 2010); "The Biography of Ho Chi Minh" (William J. Ducer, Green Forest, 2003);“1968: A Student Generation in Revolt” *Ronald Fraster, Park Jongchul Publishing 2002); “A Walk through the modern history of the U.S.”(Kang, Joon-man, Figures and Ideology, 2010); “U.S. History as it is”(Alan Brinkley, Humanist, 2005); “The Imagination of the New Left”(George Katsiaficas, Nanjang, 2009); “1968, Revolution in the World System” (Immanuel Wallerstein, Economy and Society, 2008 Winter Edition).     </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[2]</a> "The 38th parallel is one of the highest icebergs in the world. How much silent warmth of deep love is needed to melt this lump of iron? It would have to be quieter than the melting of the bathtub that I felt." 『The Complete Works of Kim Soo-young 2』 p 96~97 “Thawing” 解涷(1968.2, Minumsa, 1981)    </p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em>  </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent permlink	history
permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
Transaction Info	Block #36198459/Trx d0af917f365c092e3460251aaf64971411fc70bb

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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_34:&nbsp; <strong>Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</strong>&nbsp;</h1>\n<h2><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38190.html\">Click to read in Korean(체 게바라와 호찌민 사이, 1968년 그날)</a></h2>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJvEcuB89EU/XXLrWN0CoNI/AAAAAAAABGQ/3wv86-kFcuk4u72nqJfqYQnzgflg2Sn2ACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%25B2%25B4%2B%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25B0%2594%25EB%259D%25BC2.jpg\" width=\"375\" height=\"481\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Che Guevara(1928~1967)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On October 9, 1967, Argentine and Cuban revolutionary, Che Guevara passed away. <a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Around 1 p.m. that afternoon, he greeted his final moment with dignity in a small rural classroom in Chaco, Bolivia. He was shot in the right calf, had his beard pulled out and his hands tied behind his back. Che, or Che Guevara, stared squarely into the eyes of the Bolivian government sergeant Mario Teran, who held a pistol in his hand, and said, \"Don’t be afraid! Pull the trigger!\" Mario Terran trembled. Terran hesitated even at the urging of Bolivian military officers and U.S. CIA agents next to him. It was only after a few drinks that he was able to pull the trigger. The bullet didn’t quite hit the target, prolonging Che’s life a bit longer. His corpse was transported to a base in Vaye Grande, Bolivia, in the time it became October 11th from October 10th, and was cremated in a remote location on the 11th. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"It was a tough day. I was so exhausted that I clenched my teeth.\" (Feb. 23) \"A gloomy day.\" (Feb. 25) \"The prospect is getting narrower, and napalm bombs continue to explode.\" (March 28) \"I didn't have the courage to shoot two soldiers passing by in a car.\" (June 3) \"My asthma is becoming serious, but I don’t have any medication for it.\" (June 23) \"It was a very depressing day.\" (June 26) \"My comrades call me Bakunin (Russian “anarchist).\" And they pity the blood shed so far, as well as the blood that will be shed in the event of another Vietnam.\" (July 24) \"I stopped marching at two o'clock in the morning and took a rest. I was so exhausted that I couldn't take another step\" (Oct. 7). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;His last diary entries of 1967 in the jungles of Bolivia are wet with despair. Che truly tried to stir up “two, three, many Vietnams” there. He vowed to decentralize and weaken the power of the United States, declaring throughout his lifetime. \"I, as a Cuban-Argentine, am willing to sacrifice my life for the freedom of any Latin American nation.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Che became Che Guevara only after he embarked on his path to revolution. Born to an upper-class white family in Argentina in 1928, he went by the name, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna until, even up until he earned his M.D. degree at the age of 25. After leading the Cuban revolution to victory in 1959 with Fidel Castro (1926-2016), he became the industry minister after serving as the president of the Cuban National Bank. He had finally reached a point where he could live comfortably without being ridiculed. In April 1965, after parting with Cuba, he went to support the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Congo in Africa. On November 3, 1966, he arrived at the Lafaz airport in Bolivia disguised as a bald scholar who came to study the local society and economy with his Uruguayan passport. Four days later, he moved to the mountainous area in the city of Rankau-Ashu. He launched guerrilla warfare with 53 anti-dictator special forces members. The endeavor was full of difficulties, and to his surprise, the Bolivian people did not welcome him enthusiastically as he had expected. Neither did help come from the Soviet Union, which was a direct opponent of the U.S. The Soviet Union, which suffered a brinkmanship with the U.S. over the Cuban missile base between October and November of 1962, preferred not to clash with the U.S. over Latin America. The Lyndon Johnson administration of the United States ordered the Bolivian army to kill Che. The effect of the propaganda informing the world that Che had completely failed to overthrow the world and died in battle was great. Che was only 39 years old.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ngq9UtLjewQ/XXLrWPaehrI/AAAAAAAABGU/0vU34a_ZRd4eH8J9GE87QUn9zYMpS9DjQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A7%2588%25ED%258B%25B4%2B%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2584%25B0%2B%25ED%2582%25B92.jpg\" width=\"338\" height=\"466\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Martin Luther King(1929~1968)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>On April 4, 1968, the American Baptist minister and black civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. died. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;At 6:01 p.m. that day, he was shot on the balcony of the second floor of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while talking to a friend about going out for dinner. The bullet pierced his right cheek and passed his jaw into his shoulder. He had come to Memphis to empower the union of black street cleaners who were on strike. He received emergency care, but died within an hour. The perpetrator was an escaped convict named James Earl Ray. It had been three and a half years since Malcolm X, a Muslim and radical African-American liberation activist, was killed in Manhattan, New York, on February 21, 1965. But in a similar fashion, the dark shadow of assassination passed over the non-violent pacifist black activist, Martin Luther King, Jr. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.\" (his speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;King moved step by step toward that dream. Even until the early 1960s, African Americans were not treated like humans. They were not allowed to marry white people, they were not allowed to attend school with white people, and they were banned from most restaurants. Only the rear seats were available in cinemas, theaters, buses and subways. In 1955, a black woman was arrested by the police for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery, King’s hometown. King led the bus boycott, winning a federal Supreme Court ruling that the bus company's segregation policy was unconstitutional. He thus became a famous leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He had to pay a terrible price for his movement, however. He was arrested by police, stabbed and even had his home detonated. His principle of nonviolent resistance which he learned from Gandhi did not waver, and his struggle led to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act in July 1964 which prohibits racial segregation in public places and schools. King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner of all time in 1964 at the age of 35. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;King's campaign for black civil rights has led to the criticism of the city's issue of the poor and a holy battle against the war since 1966. The Vietnam War was a reckless act from his perspective. Instead of pouring money on the battlefields of a foreign country, the U.S. should have been fighting poverty on its own land. Spending so much on the Vietnam War also contradicted President Johnson's \"great society\" policy of fighting unemployment and poverty. Eighty percent of the U.S. troops drafted into the Vietnam War came from the working class or poor families. The death rate for black people was double. The elimination of racism and the opposition to the Vietnam War were not two separate issues but rather one issue with the same underlying cause. King participated in a massive anti-war peace march in New York on April 15, 1967. 250,000 people had gathered. That summer, black people, desperate from poverty, set fire on the streets and looted shops. Forty-three people were killed during the police crackdown. On October 21, some 100,000 people marched to the Pentagon where the U.S. Department of Defense is located. The young men took out their draft warrants and burned them. Some of the protesters placed flowers in the gun barrels of the police, but they still could not avoid the beatings. American society was turning into a huge mess of racial conflict and anti-war movements. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On April 9, 1968, a funeral was held at the Ebenezer Church in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the church where King's father worked as a pastor. The whole nation was rocked by the riots of black people stirred by King's death. Nineteen people lost their lives. On April 23, Columbia University students occupied five of the university buildings. They had anti-Vietnam War and anti-racism slogans. A week later, the police stormed in. 150 people were seriously injured and 700 were arrested. The university occupation movement spread to other universities as well. President Johnson passed a bill that would ban racism in stores and accommodations. King was 39 years old. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uM1Aid-ken8/XXLrWLjWxgI/AAAAAAAABGY/7bzrBOobdFUdthP6X4tN-OYEV_9WObYcACLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25B2%2584%25ED%258A%25B8%2B%25EC%25BC%2580%25EB%2584%25A4%25EB%2594%25942.jpg\" width=\"375\" height=\"470\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Robert Kennedy(1925~1968)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On June 6, 1968, Bobby died. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He, a U.S. senator and preliminary Democratic presidential candidate, was shot while passing by the cooking area of the Los Angeles Ambassadors Hotel the night before on the 5th. Robert Kennedy, nicknamed \"Bobby,\" was staying in California to deliver his preliminary election speech. The gunman was a Jordanian immigrant in his 20s named Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, who was unhappy about Bobby's support for Israel. He was taken to a hospital with a severe gunshot wound to the head, along with five injured attendants, but failed to gain consciousness again. It was four years and seven months after his second brother, President John F. Kennedy, was shot to death in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Americans had lost yet another promising politician. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Edward Kennedy, the youngest of nine Kennedy siblings, read his eulogy at the funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on June 8. \"My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will someday come to pass for all the world.” &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Bobby was the seventh oldest among the siblings. When his second brother, John F. Kennedy, was elected president in 1961, he took the post of attorney general. Since taking office, he had declared war on crime, fighting to wipe out mafias, and received acclaim for contributing to improving black civil rights. When Martin Luther King was arrested in 1960 for a sit-in at a department store, Bobby was the attorney who called the judge and released King. He was elected to the Senate in New York in 1964 after his brother's death. He declared his presidential bid in March of 1968. The elder Johnson, a Democrat-turned-current president, had declared he would give up his presidential bid. Bobby was making a splash in the Democratic preliminary election in early June 1968, right before he was about to be shot. Having been opposed to the Vietnam War since 1967, Bobby was the hope of the anti-war forces. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Vietnamese and Americans were killed alike in Vietnam. In February of 1968, as many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed while responding to the Tet Offensive staged by the Viet Cong. The gruesome footage of the television spread across the living rooms of the American people. The U.S. mainland was also akin to a battlefield. On February 8, 1968, the police opened fire on a peaceful anti-war demonstration in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Three black people were killed and 34 others wounded. The hawks still didn’t come to their senses, however. General Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, called on President Johnson to send an additional 200,000 troops to Vietnam. General Abrams, who assumed the post of commander after Westmoreland even said halting the bombing of Northern Vietnam would put the U.S. military into a state of crisis. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On August 26, 1968, a Democratic convention was held on Chicago’s International Amphitheater Avenue. Bobby was of course absent. Senator Eugene McCarthy won the preliminary election, but Hubert Humphrey, backed by party leaders, was nominated. The anti-war clause put forth by Eugene McCarthy's supporters, never reached the party platform. More than 4,000 people, including members of an anti-war group trying to block Humphrey's nomination, demonstrated outside the convention hall. Jerry Rubin, the leader of the \"Yippies,” an International Youth Party,\" ridiculed the Democratic Party by presenting a pig as its presidential candidate. Police attacked the protesters with rifle headboards and clubs for failing to their follow orders to leave. That day remained a \"bloody convention.\" Three months later, in the November presidential election, the Democratic Humphrey lost to Republican anti-communist Richard Nixon by a 0.7% point difference. What kind of expression would Bobby have made at the news? He would have been 42 years old that year. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_spRC-UDd_8/XXLrXTr1vHI/AAAAAAAABGg/CUVxKNyhKGcETiPqpnMQK2wogGq3q4kfgCLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%2598%25B8%25EC%25B0%258C%25EB%25AF%25BC.jpg\" width=\"350\" height=\"506\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Ho Chi Minh(1890~1969)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On September 2, 1969, Uncle Ho, the national leader revered by the Vietnamese, died. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;At 9:45 a.m. on the day of the 24th anniversary of Vietnam's independence, his pulse, which was running irregularly, stopped with him on the hospital bed. He left Saigon in June of 1911 to work as a kitchen assistant on the French steamer, Amiral Latouche-Treville. He returned home in 1945, after traveling around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States. He would then become a big figure for the next 24 years in Vietnam's independence movement and revolution. His will requested that his body be cremated, divided and scattered onto the northern, central and southern parts of the country and that the exact locations not be revealed. His will reflected his life-long devotion to the country’s reunification, though his body was not cremated. Instead, it was mummified. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ho Chi Minh was the founder of Vietnam's Communist Party and the leader of Vietnam's Democratic Republic (North Vietnam), as well as being Vietnam's most symbolic figure. Nevertheless, the Vietnamese people still refer to him as Bác Hổ’, meaning “Uncle Ho.” The most powerful image was that of the 'Modest Saint.' He appeared kind, selfless, and honest. He wasn’t ostentatious, was unmarried, and lived in a small house. It was like Lenin from the Russian Revolution and Gandhi in the Indian National Liberation Movement. A Uruguayan newspaper described him as someone with a heart as wide as the universe, and a man with an unrelenting love for children. It said he was modest in all senses of the word, in its expression of condolence. South Korean soldiers dispatched to Vietnam felt confused when even the South Vietnamese soldiers fighting against North Vietnam said their most respected figure is Ho Chi Minh. Without him, the country of Vietnam was hardly conceivable. Naturally, the U.S. was projected as the devil afflicting saints like Uncle Ho. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Uncle Ho became feeble in his later years. Vietnam's ruling Workers' Party (later renamed the Communist Party of Vietnam) was a collective leadership system. Soon after Lê Duẩn took office as general secretary of the Vietnamese Workers' Party in 1957, Uncle Ho's influence began declining rapidly. His main role in the mid-1960s was to visit schools, factories and collective farms as the \"benevolent uncle\" that he was and spreading the great cause of socialism and national reunification. Whenever there was an important problem, Lê Duẩn was quoted as saying to his colleagues. \"Let's not worry Uncle Ho. We shouldn't bother our top leader.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the late 1960s, Uncle Ho's army increased to more than 400,000 people. All men between the ages of 16 and 45 were conscripted. More than 50,000 U.S. soldiers died during the Vietnam War. More than 5,000 South Korean soldiers died. Meanwhile, one million people from North and South Vietnam combined, lost their lives. In 1967, U.S. President Johnson wrote in a letter to Uncle Ho that he was willing to end the bombing, but that it would only happen when North Vietnam stopped infiltrating the South. Uncle Ho sent a reply demanding unconditional suspension of the bombing of the Vietnamese Democratic Republic. Johnson only actually thought to stop the bombings after the Tet Offensive in March of 1968. On May 10, peace talks between the United States and the Vietnamese Democratic Republic began in Paris, France, yet peace was hardly achieved easily. The bombing continued after Nixon became president in November 1968. Even in September of 1969, when Uncle Ho's pulse was dying down, it was unclear when the war would end. He was 79 years old by then. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SN8bvaU4Wh8/XXLrXdQWZyI/AAAAAAAABGk/FWWh5eCHD1sidYGtdqDp00lhYfjutnIYACLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%259D%2591%25EC%259D%25B8%2B%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%259C%2584.jpg\" width=\"317\" height=\"453\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;African-American athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the men's 200-meter final at the October 15, 1968 Mexico Olympics, raised their fists to the national anthem during the awards ceremony in a silent protest called the \"Black Power Salute.\" Their actions, greatly influenced by Martin Luther King, Jr., became an important occasion to promote black civil rights movementsand the fight against racism to the world. The two athletes, however, were expelled from the U.S. team thereafter and lost their medals for their political messages. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;And then there’s February 12, 1968.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>What did the year 1968 signify? I refer to it as the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. Both are zeitgeists that represent the year 1968. Flames of protests against the Vietnam War, which erupted on May 2 that year at the University of Nanterre in western Paris (thereafter the 10th University of Paris), spread uncontrollably and soared in protest against the police's violent crackdown and the school authorities' unilateral closure of the school premises. At first, the Parisian students created coalitions among themselves, but eventually, they joined hands with the laborers. Eventually, young people from dozens of countries came together in a worldwide struggle. Germany, Italy, Britain and Spain as well as the socialist country Czechoslovakia and Mexico joined forces. The U.S., which had been reeling from black civil rights movements and anti-war movements, was no exception, especially after Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy were shot. College students, whose number had tripled since World War II, began throwing stones at the windows of the old world. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Their placard displayed a picture of Che who had just passed away. Che was the spiritual supporter of those who dreamed and imagined the impossible. They repeatedly chanted Che's slogan of creating Two, Three, Many Vietnams. They also chanted \"Ho! Ho! Ho Chi Minh.\" &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"What was most shocking to me was that the highly developed, ultra-modern America and its forces would attack Vietnamese farmers, like white settlers attacking the North American Indians\" (Michael von Enlhardt, a German student). &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The authorities of European universities, who shunned out even small demands such as eliminating male and female dormitories (Nanterre University), were considered to be in the same camp as the U.S. military. They were no different from the U.S. aggressors in the sense that there was no reasoning with them. Women who were discriminated against and sexual minorities also worked together. The wave of student movements developed beyond the democratic movement into a cultural revolution. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The global struggle of 1968 was later dubbed the '68 Movement.' British historian Eric Hobsbawm said that the 68 Movement was the only simultaneous social upheaval in the world since World War II. U.S. scholar Immanuel Wallerstein said that there have only been two world revolutions so far. One occurred in 1848 (the February Revolution in France) and the other in 1968. Both ended in historical failure, but both have changed the world. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;George Katsiaficas, who in 1968 worked with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology branch of the American student movement organization, the Student Democratic Society (SDS), organized a large rally to protest the university's research institute, which developed inertial navigation systems and fluoride for the Vietnam War, and to insist on the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. He later described the year 1968 as having a \"global eros effect,\" describing the global connection of the uprising, in which awareness of the \"instinctive desire for liberation\" superseded time and space and created simultaneous resonance all over the world. Although the revolution faced limitations and was never entirely completed, it changed the world and stimulated the people of Asian and African countries who had put off their transformation struggles to a distant future. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1968, the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh when the world was stirred with eros, the Republic of Korea was \"under the world’s highest iceberg, the 38th parallel and its lump of iron,\" as described by poet Kim Soo-young.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[2]</a> On February 12 of that year, the Korean army attacked a rural villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. Seventy-four people died, including old farmers and their sons, daughters, and grandchildren. Four of them, &nbsp;Trần Thị An,Trần Văn Mạnh, Nguyễn Đình Đào, and &nbsp;Đoàn Thế Minh, were all less than a year old.<br>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br>\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, the following books and papers were referred to or cited: \"The Biography of Che Guevara\" (Jean Cormier, Practical Literature, 2000); \"My Life: Bill Clinton”(William Jefferson Clinton, Mulpeure, 2004); \"Martin Luther King, the Black Jesus' Dream\" (Kartin Haneman, Hankyoreh Children, 2010); \"The Biography of Ho Chi Minh\" (William J. Ducer, Green Forest, 2003);“1968: A Student Generation in Revolt” *Ronald Fraster, Park Jongchul Publishing 2002); “A Walk through the modern history of the U.S.”(Kang, Joon-man, Figures and Ideology, 2010); “U.S. History as it is”(Alan Brinkley, Humanist, 2005); “The Imagination of the New Left”(George Katsiaficas, Nanjang, 2009); “1968, Revolution in the World System” (Immanuel Wallerstein, Economy and Society, 2008 Winter Edition). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[2]</a> \"The 38th parallel is one of the highest icebergs in the world. How much silent warmth of deep love is needed to melt this lump of iron? It would have to be quieter than the melting of the bathtub that I felt.\" 『The Complete Works of Kim Soo-young 2』 p 96~97 “Thawing” 解涷(1968.2, Minumsa, 1981) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission\">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh",
      "title": "34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh"
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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/06 23:56:12 UTC

36,198,311|92b3123

author	humank
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
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alexbezimeniupvoted (35.00%) @humank / 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/06 23:53:24 UTC

36,198,255|6d28b7b

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serginoupvoted (4.00%) @humank / 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/06 23:53:15 UTC

36,198,252|d56f8a5

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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/06 23:49:54 UTC

36,198,185|87412fd

author	humank
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humankpublished a new post: 34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh

2019/09/06 23:49:00 UTC

36,198,167|ba53988

author	humank
body	<html> <h1> Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_34:  <strong>Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</strong> </h1> <h1><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38190.html">Click to read in Korean(체 게바라와 호찌민 사이, 1968년 그날)</a></h1> <p> </p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJvEcuB89EU/XXLrWN0CoNI/AAAAAAAABGQ/3wv86-kFcuk4u72nqJfqYQnzgflg2Sn2ACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%25B2%25B4%2B%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25B0%2594%25EB%259D%25BC2.jpg" width="375" height="481"/></p> <blockquote>Che Guevara(1928~1967)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On October 9, 1967, Argentine and Cuban revolutionary, Che Guevara passed away. <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a> </p> <p>  Around 1 p.m. that afternoon, he greeted his final moment with dignity in a small rural classroom in Chaco, Bolivia. He was shot in the right calf, had his beard pulled out and his hands tied behind his back. Che, or Che Guevara, stared squarely into the eyes of the Bolivian government sergeant Mario Teran, who held a pistol in his hand, and said, "Don’t be afraid! Pull the trigger!" Mario Terran trembled. Terran hesitated even at the urging of Bolivian military officers and U.S. CIA agents next to him. It was only after a few drinks that he was able to pull the trigger. The bullet didn’t quite hit the target, prolonging Che’s life a bit longer. His corpse was transported to a base in Vaye Grande, Bolivia, in the time it became October 11th from October 10th, and was cremated in a remote location on the 11th.  </p> <p>  "It was a tough day. I was so exhausted that I clenched my teeth." (Feb. 23) "A gloomy day." (Feb. 25) "The prospect is getting narrower, and napalm bombs continue to explode." (March 28) "I didn't have the courage to shoot two soldiers passing by in a car." (June 3) "My asthma is becoming serious, but I don’t have any medication for it." (June 23) "It was a very depressing day." (June 26) "My comrades call me Bakunin (Russian “anarchist)." And they pity the blood shed so far, as well as the blood that will be shed in the event of another Vietnam." (July 24) "I stopped marching at two o'clock in the morning and took a rest. I was so exhausted that I couldn't take another step" (Oct. 7).  </p> <p>  His last diary entries of 1967 in the jungles of Bolivia are wet with despair. Che truly tried to stir up “two, three, many Vietnams” there. He vowed to decentralize and weaken the power of the United States, declaring throughout his lifetime. "I, as a Cuban-Argentine, am willing to sacrifice my life for the freedom of any Latin American nation."  </p> <p> Che became Che Guevara only after he embarked on his path to revolution. Born to an upper-class white family in Argentina in 1928, he went by the name, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna until, even up until he earned his M.D. degree at the age of 25. After leading the Cuban revolution to victory in 1959 with Fidel Castro (1926-2016), he became the industry minister after serving as the president of the Cuban National Bank. He had finally reached a point where he could live comfortably without being ridiculed. In April 1965, after parting with Cuba, he went to support the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Congo in Africa. On November 3, 1966, he arrived at the Lafaz airport in Bolivia disguised as a bald scholar who came to study the local society and economy with his Uruguayan passport. Four days later, he moved to the mountainous area in the city of Rankau-Ashu. He launched guerrilla warfare with 53 anti-dictator special forces members. The endeavor was full of difficulties, and to his surprise, the Bolivian people did not welcome him enthusiastically as he had expected. Neither did help come from the Soviet Union, which was a direct opponent of the U.S. The Soviet Union, which suffered a brinkmanship with the U.S. over the Cuban missile base between October and November of 1962, preferred not to clash with the U.S. over Latin America. The Lyndon Johnson administration of the United States ordered the Bolivian army to kill Che. The effect of the propaganda informing the world that Che had completely failed to overthrow the world and died in battle was great. Che was only 39 years old. </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ngq9UtLjewQ/XXLrWPaehrI/AAAAAAAABGU/0vU34a_ZRd4eH8J9GE87QUn9zYMpS9DjQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A7%2588%25ED%258B%25B4%2B%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2584%25B0%2B%25ED%2582%25B92.jpg" width="338" height="466"/></p> <blockquote>  Martin Luther King(1929~1968)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>On April 4, 1968, the American Baptist minister and black civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. died.   </p> <p>  At 6:01 p.m. that day, he was shot on the balcony of the second floor of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while talking to a friend about going out for dinner. The bullet pierced his right cheek and passed his jaw into his shoulder. He had come to Memphis to empower the union of black street cleaners who were on strike. He received emergency care, but died within an hour. The perpetrator was an escaped convict named James Earl Ray. It had been three and a half years since Malcolm X, a Muslim and radical African-American liberation activist, was killed in Manhattan, New York, on February 21, 1965. But in a similar fashion, the dark shadow of assassination passed over the non-violent pacifist black activist, Martin Luther King, Jr.  </p> <p>  "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character." (his speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963).  </p> <p>  King moved step by step toward that dream. Even until the early 1960s, African Americans were not treated like humans. They were not allowed to marry white people, they were not allowed to attend school with white people, and they were banned from most restaurants. Only the rear seats were available in cinemas, theaters, buses and subways. In 1955, a black woman was arrested by the police for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery, King’s hometown. King led the bus boycott, winning a federal Supreme Court ruling that the bus company's segregation policy was unconstitutional. He thus became a famous leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement.  </p> <p>  He had to pay a terrible price for his movement, however. He was arrested by police, stabbed and even had his home detonated. His principle of nonviolent resistance which he learned from Gandhi did not waver, and his struggle led to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act in July 1964 which prohibits racial segregation in public places and schools. King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner of all time in 1964 at the age of 35.  </p> <p>  King's campaign for black civil rights has led to the criticism of the city's issue of the poor and a holy battle against the war since 1966. The Vietnam War was a reckless act from his perspective. Instead of pouring money on the battlefields of a foreign country, the U.S. should have been fighting poverty on its own land. Spending so much on the Vietnam War also contradicted President Johnson's "great society" policy of fighting unemployment and poverty. Eighty percent of the U.S. troops drafted into the Vietnam War came from the working class or poor families. The death rate for black people was double. The elimination of racism and the opposition to the Vietnam War were not two separate issues but rather one issue with the same underlying cause. King participated in a massive anti-war peace march in New York on April 15, 1967. 250,000 people had gathered. That summer, black people, desperate from poverty, set fire on the streets and looted shops. Forty-three people were killed during the police crackdown. On October 21, some 100,000 people marched to the Pentagon where the U.S. Department of Defense is located. The young men took out their draft warrants and burned them. Some of the protesters placed flowers in the gun barrels of the police, but they still could not avoid the beatings. American society was turning into a huge mess of racial conflict and anti-war movements.  </p> <p>  On April 9, 1968, a funeral was held at the Ebenezer Church in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the church where King's father worked as a pastor. The whole nation was rocked by the riots of black people stirred by King's death. Nineteen people lost their lives. On April 23, Columbia University students occupied five of the university buildings. They had anti-Vietnam War and anti-racism slogans. A week later, the police stormed in. 150 people were seriously injured and 700 were arrested. The university occupation movement spread to other universities as well. President Johnson passed a bill that would ban racism in stores and accommodations. King was 39 years old.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uM1Aid-ken8/XXLrWLjWxgI/AAAAAAAABGY/7bzrBOobdFUdthP6X4tN-OYEV_9WObYcACLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25B2%2584%25ED%258A%25B8%2B%25EC%25BC%2580%25EB%2584%25A4%25EB%2594%25942.jpg" width="375" height="470"/></p> <blockquote>Robert Kennedy(1925~1968)</blockquote> <p>  On June 6, 1968, Bobby died.   </p> <p>  He, a U.S. senator and preliminary Democratic presidential candidate, was shot while passing by the cooking area of the Los Angeles Ambassadors Hotel the night before on the 5th. Robert Kennedy, nicknamed "Bobby," was staying in California to deliver his preliminary election speech. The gunman was a Jordanian immigrant in his 20s named Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, who was unhappy about Bobby's support for Israel. He was taken to a hospital with a severe gunshot wound to the head, along with five injured attendants, but failed to gain consciousness again. It was four years and seven months after his second brother, President John F. Kennedy, was shot to death in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Americans had lost yet another promising politician.  </p> <p>  Edward Kennedy, the youngest of nine Kennedy siblings, read his eulogy at the funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on June 8. "My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will someday come to pass for all the world.”  </p> <p>  Bobby was the seventh oldest among the siblings. When his second brother, John F. Kennedy, was elected president in 1961, he took the post of attorney general. Since taking office, he had declared war on crime, fighting to wipe out mafias, and received acclaim for contributing to improving black civil rights. When Martin Luther King was arrested in 1960 for a sit-in at a department store, Bobby was the attorney who called the judge and released King. He was elected to the Senate in New York in 1964 after his brother's death. He declared his presidential bid in March of 1968. The elder Johnson, a Democrat-turned-current president, had declared he would give up his presidential bid. Bobby was making a splash in the Democratic preliminary election in early June 1968, right before he was about to be shot. Having been opposed to the Vietnam War since 1967, Bobby was the hope of the anti-war forces.  </p> <p>  Vietnamese and Americans were killed alike in Vietnam. In February of 1968, as many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed while responding to the Tet Offensive staged by the Viet Cong. The gruesome footage of the television spread across the living rooms of the American people. The U.S. mainland was also akin to a battlefield. On February 8, 1968, the police opened fire on a peaceful anti-war demonstration in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Three black people were killed and 34 others wounded. The hawks still didn’t come to their senses, however. General Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, called on President Johnson to send an additional 200,000 troops to Vietnam. General Abrams, who assumed the post of commander after Westmoreland even said halting the bombing of Northern Vietnam would put the U.S. military into a state of crisis.  </p> <p>  On August 26, 1968, a Democratic convention was held on Chicago’s International Amphitheater Avenue. Bobby was of course absent. Senator Eugene McCarthy won the preliminary election, but Hubert Humphrey, backed by party leaders, was nominated. The anti-war clause put forth by Eugene McCarthy's supporters, never reached the party platform. More than 4,000 people, including members of an anti-war group trying to block Humphrey's nomination, demonstrated outside the convention hall. Jerry Rubin, the leader of the "Yippies,” an International Youth Party," ridiculed the Democratic Party by presenting a pig as its presidential candidate. Police attacked the protesters with rifle headboards and clubs for failing to their follow orders to leave. That day remained a "bloody convention." Three months later, in the November presidential election, the Democratic Humphrey lost to Republican anti-communist Richard Nixon by a 0.7% point difference. What kind of expression would Bobby have made at the news? He would have been 42 years old that year.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_spRC-UDd_8/XXLrXTr1vHI/AAAAAAAABGg/CUVxKNyhKGcETiPqpnMQK2wogGq3q4kfgCLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%2598%25B8%25EC%25B0%258C%25EB%25AF%25BC.jpg" width="350" height="506"/></p> <blockquote>Ho Chi Minh(1890~1969)</blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On September 2, 1969, Uncle Ho, the national leader revered by the Vietnamese, died.  </p> <p>  At 9:45 a.m. on the day of the 24th anniversary of Vietnam's independence, his pulse, which was running irregularly, stopped with him on the hospital bed. He left Saigon in June of 1911 to work as a kitchen assistant on the French steamer, Amiral Latouche-Treville. He returned home in 1945, after traveling around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States. He would then become a big figure for the next 24 years in Vietnam's independence movement and revolution. His will requested that his body be cremated, divided and scattered onto the northern, central and southern parts of the country and that the exact locations not be revealed. His will reflected his life-long devotion to the country’s reunification, though his body was not cremated. Instead, it was mummified.  </p> <p>  Ho Chi Minh was the founder of Vietnam's Communist Party and the leader of Vietnam's Democratic Republic (North Vietnam), as well as being Vietnam's most symbolic figure. Nevertheless, the Vietnamese people still refer to him as Bác Hổ’, meaning “Uncle Ho.” The most powerful image was that of the 'Modest Saint.' He appeared kind, selfless, and honest. He wasn’t ostentatious, was unmarried, and lived in a small house. It was like Lenin from the Russian Revolution and Gandhi in the Indian National Liberation Movement. A Uruguayan newspaper described him as someone with a heart as wide as the universe, and a man with an unrelenting love for children. It said he was modest in all senses of the word, in its expression of condolence. South Korean soldiers dispatched to Vietnam felt confused when even the South Vietnamese soldiers fighting against North Vietnam said their most respected figure is Ho Chi Minh. Without him, the country of Vietnam was hardly conceivable. Naturally, the U.S. was projected as the devil afflicting saints like Uncle Ho.  </p> <p>  Uncle Ho became feeble in his later years. Vietnam's ruling Workers' Party (later renamed the Communist Party of Vietnam) was a collective leadership system. Soon after Lê Duẩn took office as general secretary of the Vietnamese Workers' Party in 1957, Uncle Ho's influence began declining rapidly. His main role in the mid-1960s was to visit schools, factories and collective farms as the "benevolent uncle" that he was and spreading the great cause of socialism and national reunification. Whenever there was an important problem, Lê Duẩn was quoted as saying to his colleagues. "Let's not worry Uncle Ho. We shouldn't bother our top leader."  </p> <p>  In the late 1960s, Uncle Ho's army increased to more than 400,000 people. All men between the ages of 16 and 45 were conscripted. More than 50,000 U.S. soldiers died during the Vietnam War. More than 5,000 South Korean soldiers died. Meanwhile, one million people from North and South Vietnam combined, lost their lives. In 1967, U.S. President Johnson wrote in a letter to Uncle Ho that he was willing to end the bombing, but that it would only happen when North Vietnam stopped infiltrating the South. Uncle Ho sent a reply demanding unconditional suspension of the bombing of the Vietnamese Democratic Republic. Johnson only actually thought to stop the bombings after the Tet Offensive in March of 1968. On May 10, peace talks between the United States and the Vietnamese Democratic Republic began in Paris, France, yet peace was hardly achieved easily. The bombing continued after Nixon became president in November 1968. Even in September of 1969, when Uncle Ho's pulse was dying down, it was unclear when the war would end. He was 79 years old by then.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SN8bvaU4Wh8/XXLrXdQWZyI/AAAAAAAABGk/FWWh5eCHD1sidYGtdqDp00lhYfjutnIYACLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%259D%2591%25EC%259D%25B8%2B%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%259C%2584.jpg" width="317" height="453"/></p> <blockquote>  African-American athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the men's 200-meter final at the October 15, 1968 Mexico Olympics, raised their fists to the national anthem during the awards ceremony in a silent protest called the "Black Power Salute." Their actions, greatly influenced by Martin Luther King, Jr., became an important occasion to promote black civil rights movementsand the fight against racism to the world. The two athletes, however, were expelled from the U.S. team thereafter and lost their medals for their political messages.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  And then there’s February 12, 1968. </p> <p>What did the year 1968 signify? I refer to it as the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. Both are zeitgeists that represent the year 1968. Flames of protests against the Vietnam War, which erupted on May 2 that year at the University of Nanterre in western Paris (thereafter the 10th University of Paris), spread uncontrollably and soared in protest against the police's violent crackdown and the school authorities' unilateral closure of the school premises. At first, the Parisian students created coalitions among themselves, but eventually, they joined hands with the laborers. Eventually, young people from dozens of countries came together in a worldwide struggle. Germany, Italy, Britain and Spain as well as the socialist country Czechoslovakia and Mexico joined forces. The U.S., which had been reeling from black civil rights movements and anti-war movements, was no exception, especially after Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy were shot. College students, whose number had tripled since World War II, began throwing stones at the windows of the old world.  </p> <p>  Their placard displayed a picture of Che who had just passed away. Che was the spiritual supporter of those who dreamed and imagined the impossible. They repeatedly chanted Che's slogan of creating Two, Three, Many Vietnams. They also chanted "Ho! Ho! Ho Chi Minh."   </p> <p>  "What was most shocking to me was that the highly developed, ultra-modern America and its forces would attack Vietnamese farmers, like white settlers attacking the North American Indians" (Michael von Enlhardt, a German student).   </p> <p>  The authorities of European universities, who shunned out even small demands such as eliminating male and female dormitories (Nanterre University), were considered to be in the same camp as the U.S. military. They were no different from the U.S. aggressors in the sense that there was no reasoning with them. Women who were discriminated against and sexual minorities also worked together. The wave of student movements developed beyond the democratic movement into a cultural revolution.  </p> <p>  The global struggle of 1968 was later dubbed the '68 Movement.' British historian Eric Hobsbawm said that the 68 Movement was the only simultaneous social upheaval in the world since World War II. U.S. scholar Immanuel Wallerstein said that there have only been two world revolutions so far. One occurred in 1848 (the February Revolution in France) and the other in 1968. Both ended in historical failure, but both have changed the world.  </p> <p>  George Katsiaficas, who in 1968 worked with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology branch of the American student movement organization, the Student Democratic Society (SDS), organized a large rally to protest the university's research institute, which developed inertial navigation systems and fluoride for the Vietnam War, and to insist on the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. He later described the year 1968 as having a "global eros effect," describing the global connection of the uprising, in which awareness of the "instinctive desire for liberation" superseded time and space and created simultaneous resonance all over the world. Although the revolution faced limitations and was never entirely completed, it changed the world and stimulated the people of Asian and African countries who had put off their transformation struggles to a distant future.  </p> <p>  In 1968, the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh when the world was stirred with eros, the Republic of Korea was "under the world’s highest iceberg, the 38th parallel and its lump of iron," as described by poet Kim Soo-young.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[2]</a> On February 12 of that year, the Korean army attacked a rural villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. Seventy-four people died, including old farmers and their sons, daughters, and grandchildren. Four of them,  Trần Thị An,Trần Văn Mạnh, Nguyễn Đình Đào, and  Đoàn Thế Minh, were all less than a year old. <br>    </p> <p><br></p> <p><br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, the following books and papers were referred to or cited: "The Biography of Che Guevara" (Jean Cormier, Practical Literature, 2000); "My Life: Bill Clinton”(William Jefferson Clinton, Mulpeure, 2004); "Martin Luther King, the Black Jesus' Dream" (Kartin Haneman, Hankyoreh Children, 2010); "The Biography of Ho Chi Minh" (William J. Ducer, Green Forest, 2003);“1968: A Student Generation in Revolt” *Ronald Fraster, Park Jongchul Publishing 2002); “A Walk through the modern history of the U.S.”(Kang, Joon-man, Figures and Ideology, 2010); “U.S. History as it is”(Alan Brinkley, Humanist, 2005); “The Imagination of the New Left”(George Katsiaficas, Nanjang, 2009); “1968, Revolution in the World System” (Immanuel Wallerstein, Economy and Society, 2008 Winter Edition).     </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[2]</a> "The 38th parallel is one of the highest icebergs in the world. How much silent warmth of deep love is needed to melt this lump of iron? It would have to be quieter than the melting of the bathtub that I felt." 『The Complete Works of Kim Soo-young 2』 p 96~97 “Thawing” 解涷(1968.2, Minumsa, 1981)    </p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em>  </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh
title	34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh
Transaction Info	Block #36198167/Trx ba539882a4f0e784daa2e67492146eefdac799c9

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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_34:&nbsp; <strong>Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh</strong>&nbsp;</h1>\n<h1><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/38190.html\">Click to read in Korean(체 게바라와 호찌민 사이, 1968년 그날)</a></h1>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LJvEcuB89EU/XXLrWN0CoNI/AAAAAAAABGQ/3wv86-kFcuk4u72nqJfqYQnzgflg2Sn2ACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%25B2%25B4%2B%25EA%25B2%258C%25EB%25B0%2594%25EB%259D%25BC2.jpg\" width=\"375\" height=\"481\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Che Guevara(1928~1967)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On October 9, 1967, Argentine and Cuban revolutionary, Che Guevara passed away. <a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Around 1 p.m. that afternoon, he greeted his final moment with dignity in a small rural classroom in Chaco, Bolivia. He was shot in the right calf, had his beard pulled out and his hands tied behind his back. Che, or Che Guevara, stared squarely into the eyes of the Bolivian government sergeant Mario Teran, who held a pistol in his hand, and said, \"Don’t be afraid! Pull the trigger!\" Mario Terran trembled. Terran hesitated even at the urging of Bolivian military officers and U.S. CIA agents next to him. It was only after a few drinks that he was able to pull the trigger. The bullet didn’t quite hit the target, prolonging Che’s life a bit longer. His corpse was transported to a base in Vaye Grande, Bolivia, in the time it became October 11th from October 10th, and was cremated in a remote location on the 11th. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"It was a tough day. I was so exhausted that I clenched my teeth.\" (Feb. 23) \"A gloomy day.\" (Feb. 25) \"The prospect is getting narrower, and napalm bombs continue to explode.\" (March 28) \"I didn't have the courage to shoot two soldiers passing by in a car.\" (June 3) \"My asthma is becoming serious, but I don’t have any medication for it.\" (June 23) \"It was a very depressing day.\" (June 26) \"My comrades call me Bakunin (Russian “anarchist).\" And they pity the blood shed so far, as well as the blood that will be shed in the event of another Vietnam.\" (July 24) \"I stopped marching at two o'clock in the morning and took a rest. I was so exhausted that I couldn't take another step\" (Oct. 7). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;His last diary entries of 1967 in the jungles of Bolivia are wet with despair. Che truly tried to stir up “two, three, many Vietnams” there. He vowed to decentralize and weaken the power of the United States, declaring throughout his lifetime. \"I, as a Cuban-Argentine, am willing to sacrifice my life for the freedom of any Latin American nation.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Che became Che Guevara only after he embarked on his path to revolution. Born to an upper-class white family in Argentina in 1928, he went by the name, Ernesto Guevara de la Serna until, even up until he earned his M.D. degree at the age of 25. After leading the Cuban revolution to victory in 1959 with Fidel Castro (1926-2016), he became the industry minister after serving as the president of the Cuban National Bank. He had finally reached a point where he could live comfortably without being ridiculed. In April 1965, after parting with Cuba, he went to support the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Congo in Africa. On November 3, 1966, he arrived at the Lafaz airport in Bolivia disguised as a bald scholar who came to study the local society and economy with his Uruguayan passport. Four days later, he moved to the mountainous area in the city of Rankau-Ashu. He launched guerrilla warfare with 53 anti-dictator special forces members. The endeavor was full of difficulties, and to his surprise, the Bolivian people did not welcome him enthusiastically as he had expected. Neither did help come from the Soviet Union, which was a direct opponent of the U.S. The Soviet Union, which suffered a brinkmanship with the U.S. over the Cuban missile base between October and November of 1962, preferred not to clash with the U.S. over Latin America. The Lyndon Johnson administration of the United States ordered the Bolivian army to kill Che. The effect of the propaganda informing the world that Che had completely failed to overthrow the world and died in battle was great. Che was only 39 years old.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ngq9UtLjewQ/XXLrWPaehrI/AAAAAAAABGU/0vU34a_ZRd4eH8J9GE87QUn9zYMpS9DjQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A7%2588%25ED%258B%25B4%2B%25EB%25A3%25A8%25ED%2584%25B0%2B%25ED%2582%25B92.jpg\" width=\"338\" height=\"466\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Martin Luther King(1929~1968)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>On April 4, 1968, the American Baptist minister and black civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. died. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;At 6:01 p.m. that day, he was shot on the balcony of the second floor of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while talking to a friend about going out for dinner. The bullet pierced his right cheek and passed his jaw into his shoulder. He had come to Memphis to empower the union of black street cleaners who were on strike. He received emergency care, but died within an hour. The perpetrator was an escaped convict named James Earl Ray. It had been three and a half years since Malcolm X, a Muslim and radical African-American liberation activist, was killed in Manhattan, New York, on February 21, 1965. But in a similar fashion, the dark shadow of assassination passed over the non-violent pacifist black activist, Martin Luther King, Jr. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.\" (his speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;King moved step by step toward that dream. Even until the early 1960s, African Americans were not treated like humans. They were not allowed to marry white people, they were not allowed to attend school with white people, and they were banned from most restaurants. Only the rear seats were available in cinemas, theaters, buses and subways. In 1955, a black woman was arrested by the police for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on the bus in Montgomery, King’s hometown. King led the bus boycott, winning a federal Supreme Court ruling that the bus company's segregation policy was unconstitutional. He thus became a famous leader of the Black Civil Rights Movement. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He had to pay a terrible price for his movement, however. He was arrested by police, stabbed and even had his home detonated. His principle of nonviolent resistance which he learned from Gandhi did not waver, and his struggle led to the enactment of the Civil Rights Act in July 1964 which prohibits racial segregation in public places and schools. King became the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner of all time in 1964 at the age of 35. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;King's campaign for black civil rights has led to the criticism of the city's issue of the poor and a holy battle against the war since 1966. The Vietnam War was a reckless act from his perspective. Instead of pouring money on the battlefields of a foreign country, the U.S. should have been fighting poverty on its own land. Spending so much on the Vietnam War also contradicted President Johnson's \"great society\" policy of fighting unemployment and poverty. Eighty percent of the U.S. troops drafted into the Vietnam War came from the working class or poor families. The death rate for black people was double. The elimination of racism and the opposition to the Vietnam War were not two separate issues but rather one issue with the same underlying cause. King participated in a massive anti-war peace march in New York on April 15, 1967. 250,000 people had gathered. That summer, black people, desperate from poverty, set fire on the streets and looted shops. Forty-three people were killed during the police crackdown. On October 21, some 100,000 people marched to the Pentagon where the U.S. Department of Defense is located. The young men took out their draft warrants and burned them. Some of the protesters placed flowers in the gun barrels of the police, but they still could not avoid the beatings. American society was turning into a huge mess of racial conflict and anti-war movements. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On April 9, 1968, a funeral was held at the Ebenezer Church in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the church where King's father worked as a pastor. The whole nation was rocked by the riots of black people stirred by King's death. Nineteen people lost their lives. On April 23, Columbia University students occupied five of the university buildings. They had anti-Vietnam War and anti-racism slogans. A week later, the police stormed in. 150 people were seriously injured and 700 were arrested. The university occupation movement spread to other universities as well. President Johnson passed a bill that would ban racism in stores and accommodations. King was 39 years old. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uM1Aid-ken8/XXLrWLjWxgI/AAAAAAAABGY/7bzrBOobdFUdthP6X4tN-OYEV_9WObYcACLcBGAs/s640/%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25B2%2584%25ED%258A%25B8%2B%25EC%25BC%2580%25EB%2584%25A4%25EB%2594%25942.jpg\" width=\"375\" height=\"470\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Robert Kennedy(1925~1968)</blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On June 6, 1968, Bobby died. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He, a U.S. senator and preliminary Democratic presidential candidate, was shot while passing by the cooking area of the Los Angeles Ambassadors Hotel the night before on the 5th. Robert Kennedy, nicknamed \"Bobby,\" was staying in California to deliver his preliminary election speech. The gunman was a Jordanian immigrant in his 20s named Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, who was unhappy about Bobby's support for Israel. He was taken to a hospital with a severe gunshot wound to the head, along with five injured attendants, but failed to gain consciousness again. It was four years and seven months after his second brother, President John F. Kennedy, was shot to death in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. Americans had lost yet another promising politician. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Edward Kennedy, the youngest of nine Kennedy siblings, read his eulogy at the funeral in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on June 8. \"My brother need not be idealized, or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life; to be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it. Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will someday come to pass for all the world.” &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Bobby was the seventh oldest among the siblings. When his second brother, John F. Kennedy, was elected president in 1961, he took the post of attorney general. Since taking office, he had declared war on crime, fighting to wipe out mafias, and received acclaim for contributing to improving black civil rights. When Martin Luther King was arrested in 1960 for a sit-in at a department store, Bobby was the attorney who called the judge and released King. He was elected to the Senate in New York in 1964 after his brother's death. He declared his presidential bid in March of 1968. The elder Johnson, a Democrat-turned-current president, had declared he would give up his presidential bid. Bobby was making a splash in the Democratic preliminary election in early June 1968, right before he was about to be shot. Having been opposed to the Vietnam War since 1967, Bobby was the hope of the anti-war forces. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Vietnamese and Americans were killed alike in Vietnam. In February of 1968, as many as 2,000 U.S. soldiers were killed while responding to the Tet Offensive staged by the Viet Cong. The gruesome footage of the television spread across the living rooms of the American people. The U.S. mainland was also akin to a battlefield. On February 8, 1968, the police opened fire on a peaceful anti-war demonstration in Orangeburg, South Carolina. Three black people were killed and 34 others wounded. The hawks still didn’t come to their senses, however. General Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Army in Vietnam, called on President Johnson to send an additional 200,000 troops to Vietnam. General Abrams, who assumed the post of commander after Westmoreland even said halting the bombing of Northern Vietnam would put the U.S. military into a state of crisis. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On August 26, 1968, a Democratic convention was held on Chicago’s International Amphitheater Avenue. Bobby was of course absent. Senator Eugene McCarthy won the preliminary election, but Hubert Humphrey, backed by party leaders, was nominated. The anti-war clause put forth by Eugene McCarthy's supporters, never reached the party platform. More than 4,000 people, including members of an anti-war group trying to block Humphrey's nomination, demonstrated outside the convention hall. Jerry Rubin, the leader of the \"Yippies,” an International Youth Party,\" ridiculed the Democratic Party by presenting a pig as its presidential candidate. Police attacked the protesters with rifle headboards and clubs for failing to their follow orders to leave. That day remained a \"bloody convention.\" Three months later, in the November presidential election, the Democratic Humphrey lost to Republican anti-communist Richard Nixon by a 0.7% point difference. What kind of expression would Bobby have made at the news? He would have been 42 years old that year. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_spRC-UDd_8/XXLrXTr1vHI/AAAAAAAABGg/CUVxKNyhKGcETiPqpnMQK2wogGq3q4kfgCLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%2598%25B8%25EC%25B0%258C%25EB%25AF%25BC.jpg\" width=\"350\" height=\"506\"/></p>\n<blockquote>Ho Chi Minh(1890~1969)</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On September 2, 1969, Uncle Ho, the national leader revered by the Vietnamese, died. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;At 9:45 a.m. on the day of the 24th anniversary of Vietnam's independence, his pulse, which was running irregularly, stopped with him on the hospital bed. He left Saigon in June of 1911 to work as a kitchen assistant on the French steamer, Amiral Latouche-Treville. He returned home in 1945, after traveling around the world, including Europe, Asia, Africa, and the United States. He would then become a big figure for the next 24 years in Vietnam's independence movement and revolution. His will requested that his body be cremated, divided and scattered onto the northern, central and southern parts of the country and that the exact locations not be revealed. His will reflected his life-long devotion to the country’s reunification, though his body was not cremated. Instead, it was mummified. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Ho Chi Minh was the founder of Vietnam's Communist Party and the leader of Vietnam's Democratic Republic (North Vietnam), as well as being Vietnam's most symbolic figure. Nevertheless, the Vietnamese people still refer to him as Bác Hổ’, meaning “Uncle Ho.” The most powerful image was that of the 'Modest Saint.' He appeared kind, selfless, and honest. He wasn’t ostentatious, was unmarried, and lived in a small house. It was like Lenin from the Russian Revolution and Gandhi in the Indian National Liberation Movement. A Uruguayan newspaper described him as someone with a heart as wide as the universe, and a man with an unrelenting love for children. It said he was modest in all senses of the word, in its expression of condolence. South Korean soldiers dispatched to Vietnam felt confused when even the South Vietnamese soldiers fighting against North Vietnam said their most respected figure is Ho Chi Minh. Without him, the country of Vietnam was hardly conceivable. Naturally, the U.S. was projected as the devil afflicting saints like Uncle Ho. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Uncle Ho became feeble in his later years. Vietnam's ruling Workers' Party (later renamed the Communist Party of Vietnam) was a collective leadership system. Soon after Lê Duẩn took office as general secretary of the Vietnamese Workers' Party in 1957, Uncle Ho's influence began declining rapidly. His main role in the mid-1960s was to visit schools, factories and collective farms as the \"benevolent uncle\" that he was and spreading the great cause of socialism and national reunification. Whenever there was an important problem, Lê Duẩn was quoted as saying to his colleagues. \"Let's not worry Uncle Ho. We shouldn't bother our top leader.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the late 1960s, Uncle Ho's army increased to more than 400,000 people. All men between the ages of 16 and 45 were conscripted. More than 50,000 U.S. soldiers died during the Vietnam War. More than 5,000 South Korean soldiers died. Meanwhile, one million people from North and South Vietnam combined, lost their lives. In 1967, U.S. President Johnson wrote in a letter to Uncle Ho that he was willing to end the bombing, but that it would only happen when North Vietnam stopped infiltrating the South. Uncle Ho sent a reply demanding unconditional suspension of the bombing of the Vietnamese Democratic Republic. Johnson only actually thought to stop the bombings after the Tet Offensive in March of 1968. On May 10, peace talks between the United States and the Vietnamese Democratic Republic began in Paris, France, yet peace was hardly achieved easily. The bombing continued after Nixon became president in November 1968. Even in September of 1969, when Uncle Ho's pulse was dying down, it was unclear when the war would end. He was 79 years old by then. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SN8bvaU4Wh8/XXLrXdQWZyI/AAAAAAAABGk/FWWh5eCHD1sidYGtdqDp00lhYfjutnIYACLcBGAs/s640/%25ED%259D%2591%25EC%259D%25B8%2B%25EC%258B%259C%25EC%259C%2584.jpg\" width=\"317\" height=\"453\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;African-American athletes, Tommy Smith and John Carlos, who won the gold and bronze medals respectively in the men's 200-meter final at the October 15, 1968 Mexico Olympics, raised their fists to the national anthem during the awards ceremony in a silent protest called the \"Black Power Salute.\" Their actions, greatly influenced by Martin Luther King, Jr., became an important occasion to promote black civil rights movementsand the fight against racism to the world. The two athletes, however, were expelled from the U.S. team thereafter and lost their medals for their political messages. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;And then there’s February 12, 1968.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>What did the year 1968 signify? I refer to it as the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. Both are zeitgeists that represent the year 1968. Flames of protests against the Vietnam War, which erupted on May 2 that year at the University of Nanterre in western Paris (thereafter the 10th University of Paris), spread uncontrollably and soared in protest against the police's violent crackdown and the school authorities' unilateral closure of the school premises. At first, the Parisian students created coalitions among themselves, but eventually, they joined hands with the laborers. Eventually, young people from dozens of countries came together in a worldwide struggle. Germany, Italy, Britain and Spain as well as the socialist country Czechoslovakia and Mexico joined forces. The U.S., which had been reeling from black civil rights movements and anti-war movements, was no exception, especially after Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert Kennedy were shot. College students, whose number had tripled since World War II, began throwing stones at the windows of the old world. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Their placard displayed a picture of Che who had just passed away. Che was the spiritual supporter of those who dreamed and imagined the impossible. They repeatedly chanted Che's slogan of creating Two, Three, Many Vietnams. They also chanted \"Ho! Ho! Ho Chi Minh.\" &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;\"What was most shocking to me was that the highly developed, ultra-modern America and its forces would attack Vietnamese farmers, like white settlers attacking the North American Indians\" (Michael von Enlhardt, a German student). &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The authorities of European universities, who shunned out even small demands such as eliminating male and female dormitories (Nanterre University), were considered to be in the same camp as the U.S. military. They were no different from the U.S. aggressors in the sense that there was no reasoning with them. Women who were discriminated against and sexual minorities also worked together. The wave of student movements developed beyond the democratic movement into a cultural revolution. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The global struggle of 1968 was later dubbed the '68 Movement.' British historian Eric Hobsbawm said that the 68 Movement was the only simultaneous social upheaval in the world since World War II. U.S. scholar Immanuel Wallerstein said that there have only been two world revolutions so far. One occurred in 1848 (the February Revolution in France) and the other in 1968. Both ended in historical failure, but both have changed the world. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;George Katsiaficas, who in 1968 worked with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology branch of the American student movement organization, the Student Democratic Society (SDS), organized a large rally to protest the university's research institute, which developed inertial navigation systems and fluoride for the Vietnam War, and to insist on the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam. He later described the year 1968 as having a \"global eros effect,\" describing the global connection of the uprising, in which awareness of the \"instinctive desire for liberation\" superseded time and space and created simultaneous resonance all over the world. Although the revolution faced limitations and was never entirely completed, it changed the world and stimulated the people of Asian and African countries who had put off their transformation struggles to a distant future. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In 1968, the time between Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh when the world was stirred with eros, the Republic of Korea was \"under the world’s highest iceberg, the 38th parallel and its lump of iron,\" as described by poet Kim Soo-young.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[2]</a> On February 12 of that year, the Korean army attacked a rural villages of Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất. Seventy-four people died, including old farmers and their sons, daughters, and grandchildren. Four of them, &nbsp;Trần Thị An,Trần Văn Mạnh, Nguyễn Đình Đào, and &nbsp;Đoàn Thế Minh, were all less than a year old. <br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, the following books and papers were referred to or cited: \"The Biography of Che Guevara\" (Jean Cormier, Practical Literature, 2000); \"My Life: Bill Clinton”(William Jefferson Clinton, Mulpeure, 2004); \"Martin Luther King, the Black Jesus' Dream\" (Kartin Haneman, Hankyoreh Children, 2010); \"The Biography of Ho Chi Minh\" (William J. Ducer, Green Forest, 2003);“1968: A Student Generation in Revolt” *Ronald Fraster, Park Jongchul Publishing 2002); “A Walk through the modern history of the U.S.”(Kang, Joon-man, Figures and Ideology, 2010); “U.S. History as it is”(Alan Brinkley, Humanist, 2005); “The Imagination of the New Left”(George Katsiaficas, Nanjang, 2009); “1968, Revolution in the World System” (Immanuel Wallerstein, Economy and Society, 2008 Winter Edition). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[2]</a> \"The 38th parallel is one of the highest icebergs in the world. How much silent warmth of deep love is needed to melt this lump of iron? It would have to be quieter than the melting of the bathtub that I felt.\" 『The Complete Works of Kim Soo-young 2』 p 96~97 “Thawing” 解涷(1968.2, Minumsa, 1981) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission\">Chapter 33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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      "parent_author": "",
      "parent_permlink": "history",
      "permlink": "34-che-guevara-to-ho-chi-minh",
      "title": "34. Che Guevara to Ho Chi Minh"
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  "timestamp": "2019-09-06T23:49:00",
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dtubesent 0.001 STEEM to @humank- "Final call to claim your DTube account! It takes only 5 minutes. Go now to https://d.tube"

2019/09/03 17:43:24 UTC

36,104,972|b3042ec

amount	0.001 STEEM
from	dtube
memo	Final call to claim your DTube account! It takes only 5 minutes. Go now to https://d.tube
to	humank
Transaction Info	Block #36104972/Trx b3042ece243ae2c1500598ed445c25563ba1e593

View Raw JSON Data

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      "to": "humank"
    }
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  "op_in_trx": 0,
  "timestamp": "2019-09-03T17:43:24",
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humankpublished a new post: 33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission

2019/08/31 11:13:36 UTC

36,026,997|f0fb499

author	humank
body	@@ -889,24 +889,32 @@    +%3Cstrong%3E  1968 T @@ -913,25 +913,24 @@ p;1968 Tokyo -.  %3C/p%3E%0A @@ -918,32 +918,41 @@ 8 Tokyo  %3C/ +strong%3E%3C/ p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E &nbs @@ -9738,24 +9738,32 @@ p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E  +%3Cstrong%3E  1970 F @@ -9767,32 +9767,41 @@ 0 France %3C/ +strong%3E%3C/ p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E &nbs
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission
title	33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission
Transaction Info	Block #36026997/Trx f0fb49994d90367eb25d203be5fd275a5351dcd0

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      "author": "humank",
      "body": "@@ -889,24 +889,32 @@\n &nbsp;&nbsp;\n+%3Cstrong%3E\n &nbsp;1968 T\n@@ -913,25 +913,24 @@\n p;1968 Tokyo\n-.\n  &nbsp;%3C/p%3E%0A\n@@ -918,32 +918,41 @@\n 8 Tokyo &nbsp;%3C/\n+strong%3E%3C/\n p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E&nbsp;&nbs\n@@ -9738,24 +9738,32 @@\n p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E&nbsp;\n+%3Cstrong%3E\n &nbsp;1970 F\n@@ -9767,32 +9767,41 @@\n 0 France&nbsp;%3C/\n+strong%3E%3C/\n p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E&nbsp;&nbs\n",
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humankpublished a new post: 33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission

2019/08/31 11:12:45 UTC

36,026,980|7b43a55

author	humank
body	@@ -19814,17 +19814,16 @@ sp;%3Cbr%3E%0A -  &n
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manego.coolhuntupvoted (100.00%) @humank / 33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission

2019/08/31 11:11:30 UTC

36,026,955|4aa1cef

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humankpublished a new post: 33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission

2019/08/31 11:09:42 UTC

36,026,919|8552603

author	humank
body	<html> <h1> Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_33:  <strong>JATEC Passport Forgery Mission </strong>  </h1> <p><br></p> <h1><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/37608.html">Click to read in Korean(파리 뒷골목에서 위조를 배우다)</a></h1> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WtIfQZx3MVo/XWpQZoBiu1I/AAAAAAAABE4/7ty88mk6IugGYziRqINTP4bG5FyDy6mTgCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_1.jpg" width="640" height="509"/></p> <blockquote>  Jane Fonda, a U.S. actress wearing a helmet bearing the words 'Beheiren,' traveled around U.S. military bases and appealed to U.S. soldiers to act on their conscience (December 1971).   <strong>Photo courtesy of the Center for Research on Symbiotic Society at Rikkyo University  </strong></blockquote> <p> </p> <p>   1968 Tokyo.  </p> <p>  Johnson went missing.   </p> <p>   He was a suspicious character to begin with. The organization suspected that he might be a spy. This white man claimed he was a fugitive and asked for help, but there were many questionable things about him. From around the same time, the activists began feeling that somebody was following them. Internal concerns within the organization grew on whether or not to help Johnson escape--whether to drive him out or protect him. There was no clear evidence that Johnson was not a fugitive either, however. The organization eventually concluded that it will take him along with another fugitive to Hokkaido, Japan, from which point they would escape. But there was a problem. On the afternoon of the day they were supposed to help him escape, Johnson vanished into thin air.  </p> <p>  Takahashi Taketomo had no idea of the situation. He worked only as directed by his branch of the organization. His task was to hide the fugitives. He didn't know the details. There was no asking or arguing about his task. If he was told to meet someone, he met them; if he was told to provide a room, he provided it. His sole objective was to somehow help the people he had come into contact with flee to a safe place. There was no need for detailed information such as their names, or how they were going to where they were going. Such information was kept a secret for the sake of everybody involved, and these secrets were well kept. But ever since Johnson disappeared, there appeared to be a serious security gap within the organization. The police arrested the other U.S. soldier (Gerald Mayer) who was scheduled to defect with Johnson. These events occurred between October and November of 1968.  </p> <p>  Takahashi, who returned from studying abroad in France, was an activist who did all the grunt work at the forefront of JATEC, a group within Beheiren, an anti-war peace group. Although Beheiren, founded in the spring of 1965 when the air raids on North Vietnam began, was an open and voluntary civic group, JATEC, which originated within Beheiren in early 1968, was an unofficial secret organization. The year 1968 marked a dramatic turning point for the Vietnam War. Anti-war sentiment in the U.S. boiled at its peak with more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers dying as a result of the Tet Offensive, initiated by the North Vietnamese military and the Viet Cong. The number of deserters increased not only from the U.S. mainland but also from U.S. military bases in Japan. JATEC was created to systematically support their smuggling and finding of their asylum. In fact, JATEC helped 13 U.S. soldiers escape from Japanese territory from February to September 1968, including Kim Jin-su from South Korea, Shimizu Tetsuo from Japan, Yotsai OuYang from Taiwan and Raymond Saniviero from Puerto Rico.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a> This was more than enough to stir both the U.S. military intelligence agencies and the Japanese police. They employed espionage, as in sending Johnson. </p> <p> Takahashi was also an assistant professor at Rikkyo University. The driving force behind the professor's involvement in this secret organization was his belief in peace and democracy. Since 1950, when he was a freshman at Azabu High School in Tokyo, he had participated in the Wadatsumi (“Wada” meant ocean and “Tsumi”meant spirit) Association, an organization that paid tribute to and commemorated students who died in battle.  </p> <p>  The Wadatsumi Association, founded with proceeds from the sale of 300,000 copies of its handwritten book, <em>Listen to the Voices of the Sea</em>, published in October 1949, greatly influenced young people in the 1950s with its spirit of anti-militarism. The early 1950s, with the outbreak of the Korean War, was a time of widespread fear among Japanese students that they might be dragged into war again. The students feared that the clause on "giving up war" as stipulated in Article 9 of the Constitution, revised in 1947, may be codified. Takahashi continued his activities with Wadatsumi until he entered the French literature department of Tokyo University in 1952 and even finished graduate school, during which he and his friends studied the logic and methodologies of refusing military service. The process of his turning into a passionate activist for JATEC after his participation in Beheiren's first street rally on April 24, 1965 was nothing out of the ordinary.  </p> <p>  In the fall of 1965, Takahashi went abroad to study at the Sorbonne University in France but did not stop participating in the peace movement. On the contrary, he became even more thoroughgoing. He believed that words that were not backed by action were meaningless, much like his influencer, Oda Makoto, representative of Beheiren and famous novelist. Whenever Oda, the psychological pillar of Japan's peace movement, came to Paris for work involving international collaboration, Takahashi, who at the time was studying abroad, volunteered to be his guide, visiting every corner of Paris together while sharing their views.   </p> <p> In the spring of 1967, a mass rally that he experienced in Paris also became a major turning point in his determination to devote himself to the peace movement. He raised his hand to speak at the podium during the rally, where hundreds of people had gathered, and spoke about Kim Dong-hee, a Korean soldier who was a major topic for Beheiren at the time. Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean Army sergeant who defected from an army school in Busan in July 1965, smuggled himself into Tsushima in August, refusing to be dispatched to the Vietnam War. He asked for asylum in Japan but was not accepted, and was confined to the Omura camp via the Fukuoka prison.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[2]</a> Beheiren was pressing the Japanese government against Kim Dong-hee's forced repatriation to South Korea. Takahashi’s description of Kim Dong-hee's situation during the rally in Paris resonated with the public. An hour later, it was adopted as a formal agenda item for the rally. Organizers of the rally even made and issued a statement of protest for Kim Dong-hee against the South Korean government on the spot.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn2">[3]</a> It was a moment when the power of international solidarity truly came through.  </p> <p>  But in the fall of 1968, Beheiren and JATEC were trembling at the threat of governmental authority. Takahashi, who had returned home from France in the fall of 1967 and hidden countless deserters for a year, was in despair. Under the current law, there were no regulations to punish a Japanese citizen even if he/she helped hide or smuggle a fugitive U.S. soldier. The police arrested an activist who was supposed to drive Johnson to Hokkaido, for violation of gun laws because the police mistook a fake gun for a real gun. Deserters were also arrested, and by the fall of 1968, JATEC was on the verge of disintegration. Kurihara Yukio, a 40-year-old literary critic who was responsible for the organization, raised his hands in surrender. No one was willing to take on the leadership. Takahashi was exasperated at the thought of giving up their movement. He therefore stepped forward as the new leader of JATEC.   </p> <p>  The previous escape route to Sweden was entering the Soviet Union by boat from Yokohama or Hokkaido. The Soviet authorities, which had tacitly tolerated the entry of the deserters, also began expressing disapproval as the route started gaining global attention. The use of the ships to smuggle deserters had reached its limit. JATEC, with Takahashi as its newly-instated leader, decided to change its course. Instead of smuggling the deserters who came to them in search of protection, he persuaded them to become conscientious objectors of military service and organize anti-war campaigns in the military. However, he could not completely give up supporting the deserters, conjuring up the impossible dream of transporting them by plane with forged passports.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SfefsbCNjKQ/XWpQa_s1a0I/AAAAAAAABFA/S75GmNmTtkA9x_yIpw6sNCINmp3Xk_PWwCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_2.jpg" width="640" height="419"/></p> <blockquote>   In April of 1969, Beheiren members held a speech tour in Kyushu, Japan. Takahashi Taketomo, the third from the left in the front row, and Makoto Oda, the far right in the back row.  <strong>Photo courtesy of the Center for Research on Symbiotic Society at Rikkyo University  </strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  1970 France </p> <p>  He finally met the man.   </p> <p>  They were inside a small sedan. The man didn't say his name. All he said was that he was someone who was, "involved in Third World affairs," before saying, "I know why you came to Paris. In order to solve that problem, we have to forge paper documents. If you want, I can teach you the technology."  </p> <p>  Takahashi Taketomo was mentally prepared for the task, thanking the anonymous man for his willingness to help. The man got out of the car without saying anything more. The woman who guided Takahashi got in the driver's seat and steered the car somewhere. Despite knowing Paris inside out after having studied abroad in Paris, he had no idea where they were. But one thing was for certain: they would now gain access to the technology for passport forgery.  </p> <p>  He had flown all the way to the European continent with that very goal in mind. It was April of 1970. Europe was at the center of the world's progressive movement. There were many fighters who were involved in the anti-fascist movement during World War II. They had all the know-how accumulated from the Asian and African national liberation movements, including the Algerian struggle for independence. The "Anti- Vietnam War" slogan was the most important slogan of the "1968 Revolution" that swept through Europe. They were all more than ready to help the Japanese peace activists.  </p> <p> Takahashi boarded a plane as soon as he heard that the Italian Communist Party was willing to cooperate. This was made possible through the efforts of Oda Makoto, the representative of Beheiren, who was traveling around Europe to promote Japan's peace movement in Vietnam and asking for support. Takahashi went directly to Italy and met with a Communist Party official, but his effort was in vain. The official said that they never confirmed their support. Takahashi, who failed to find a collaborator in Italy, moved to Paris, France. He asked for people who could help him by mobilizing all of his connections from academia to left-wing activist groups. He had also quit teaching at Rikkyo University before coming to Europe. It was technically because Japan's student movement organization, the National Students' Joint Strike Association, refused to attend class, leaving him with scant opportunities to teach during the semester; but it was also because he couldn’t simultaneously juggle teaching and being an active part of JATEC indefinitely. That's how strongly he felt about his cause.   </p> <p>  He had to make progress somehow before returning to Japan. He met a technician who had made fake passports during World War II through the introduction of the famous Parisian mathematician, Laurent Schwartz (1915-2002). He learned about how the inner surface of a potato was cut with a knife and made into a stamp, but It sounded too outdated and primitive to be trustworthy. Thirty years had passed since the 1940s, when World War II was in full swing. As such, they needed a technology that was more elaborate and sophisticated.  </p> <p>  It was a long time before Takahashi was able to meet the man in the car. He was fortunate to be connected to a female lawyer while contacting a group called the "second war front." The lawyer made Takahashi swear to "proceed with the refugee-exile campaign quietly without rendering it a noisy political propaganda," and then guided him to the man in the car through a multi-stage tangent, as if it were a 007 operation, in which he was blindly directed by multiple people to follow a set of instructions until one day, he ended up inside the sedan with the man.   </p> <p>  He only found out later that the man in the car was Henri Curiel (1914-1978), who led the Third World Liberation Movement support group called, "Solidarite." Born in Egypt as a Jew, he was a prominent member of the Third World Liberation Movement, and moved to France in the 1950s where he was imprisoned for supporting Algerian independence struggles. In the 1960s, he was helping Palestine and South Africa fight for liberation with a wide range of illegal activities, including activist education and document forgery (he was assassinated 10 years later by suspected gunmen from Israel's spy agency, Mossad).  </p> <p>  The woman parked the car in front of an apartment. When Takahashi entered the apartment, he found another man who appeared to be a technician. He held a passport in his hand while he explained the details of the principles and techniques of passport forgery. According to the man, usually, immigration officials only take a rough look at passports unless there is an outstanding issue. The part that's obviously stamped must be clear, and the part that's blurry must be blurry. Too much precision could arouse suspicion. He dipped a toothpick in ink and gradually stippled a form of a stamp. He also taught him the know-how of making it look slightly bumpy. Takahashi returned to the hotel in the car driven by the woman.  </p> <p> Forging passports took more than technology alone however. They needed an original European passport. He visited progressive civic groups from across Europe to collect passports. Progressive media figures from Stockholm and Sweden readily donated their passports. All they had to do was to report that they lost their passports to their respective government agencies. That's how Takahashi managed to collect three passports. Two Italian passports were already made ready for them by the civic group "Vietnam Committee" in Milan, Italy. The activists had secretly stolen the passports from first class passengers traveling by train between Milan and Paris when the passengers left their luggage unattended and went to the dining room car. Thus a total of five passports were sent to Japan's JATEC activists. Simply sending the passports by mail would have been dangerous, so they bought a thick book, carved out the center, and placed the passports inside before sending it</p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJIc6jGBOaI/XWpQZ2KIAoI/AAAAAAAABE8/GGTdBjs3dtQ5RCX097nmK_FObXSRfrcHACLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_3.jpg" width="640" height="480"/></p> <blockquote>.    The forged Swedish passport of U.S. fugitive John Phillip Lowe. He donated it to Japan after returning to the U.S. It is currently held by the Symbiotic Society Research Center at Rikkyo University.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  Takahashi, who completed his mission, returned to Japan in August 1970. They were in a hurry to get two U.S. soldiers out of the country. He passed on the technology he learned in Europe, handed over the original passport, and asked for help with forgery. At last, two passports were completed. A passport issued by the Foreign Ministry of Sweden had a photograph of the fugitive John Phillip Lowe, and on the passport issued by the Foreign Ministry of Italy was the photograph of the fugitive Willi. The bumpy entry seal passing through the corner of the photograph was forged with such finesse that it looked authentic.   </p> <p>  John Philip Lowe headed to Itami Airport, Osaka in December of 1970 with a fake passport. He held a ticket to Paris. In July of 1971, Willi went to Tokyo Haneda Airport with his fake passport. He also had a ticket to Paris. Officials at the Japanese immigration office reviewed their passports but found no abnormalities. The deserters, who safely finished their immigration screening and got their passports back, boarded their respective flights to Paris at the departure gate. The four months that Takahashi spent in Europe in search of passport forgery technology were not in vain. It was a victory for both"Solidarite" of France, which delivered the technology and Japan's "JATEC," which learned and properly employed the technology. Takahashi Taketomo shed tears of emotion.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CZ6kKmrMgY4/XWpQbD9w-KI/AAAAAAAABFE/mK3YORTTZVUcoXXPlBK4hfI71LFttDnYgCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_4.JPG" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote>   Met with Takahashi Taketomo, former representative of JATEC, in November 2013 at a hotel coffee shop in Tokyo.   <strong>photo humank21  </strong></blockquote> <p><br></p> <h2>  <strong>Takahashi, a civic activist of the 80s</strong>  </h2> <p>  Takahashi Taketomo was 80 years old as of February 2015, living in Tokyo, Japan. Since the 1970s, he has worked as a translator for French literature. In 2007, he published a book about the secret of the process of assisting American defectors, called <em>Watakushitachi wa, dassō Amerikahei o ekkyōsaseta</em>. Because it is illegal to forge passports and use these forged passports to cross borders, he waited until his statute of limitations expired in 2000 to reveal what he has done. John Phillip Lowe and Willi, who went to Paris on fake passports, were pardoned and reinstated only after the Carter administration took power in 1976.  </p> <p>  Takahashi is currently in charge of the Wadatsumi Memorial Hall. He, along with Yuichi Yoshikawa, a former chief of Beheiren's office, is also the co-chairman of the Citizens' Opinion 30 Meeting/Tokyo, a civic activist group in Japan, and an editor of the Newsletter Citizens' Opinion (issued in February, 2000). The 'Citizens Opinion 30' group/Tokyo, which follows the lineage and flow of Beheiren, has published 30 items to change Japan through opinion advertisements and is acting accordingly. One of them is to inform young Koreans of Beheiren and JATEC which developed in Japan, and to support Korean military objectors. He said that he has also met and talked with military objectors who were students in Japan at the end of 2014.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>     <br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> The Intrepid Four escaped to Sweden in November 1967 before JATEC was created.    </p> <p>   <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[2]</a> A detention facility for illegal Korean entrants, located in the city of Omura, Nagasaki Prefecture. It began in December 1950 with the renovation of a Navy Yard facility, and was continued to be used by the Japanese government through 1981, at which point 20,000 Koreans were forcibly repatriated. Illegal entrants or those who, despite having permanent residency, received more than seven years in prison for criminal offenses, were held here, brewing much controversy over human rights violations.  </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref2">[3]</a> With the efforts of Japanese peace activists, Kim Dong-hee went to North Korea instead of being forcibly repatriated. The Japanese government sent him to North Korea on January 26, 1968 aboard a Soviet ship bound for Nakhodka. According to the memoirs of Oda Makoto, representative of Beheiren, in October 1976, when he asked North Korean Leader, Kim Il-sung about Kim Dong-hee's whereabouts, Kim Il-sung answered that there is no such person in North Korea. Hankyoreh Jan. 4, 2014. Kwon Hyuk-tae, “Do you know the stowaway defector, Kim Dong-hee?”    </p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile">Chapter 32 :  Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission
title	33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission
Transaction Info	Block #36026919/Trx 8552603595e04bdcecaa7a53a3a360e36d29f365

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      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_33:&nbsp; <strong>JATEC Passport Forgery Mission </strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<h1><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/37608.html\">Click to read in Korean(파리 뒷골목에서 위조를 배우다)</a></h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WtIfQZx3MVo/XWpQZoBiu1I/AAAAAAAABE4/7ty88mk6IugGYziRqINTP4bG5FyDy6mTgCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_1.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"509\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Jane Fonda, a U.S. actress wearing a helmet bearing the words 'Beheiren,' traveled around U.S. military bases and appealed to U.S. soldiers to act on their conscience (December 1971). &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Photo courtesy of the Center for Research on Symbiotic Society at Rikkyo University &nbsp;</strong></blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1968 Tokyo. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Johnson went missing. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;He was a suspicious character to begin with. The organization suspected that he might be a spy. This white man claimed he was a fugitive and asked for help, but there were many questionable things about him. From around the same time, the activists began feeling that somebody was following them. Internal concerns within the organization grew on whether or not to help Johnson escape--whether to drive him out or protect him. There was no clear evidence that Johnson was not a fugitive either, however. The organization eventually concluded that it will take him along with another fugitive to Hokkaido, Japan, from which point they would escape. But there was a problem. On the afternoon of the day they were supposed to help him escape, Johnson vanished into thin air. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi Taketomo had no idea of the situation. He worked only as directed by his branch of the organization. His task was to hide the fugitives. He didn't know the details. There was no asking or arguing about his task. If he was told to meet someone, he met them; if he was told to provide a room, he provided it. His sole objective was to somehow help the people he had come into contact with flee to a safe place. There was no need for detailed information such as their names, or how they were going to where they were going. Such information was kept a secret for the sake of everybody involved, and these secrets were well kept. But ever since Johnson disappeared, there appeared to be a serious security gap within the organization. The police arrested the other U.S. soldier (Gerald Mayer) who was scheduled to defect with Johnson. These events occurred between October and November of 1968. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi, who returned from studying abroad in France, was an activist who did all the grunt work at the forefront of JATEC, a group within Beheiren, an anti-war peace group. Although Beheiren, founded in the spring of 1965 when the air raids on North Vietnam began, was an open and voluntary civic group, JATEC, which originated within Beheiren in early 1968, was an unofficial secret organization. The year 1968 marked a dramatic turning point for the Vietnam War. Anti-war sentiment in the U.S. boiled at its peak with more than 2,000 U.S. soldiers dying as a result of the Tet Offensive, initiated by the North Vietnamese military and the Viet Cong. The number of deserters increased not only from the U.S. mainland but also from U.S. military bases in Japan. JATEC was created to systematically support their smuggling and finding of their asylum. In fact, JATEC helped 13 U.S. soldiers escape from Japanese territory from February to September 1968, including Kim Jin-su from South Korea, Shimizu Tetsuo from Japan, Yotsai OuYang from Taiwan and Raymond Saniviero from Puerto Rico.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a> This was more than enough to stir both the U.S. military intelligence agencies and the Japanese police. They employed espionage, as in sending Johnson.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Takahashi was also an assistant professor at Rikkyo University. The driving force behind the professor's involvement in this secret organization was his belief in peace and democracy. Since 1950, when he was a freshman at Azabu High School in Tokyo, he had participated in the Wadatsumi (“Wada” meant ocean and “Tsumi”meant spirit) Association, an organization that paid tribute to and commemorated students who died in battle. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The Wadatsumi Association, founded with proceeds from the sale of 300,000 copies of its handwritten book, <em>Listen to the Voices of the Sea</em>, published in October 1949, greatly influenced young people in the 1950s with its spirit of anti-militarism. The early 1950s, with the outbreak of the Korean War, was a time of widespread fear among Japanese students that they might be dragged into war again. The students feared that the clause on \"giving up war\" as stipulated in Article 9 of the Constitution, revised in 1947, may be codified. Takahashi continued his activities with Wadatsumi until he entered the French literature department of Tokyo University in 1952 and even finished graduate school, during which he and his friends studied the logic and methodologies of refusing military service. The process of his turning into a passionate activist for JATEC after his participation in Beheiren's first street rally on April 24, 1965 was nothing out of the ordinary. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the fall of 1965, Takahashi went abroad to study at the Sorbonne University in France but did not stop participating in the peace movement. On the contrary, he became even more thoroughgoing. He believed that words that were not backed by action were meaningless, much like his influencer, Oda Makoto, representative of Beheiren and famous novelist. Whenever Oda, the psychological pillar of Japan's peace movement, came to Paris for work involving international collaboration, Takahashi, who at the time was studying abroad, volunteered to be his guide, visiting every corner of Paris together while sharing their views. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;In the spring of 1967, a mass rally that he experienced in Paris also became a major turning point in his determination to devote himself to the peace movement. He raised his hand to speak at the podium during the rally, where hundreds of people had gathered, and spoke about Kim Dong-hee, a Korean soldier who was a major topic for Beheiren at the time. Kim Dong-hee, a South Korean Army sergeant who defected from an army school in Busan in July 1965, smuggled himself into Tsushima in August, refusing to be dispatched to the Vietnam War. He asked for asylum in Japan but was not accepted, and was confined to the Omura camp via the Fukuoka prison.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[2]</a> Beheiren was pressing the Japanese government against Kim Dong-hee's forced repatriation to South Korea. Takahashi’s description of Kim Dong-hee's situation during the rally in Paris resonated with the public. An hour later, it was adopted as a formal agenda item for the rally. Organizers of the rally even made and issued a statement of protest for Kim Dong-hee against the South Korean government on the spot.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn2\">[3]</a> It was a moment when the power of international solidarity truly came through. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;But in the fall of 1968, Beheiren and JATEC were trembling at the threat of governmental authority. Takahashi, who had returned home from France in the fall of 1967 and hidden countless deserters for a year, was in despair. Under the current law, there were no regulations to punish a Japanese citizen even if he/she helped hide or smuggle a fugitive U.S. soldier. The police arrested an activist who was supposed to drive Johnson to Hokkaido, for violation of gun laws because the police mistook a fake gun for a real gun. Deserters were also arrested, and by the fall of 1968, JATEC was on the verge of disintegration. Kurihara Yukio, a 40-year-old literary critic who was responsible for the organization, raised his hands in surrender. No one was willing to take on the leadership. Takahashi was exasperated at the thought of giving up their movement. He therefore stepped forward as the new leader of JATEC. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The previous escape route to Sweden was entering the Soviet Union by boat from Yokohama or Hokkaido. The Soviet authorities, which had tacitly tolerated the entry of the deserters, also began expressing disapproval as the route started gaining global attention. The use of the ships to smuggle deserters had reached its limit. JATEC, with Takahashi as its newly-instated leader, decided to change its course. Instead of smuggling the deserters who came to them in search of protection, he persuaded them to become conscientious objectors of military service and organize anti-war campaigns in the military. However, he could not completely give up supporting the deserters, conjuring up the impossible dream of transporting them by plane with forged passports. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SfefsbCNjKQ/XWpQa_s1a0I/AAAAAAAABFA/S75GmNmTtkA9x_yIpw6sNCINmp3Xk_PWwCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_2.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In April of 1969, Beheiren members held a speech tour in Kyushu, Japan. Takahashi Taketomo, the third from the left in the front row, and Makoto Oda, the far right in the back row. &nbsp;<strong>Photo courtesy of the Center for Research on Symbiotic Society at Rikkyo University &nbsp;</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1970 France&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He finally met the man. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;They were inside a small sedan. The man didn't say his name. All he said was that he was someone who was, \"involved in Third World affairs,\" before saying, \"I know why you came to Paris. In order to solve that problem, we have to forge paper documents. If you want, I can teach you the technology.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi Taketomo was mentally prepared for the task, thanking the anonymous man for his willingness to help. The man got out of the car without saying anything more. The woman who guided Takahashi got in the driver's seat and steered the car somewhere. Despite knowing Paris inside out after having studied abroad in Paris, he had no idea where they were. But one thing was for certain: they would now gain access to the technology for passport forgery. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He had flown all the way to the European continent with that very goal in mind. It was April of 1970. Europe was at the center of the world's progressive movement. There were many fighters who were involved in the anti-fascist movement during World War II. They had all the know-how accumulated from the Asian and African national liberation movements, including the Algerian struggle for independence. The \"Anti- Vietnam War\" slogan was the most important slogan of the \"1968 Revolution\" that swept through Europe. They were all more than ready to help the Japanese peace activists. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Takahashi boarded a plane as soon as he heard that the Italian Communist Party was willing to cooperate. This was made possible through the efforts of Oda Makoto, the representative of Beheiren, who was traveling around Europe to promote Japan's peace movement in Vietnam and asking for support. Takahashi went directly to Italy and met with a Communist Party official, but his effort was in vain. The official said that they never confirmed their support. Takahashi, who failed to find a collaborator in Italy, moved to Paris, France. He asked for people who could help him by mobilizing all of his connections from academia to left-wing activist groups. He had also quit teaching at Rikkyo University before coming to Europe. It was technically because Japan's student movement organization, the National Students' Joint Strike Association, refused to attend class, leaving him with scant opportunities to teach during the semester; but it was also because he couldn’t simultaneously juggle teaching and being an active part of JATEC indefinitely. That's how strongly he felt about his cause. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He had to make progress somehow before returning to Japan. He met a technician who had made fake passports during World War II through the introduction of the famous Parisian mathematician, Laurent Schwartz (1915-2002). He learned about how the inner surface of a potato was cut with a knife and made into a stamp, but It sounded too outdated and primitive to be trustworthy. Thirty years had passed since the 1940s, when World War II was in full swing. As such, they needed a technology that was more elaborate and sophisticated. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It was a long time before Takahashi was able to meet the man in the car. He was fortunate to be connected to a female lawyer while contacting a group called the \"second war front.\" The lawyer made Takahashi swear to \"proceed with the refugee-exile campaign quietly without rendering it a noisy political propaganda,\" and then guided him to the man in the car through a multi-stage tangent, as if it were a 007 operation, in which he was blindly directed by multiple people to follow a set of instructions until one day, he ended up inside the sedan with the man. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He only found out later that the man in the car was Henri Curiel (1914-1978), who led the Third World Liberation Movement support group called, \"Solidarite.\" Born in Egypt as a Jew, he was a prominent member of the Third World Liberation Movement, and moved to France in the 1950s where he was imprisoned for supporting Algerian independence struggles. In the 1960s, he was helping Palestine and South Africa fight for liberation with a wide range of illegal activities, including activist education and document forgery (he was assassinated 10 years later by suspected gunmen from Israel's spy agency, Mossad). &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The woman parked the car in front of an apartment. When Takahashi entered the apartment, he found another man who appeared to be a technician. He held a passport in his hand while he explained the details of the principles and techniques of passport forgery. According to the man, usually, immigration officials only take a rough look at passports unless there is an outstanding issue. The part that's obviously stamped must be clear, and the part that's blurry must be blurry. Too much precision could arouse suspicion. He dipped a toothpick in ink and gradually stippled a form of a stamp. He also taught him the know-how of making it look slightly bumpy. Takahashi returned to the hotel in the car driven by the woman. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Forging passports took more than technology alone however. They needed an original European passport. He visited progressive civic groups from across Europe to collect passports. Progressive media figures from Stockholm and Sweden readily donated their passports. All they had to do was to report that they lost their passports to their respective government agencies. That's how Takahashi managed to collect three passports. Two Italian passports were already made ready for them by the civic group \"Vietnam Committee\" in Milan, Italy. The activists had secretly stolen the passports from first class passengers traveling by train between Milan and Paris when the passengers left their luggage unattended and went to the dining room car. Thus a total of five passports were sent to Japan's JATEC activists. Simply sending the passports by mail would have been dangerous, so they bought a thick book, carved out the center, and placed the passports inside before sending it</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gJIc6jGBOaI/XWpQZ2KIAoI/AAAAAAAABE8/GGTdBjs3dtQ5RCX097nmK_FObXSRfrcHACLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_3.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"/></p>\n<blockquote>. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The forged Swedish passport of U.S. fugitive John Phillip Lowe. He donated it to Japan after returning to the U.S. It is currently held by the Symbiotic Society Research Center at Rikkyo University. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi, who completed his mission, returned to Japan in August 1970. They were in a hurry to get two U.S. soldiers out of the country. He passed on the technology he learned in Europe, handed over the original passport, and asked for help with forgery. At last, two passports were completed. A passport issued by the Foreign Ministry of Sweden had a photograph of the fugitive John Phillip Lowe, and on the passport issued by the Foreign Ministry of Italy was the photograph of the fugitive Willi. The bumpy entry seal passing through the corner of the photograph was forged with such finesse that it looked authentic. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;John Philip Lowe headed to Itami Airport, Osaka in December of 1970 with a fake passport. He held a ticket to Paris. In July of 1971, Willi went to Tokyo Haneda Airport with his fake passport. He also had a ticket to Paris. Officials at the Japanese immigration office reviewed their passports but found no abnormalities. The deserters, who safely finished their immigration screening and got their passports back, boarded their respective flights to Paris at the departure gate. The four months that Takahashi spent in Europe in search of passport forgery technology were not in vain. It was a victory for both\"Solidarite\" of France, which delivered the technology and Japan's \"JATEC,\" which learned and properly employed the technology. Takahashi Taketomo shed tears of emotion. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CZ6kKmrMgY4/XWpQbD9w-KI/AAAAAAAABFE/mK3YORTTZVUcoXXPlBK4hfI71LFttDnYgCLcBGAs/s640/33%25ED%259A%258C%2B%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584_4.JPG\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Met with Takahashi Taketomo, former representative of JATEC, in November 2013 at a hotel coffee shop in Tokyo. &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>photo humank21 &nbsp;</strong></blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<h2>&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Takahashi, a civic activist of the 80s</strong> &nbsp;</h2>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi Taketomo was 80 years old as of February 2015, living in Tokyo, Japan. Since the 1970s, he has worked as a translator for French literature. In 2007, he published a book about the secret of the process of assisting American defectors, called <em>Watakushitachi wa, dassō Amerikahei o ekkyōsaseta</em>. Because it is illegal to forge passports and use these forged passports to cross borders, he waited until his statute of limitations expired in 2000 to reveal what he has done. John Phillip Lowe and Willi, who went to Paris on fake passports, were pardoned and reinstated only after the Carter administration took power in 1976. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Takahashi is currently in charge of the Wadatsumi Memorial Hall. He, along with Yuichi Yoshikawa, a former chief of Beheiren's office, is also the co-chairman of the Citizens' Opinion 30 Meeting/Tokyo, a civic activist group in Japan, and an editor of the Newsletter Citizens' Opinion (issued in February, 2000). The 'Citizens Opinion 30' group/Tokyo, which follows the lineage and flow of Beheiren, has published 30 items to change Japan through opinion advertisements and is acting accordingly. One of them is to inform young Koreans of Beheiren and JATEC which developed in Japan, and to support Korean military objectors. He said that he has also met and talked with military objectors who were students in Japan at the end of 2014. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> The Intrepid Four escaped to Sweden in November 1967 before JATEC was created. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[2]</a> A detention facility for illegal Korean entrants, located in the city of Omura, Nagasaki Prefecture. It began in December 1950 with the renovation of a Navy Yard facility, and was continued to be used by the Japanese government through 1981, at which point 20,000 Koreans were forcibly repatriated. Illegal entrants or those who, despite having permanent residency, received more than seven years in prison for criminal offenses, were held here, brewing much controversy over human rights violations. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref2\">[3]</a> With the efforts of Japanese peace activists, Kim Dong-hee went to North Korea instead of being forcibly repatriated. The Japanese government sent him to North Korea on January 26, 1968 aboard a Soviet ship bound for Nakhodka. According to the memoirs of Oda Makoto, representative of Beheiren, in October 1976, when he asked North Korean Leader, Kim Il-sung about Kim Dong-hee's whereabouts, Kim Il-sung answered that there is no such person in North Korea. Hankyoreh Jan. 4, 2014. Kwon Hyuk-tae, “Do you know the stowaway defector, Kim Dong-hee?” &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile\">Chapter 32 :&nbsp; Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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      "permlink": "33-jatec-passport-forgery-mission",
      "title": "33. JATEC Passport Forgery Mission"
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  "timestamp": "2019-08-31T11:09:42",
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steemitboardupvoted (1.00%) @humank / 32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile

2019/08/25 16:47:48 UTC

35,866,434|f75ff80

author	humank
permlink	32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile
voter	steemitboard
weight	100 (1.00%)
Transaction Info	Block #35866434/Trx f75ff8000a10b965b6bd42037ca256daa923cd48

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steemitboardreplied to @humank / steemitboard-notify-humank-20190825t164744000z

2019/08/25 16:47:45 UTC

35,866,433|5733561

author	steemitboard
body	Congratulations @humank! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) : <table><tr><td><img src="https://steemitimages.com/60x70/http://steemitboard.com/@humank/posts.png?201908251309"></td><td>You published more than 80 posts. Your next target is to reach 90 posts.</td></tr> </table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@humank) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=humank)_</sub> <sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub> To support your work, I also upvoted your post! ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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Transaction Info	Block #35866433/Trx 5733561d487d5370a4a0627d409555c560120f5a

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humankpublished a new post: 32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile

2019/08/25 12:30:42 UTC

35,861,298|f3c49be

author	humank
body	@@ -88,28 +88,16 @@ :  -   %3Cstrong%3E @@ -9986,24 +9986,92 @@    + %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye  %3C/strong%3E   %3C/blockquote @@ -13748,23 +13748,21 @@ world.' - %3Cbr%3E%0A -  &n @@ -14718,32 +14718,85 @@ Annette.  %3C +strong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye%3C/strong%3E%3C /blockquote%3E%0A%3Cp%3E @@ -16159,15 +16159,13 @@ %3C/a%3E - %3Cbr%3E%0A - &nbs @@ -16185,17 +16185,16 @@ sp;%3Cbr%3E%0A -  &n
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permlink	32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile
title	32. Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile
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humankpublished a new post: 32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile

2019/08/25 12:28:06 UTC

35,861,247|5a69375

author	humank
body	<html> <h1>   Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_32:    <strong>Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</strong>  </h1> <p><br></p> <h1><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/37006.html">Click to read in Korean(망명객 혹은 '홈리스' 김진수)</a></h1> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5rjbXfWsOXo/XWJ5700xbEI/AAAAAAAABEM/edSOEebZn4436-QDRXibSf9p2ygwZx4IgCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841.jpg" width="617" height="640"/></p> <blockquote>  〈Asahi Shimbun, which on May 17, 1967 reported the whereabouts of Kim Jin-su, who had been stuck in the Cuban embassy. The article was titled "A Month and a Half of Confinement," and showed a big photograph of Kim Jin-su playing table tennis with an embassy officials at the Cuban embassy's residence.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>   Kim Jin-su was homeless.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a>  </p> <p>On January 1, 1968, he opened his eyes after a quick nap on the sofa. The first light of the new year shone through the window of the tea house in Shinjuku, which was open 24 hours a day. He brushed his messy hair with his hands and went to the restroom to wash his face. It had been his fourth day wandering about without being able to find a place to lie down. He had to avoid all hotels that asked for some sort of identification, as it would be dangerous. He would inevitably have to come back to this tea house again tonight. </p> <p>  His action three days ago was reckless. He ended up pulling the trigger. On December 29, 1967, he sneaked out of his hiding place within the Cuban Embassy without any countermeasures. He was grateful to the embassy which had protected him for the last eight months. He visited Japan's largest labor activist group, the General Council of Trade Unions, but was unable to meet its officials. He had totally forgotten that it was the year-end holidays. He would have to wait a few days before people returned to work.   </p> <p>  He came out of the tea house and mingled among the Japanese enjoying their holidays. During the day, he had to roam about the streets of Tokyo aimlessly and kill time. Somebody could have been following him. He looked around with a wary eye before heading to a restaurant to address his hunger. He was a lost fugitive whose home was neither Japan nor Korea. In fact, he had to cross a vast ocean to get to his homeland of America. With no legal way of getting back home, he stood in the labyrinth of darkness without light.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>  1. Friday the 11th, the morning issue of Asahi, Sankei and Yomiuri reported similar stories saying that Griggs fled the Cuban embassy on December 29th of last year. </p> <p>  2. The Foreign Ministry's political affairs bureau chief, Niiseki, said in a news conference on Tuesday afternoon that Griggs (Korean name Kim Jin-su), who was in political exile at the Cuban Embassy from April of last year, fled the embassy on December 29th of last year, and that the Foreign Ministry got this news from the Cuban Embassy in Japan on the same day. Meanwhile, the Foreign Ministry said it had summoned Cuban Ambassador Mendes to Japan on Tuesday and heard about how he might have escaped. It is not clear at this time whether or not the soldier fled voluntarily, but Mendes said he had prohibited the soldier from going out because there was a risk of arrest if he went outside the embassy.  </p> <p>  3. Sankei said that Japanese security authorities believe that the soldier has already escaped from Japan and is in North Korea...  </p> <p>(The telegram that the Korean Ambassador to Japan sent to the Foreign Minister on January 11, 1968)  </p> <p><br></p> <p>  Kim Jin-su, American name, Kenneth C. Griggs, was a U.S. deserter from Vietnam. While working as a typist in the 191st Battalion of the U.S. Army in Saigon, he went on vacation to the U.S. Johnson Base in Saitama Prefecture, from where he went to the Cuban Embassy in Minato-ku, Tokyo, and sought asylum. It was on April 4, 1967. Cuba was an enemy state of the United States, where Fidel Castro (42), was speeding up the construction of the socialist country after overthrowing the pro-U.S. Batista regime in 1959.  </p> <p>  Foreign missions enjoyed diplomatic privileges. The U.S. and Japanese governments asked the Cuban Embassy to extradite Kim Jin-su, but were unable to enter the embassy and arrest him. Kim Jin-su revealed his motive for defecting, saying, "I saw the U.S. invade Vietnam with my eyes and felt a deep hatred toward war." The Cuban government was determined to show utmost support for those who were seeking asylum from the empires of imperialism by allowing entrance into Cuba. However, unless the Japanese government allowed Kim to leave the country, there was actually no way for Cuba to take him in.  </p> <p> A couple days passed. Kim Jin-su spent time eating, sleeping and watching TV at the Cuban Embassy residence. He was also into studying Spanish and playing table tennis. After spending eight months like this, he escaped the Cuban Embassy without anybody realizing it, and commenced his homeless life. Maybe he had felt like a bird trapped in a birdcage at the Cuban Embassy residence. Or perhaps he had opted for adventure at the risk of being arrested.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3fIQHy9oTUo/XWJ55sqwQRI/AAAAAAAABEI/RiOpyYw5gXYxiTwrHUcEdrUHPbqp2-FoACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25842.jpg" width="271" height="640"/></p> <blockquote>  The front page of the January 11, 1968 edition of the Asahi Shimbun, which reported that Kim Jin-su disappeared from the Cuban Embassy where he was in hiding.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  When Kim Jin-su first applied for asylum in Cuba, the South Korean government was perplexed, as it had been reported that Kim Jin-su possessed a Korean passport. South Korea's diplomatic authorities were scrambling to find out Kim Jin-su's personal information and the current state of the incident. According to an investigation conducted by South Korea's foreign ministry, he had the following background:  </p> <p>  Born in Seoul on December 25, 1946. Adopted by a Korea-based U.S. Army soldier from the 38th battalion on Nov. 23, 1956. Passports issued by the Korean government (number 9679). U.S. citizenship application denied in 1957. Became eligible for citizenship in 1961, but did not apply. Juvenile criminal police records searched in Idaho, USA. Enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1963.  </p> <p>  This is the first case in which an active U.S. soldier with Korean nationality was dispatched to Vietnam but disappeared to the Cuban Embassy in Japan while on holiday and then disappeared again after eight months. The South Korean government was worried that Kim Jin-su would go to North Korea. Kim Jin-su could have become a trumpeter on the North Korean side at a time when South Korean troops were deployed to Vietnam and North Korea and South Korea were at the height of their confrontation.   </p> <p>  Kim Jin-su's homeless roaming found rest on January 3. That night, he met with Yoshikawa Yuichi, a 37-year-old secretary general of Beheiren, Japan's largest anti-war peace group. On January 1, Kim knocked again on the door of the General Council of Trade Unions office. Omoto Yasuyuki, who used to work at the General Council of Trade Unions suggested they talk the next morning, and guided him to an inn run by a female owner he knew. And Omoto Yasuyuki thereafter introduced him to Yoshikawa Yuichi, the secretary-general of Beheiren.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[2]</a> </p> <p>    Yoshikawa Yuichi suggested that Kim Jin-su return to the Cuban Embassy. He believed that it wasn’t right for Kim to end relations like this after staying at the embassy residence for eight months. Yoshikawa Yuichi believed that Kim should also persuade and explain to the Cuban Embassy on his beliefs and intentions accurately and sincerely and come out after seeking understanding. That day, the two entered the Cuban Embassy secretly on a Cuban diplomat's vehicle. They deftly avoided the Japanese police's surveillance. The day he left the ambassador's residence again after consulting with the Cuban diplomatic authorities was January 7. He spent about 10 days at the home of Hotta Yoshie (46), a famous writer in Zushi, Kanagawa Prefecture, south of Tokyo. Even on the night of January 11, 1968, when South Korea's diplomatic authorities first learned of Kim's escape from the Cuban Embassy, Kim was at the home of Hotta Yoshie.  </p> <p><br></p> <p>  It may have been both a coincidence and fate that Kim managed to meet Beheiren officials, given that the very reason he decided to leave the military was due to Beheiren. He remembered a page from the propaganda leaflets he read in the streets of Ginza, Tokyo during his vacation in March of 1967. It was a four-page English-language version of "Japan's Letter to the U.S. Army Soldiers" handed out by Beheiren members. Kim was deeply moved by what the leaflet said about how Vietnam should be left to the hands of the Vietnamese, that its people should no longer be killed, and that soldiers should defect from the military." A few days later, Kim Jin-su became the first U.S. soldier to defect from a Japanese base by going to the Cuban Embassy via the Japanese Communist Party and the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uDTkxuYsTLU/XWJ58KuPNgI/AAAAAAAABEQ/jRZVU89BBtwHnppENCGl4p50RSeZRaqgQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25843.jpg" width="471" height="640"/></p> <blockquote>    Kim Jin-su, during his time in Japan.   </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p> It was a time when tens of thousands of Vietnamese objectors abounded in the U.S. mainland each year. Coincidentally, on April 4, 1967, the day Kim entered the Cuban Embassy, African-American human rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. made a stir around the world with his remarks against the Vietnam War. Fourteen days later on April 18, Muhammad Ali, a U.S. boxer who held the WBA champion title, refused to join the Vietnam War.  </p> <p> Kim Jin-su now had to leave Japan. Two months ago, in November 1967, Beheiren managed to help four U.S. soldiers, who defected from the aircraft carrier, Intrepid, escape via the Yokohama Route (Yokohama-Nahhodka-Stockholm). Thereafter, with the frequent emergence of U.S. deserters in Japan, they even created a private organization called JATEC in order to systematically aid those who wished to escape and seek asylum. Next was Kim Jin-su's turn. JATEC prepared a smuggle operation for Kim Jin-su who was hiding in Zushi, Kanagawa Prefecture, so that he could be transported safely to the houses of Beheiren members in Kobe, Kyoto and other areas.  </p> <p>  1. According to the morning issue of Asahi Shimbun from Friday the 29th, Griggs (aka Kim Jin-su) who disappeared from the Cuban Embassy on December 29 last year, had already escaped to a third country with the help of a Japanese anti-war activist group. </p> <p>  2. Based on several sources of information, Griggs left the Cuban Embassy around December 29th of last year and contacted Japanese anti-war activists who then accepted his request and successfully helped him aboard a foreign ship between late December and early January, enabling him to escape to a third country. There was a lot of speculation that his final destination was either North Korea or Cuba, with the former being more likely.)  </p> <p>  (On January 29, 1968, a telegram sent by Korea's ambassador to Japan to the foreign minister)  </p> <p><br></p> <p>  Asahi Shimbun was critically wrong. It was true that he received assistance from anti-war activists, but they made it seem as though he had already escaped to a third country. As a result, the diplomatic authorities of Japan and South Korea were also misinformed. In other words, Kim Jin-su had hidden himself well without being caught. The fact that he was at the Cuban Embassy once more also went undetected by U.S. and Japanese intelligence networks.  </p> <p>  The misinformation on part of the Asahi Shimbun had its own grounds. This is because Kim Jin-su secretly boarded a Chinese ship in Kobe on January 19. He ended up getting off because of a communication error, and the voyage to China was canceled. His original plan was to travel to North Korea via China, led by a Japanese Communist Party group whose beliefs coincided with those of Mao Zedong's revolution. Cultural Revolution was at its height in China, yet behind the scenes, discussions on normalizing diplomatic relations with the U.S. were underway. It was not an appropriate time to welcome U.S. deserters.  </p> <p>  Three months later, on April 22, 1968, Kim escaped to his third country. It was a new route that went through Nemuro, Hokkaido's easternmost area, to go to the Soviet Union by boat and then to Sweden by plane.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[3]</a> Before leaving, he raised a huge sum of 130,000 yen for Beheiren, which had offered him warmth and protection. It was his savings from a few years' salary. Kim also left a statement, calling it a 'message to the people of the United States, Japan and the world.' <br>   "While living in the United States for 10 years, I wanted to be an American citizen. But I had to join the U.S. military and became a soldier, being dispatched to South Korea, Japan and finally Vietnam. First of all, I came to see the terrible reality of South Korea and at the same time began wondering how it came to be this way. Looking at war-struck Vietnam, I thought about what kind of future it would have to behold if the United States were to achieve its goals in Vietnam in the same way as it did on the Korean Peninsula.”  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E53xkg4Pzfk/XWJ58O3o0HI/AAAAAAAABEU/JwiVXW1CYmcRfczEbKlZ6ekWs7kATWB-QCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25844.jpg" width="640" height="408"/></p> <blockquote>  Kim Jin-su (far left) after arriving at Stockholm Airport in Sweden in late April 1968. To his right are Mark Shapiro, Terry Wittmore, Philip Calicott, Joseph Kmitz and Edwin Annette.  </blockquote> <p> </p> <p> Kim's escape journey was accompanied by five U.S. soldiers, including Mark Shapiro, Terry Wittmore, Philip Calicott, Joseph Kmets and Edwin Annette. All of them had sought help from Beheiren from February through March of 1968 after deserting their respective U.S. military bases in Japan. The moment the six finally got off at the Stockholm Airport is encapsulated in a photograph taken by the U.S. Associated Press. Kim Jin-su, the shortest one, is on the far left. He has his hands in his pockets, and through his sunglasses on could see his distant gaze. He often made cynical remarks on the idea of "state," but other than that, his words were few. He is neatly dressed in his jacket and dress shoes. There is also a soldier holding a guitar. It almost looks like a photograph of friends on vacation together. It was a sunny day at the end of April of 1968.  </p> <p> Kim Jin-su rejected his duty to return to Vietnam. Now, for the time being, he couldn't go back to the U.S. where his foster father was. He couldn't go back to Korea, where his blood-related family members were either. He couldn't come back to Japan. Freedom by means of escape was just another beginning of confinement. An exhausted shadow of fate reached its hand out to Kim Jin-su, an asylum seeker.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[4]</a> <br>  </p> <p> <br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, I referred to and quoted the following materials and works. "Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Defection of Kim Jin-su, a Korean-American, to Cuban Embassy in Japan, 1967-68" (preservation of diplomatic historical records), "How to imagine a defection within the `national border: Japan's anti-Vietnam War Movement and deserters" (Kwon Hyuk-tae, 2012), "Vietnam's 'anti-war state' U.S. military personnel and Japan's civil movement: War of the world," 2012    </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[2]</a> This is the testimony of Sekiya Shigeru (1948~), a former JATEC activist who visited Korea at the invitation of the Institute for Korean Historical Studies in September 2014, which marked the 50th anniversary of the dispatch of troops to the Vietnam War.    </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[3]</a> During the time of the Vietnam War, Sweden opposed the bombing of Northern Vietnam by the U.S. and was one of few countries that granted entry to U.S. army defectors and helped them seek asylum.    </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[4]</a> Kim visited Japan in the late 1970s and early 1980s to meet the Beheiren people who helped him escape. There are testimonies that he visited Korea to find his birth parents and relatives to no avail. When asked about his whereabouts by his acquaintances, he allegedly responded that he now resides in Switzerland. If he is still alive, as of August 2019, he is 73 years old. I asked about him through the Swiss Korean Association and the Swedish Korean Society, but failed to get any meaningful information.    </p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <p><br></p> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects">Chapter 31 :   <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent permlink	history
permlink	32-kim-jin-su-s-escape-and-exile
title	32. Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile
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      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp;&nbsp; Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_32:&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>Kim Jin-su’s Escape and Exile</strong> &nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<h1><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/37006.html\">Click to read in Korean(망명객 혹은 '홈리스' 김진수)</a></h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5rjbXfWsOXo/XWJ5700xbEI/AAAAAAAABEM/edSOEebZn4436-QDRXibSf9p2ygwZx4IgCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841.jpg\" width=\"617\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;〈Asahi Shimbun, which on May 17, 1967 reported the whereabouts of Kim Jin-su, who had been stuck in the Cuban embassy. The article was titled \"A Month and a Half of Confinement,\" and showed a big photograph of Kim Jin-su playing table tennis with an embassy officials at the Cuban embassy's residence. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp;Kim Jin-su was homeless.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a> &nbsp;</p>\n<p>On January 1, 1968, he opened his eyes after a quick nap on the sofa. The first light of the new year shone through the window of the tea house in Shinjuku, which was open 24 hours a day. He brushed his messy hair with his hands and went to the restroom to wash his face. It had been his fourth day wandering about without being able to find a place to lie down. He had to avoid all hotels that asked for some sort of identification, as it would be dangerous. He would inevitably have to come back to this tea house again tonight.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;His action three days ago was reckless. He ended up pulling the trigger. On December 29, 1967, he sneaked out of his hiding place within the Cuban Embassy without any countermeasures. He was grateful to the embassy which had protected him for the last eight months. He visited Japan's largest labor activist group, the General Council of Trade Unions, but was unable to meet its officials. He had totally forgotten that it was the year-end holidays. He would have to wait a few days before people returned to work. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;He came out of the tea house and mingled among the Japanese enjoying their holidays. During the day, he had to roam about the streets of Tokyo aimlessly and kill time. Somebody could have been following him. He looked around with a wary eye before heading to a restaurant to address his hunger. He was a lost fugitive whose home was neither Japan nor Korea. In fact, he had to cross a vast ocean to get to his homeland of America. With no legal way of getting back home, he stood in the labyrinth of darkness without light. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. Friday the 11th, the morning issue of Asahi, Sankei and Yomiuri reported similar stories saying that Griggs fled the Cuban embassy on December 29th of last year.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. The Foreign Ministry's political affairs bureau chief, Niiseki, said in a news conference on Tuesday afternoon that Griggs (Korean name Kim Jin-su), who was in political exile at the Cuban Embassy from April of last year, fled the embassy on December 29th of last year, and that the Foreign Ministry got this news from the Cuban Embassy in Japan on the same day. Meanwhile, the Foreign Ministry said it had summoned Cuban Ambassador Mendes to Japan on Tuesday and heard about how he might have escaped. It is not clear at this time whether or not the soldier fled voluntarily, but Mendes said he had prohibited the soldier from going out because there was a risk of arrest if he went outside the embassy. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;3. Sankei said that Japanese security authorities believe that the soldier has already escaped from Japan and is in North Korea... &nbsp;</p>\n<p>(The telegram that the Korean Ambassador to Japan sent to the Foreign Minister on January 11, 1968) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Kim Jin-su, American name, Kenneth C. Griggs, was a U.S. deserter from Vietnam. While working as a typist in the 191st Battalion of the U.S. Army in Saigon, he went on vacation to the U.S. Johnson Base in Saitama Prefecture, from where he went to the Cuban Embassy in Minato-ku, Tokyo, and sought asylum. It was on April 4, 1967. Cuba was an enemy state of the United States, where Fidel Castro (42), was speeding up the construction of the socialist country after overthrowing the pro-U.S. Batista regime in 1959. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign missions enjoyed diplomatic privileges. The U.S. and Japanese governments asked the Cuban Embassy to extradite Kim Jin-su, but were unable to enter the embassy and arrest him. Kim Jin-su revealed his motive for defecting, saying, \"I saw the U.S. invade Vietnam with my eyes and felt a deep hatred toward war.\" The Cuban government was determined to show utmost support for those who were seeking asylum from the empires of imperialism by allowing entrance into Cuba. However, unless the Japanese government allowed Kim to leave the country, there was actually no way for Cuba to take him in. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;A couple days passed. Kim Jin-su spent time eating, sleeping and watching TV at the Cuban Embassy residence. He was also into studying Spanish and playing table tennis. After spending eight months like this, he escaped the Cuban Embassy without anybody realizing it, and commenced his homeless life. Maybe he had felt like a bird trapped in a birdcage at the Cuban Embassy residence. Or perhaps he had opted for adventure at the risk of being arrested. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3fIQHy9oTUo/XWJ55sqwQRI/AAAAAAAABEI/RiOpyYw5gXYxiTwrHUcEdrUHPbqp2-FoACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25842.jpg\" width=\"271\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;The front page of the January 11, 1968 edition of the Asahi Shimbun, which reported that Kim Jin-su disappeared from the Cuban Embassy where he was in hiding. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;When Kim Jin-su first applied for asylum in Cuba, the South Korean government was perplexed, as it had been reported that Kim Jin-su possessed a Korean passport. South Korea's diplomatic authorities were scrambling to find out Kim Jin-su's personal information and the current state of the incident. According to an investigation conducted by South Korea's foreign ministry, he had the following background: &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Born in Seoul on December 25, 1946. Adopted by a Korea-based U.S. Army soldier from the 38th battalion on Nov. 23, 1956. Passports issued by the Korean government (number 9679). U.S. citizenship application denied in 1957. Became eligible for citizenship in 1961, but did not apply. Juvenile criminal police records searched in Idaho, USA. Enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1963. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;This is the first case in which an active U.S. soldier with Korean nationality was dispatched to Vietnam but disappeared to the Cuban Embassy in Japan while on holiday and then disappeared again after eight months. The South Korean government was worried that Kim Jin-su would go to North Korea. Kim Jin-su could have become a trumpeter on the North Korean side at a time when South Korean troops were deployed to Vietnam and North Korea and South Korea were at the height of their confrontation. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Kim Jin-su's homeless roaming found rest on January 3. That night, he met with Yoshikawa Yuichi, a 37-year-old secretary general of Beheiren, Japan's largest anti-war peace group. On January 1, Kim knocked again on the door of the General Council of Trade Unions office. Omoto Yasuyuki, who used to work at the General Council of Trade Unions suggested they talk the next morning, and guided him to an inn run by a female owner he knew. And Omoto Yasuyuki thereafter introduced him to Yoshikawa Yuichi, the secretary-general of Beheiren.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[2]</a>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Yoshikawa Yuichi suggested that Kim Jin-su return to the Cuban Embassy. He believed that it wasn’t right for Kim to end relations like this after staying at the embassy residence for eight months. Yoshikawa Yuichi believed that Kim should also persuade and explain to the Cuban Embassy on his beliefs and intentions accurately and sincerely and come out after seeking understanding. That day, the two entered the Cuban Embassy secretly on a Cuban diplomat's vehicle. They deftly avoided the Japanese police's surveillance. The day he left the ambassador's residence again after consulting with the Cuban diplomatic authorities was January 7. He spent about 10 days at the home of Hotta Yoshie (46), a famous writer in Zushi, Kanagawa Prefecture, south of Tokyo. Even on the night of January 11, 1968, when South Korea's diplomatic authorities first learned of Kim's escape from the Cuban Embassy, Kim was at the home of Hotta Yoshie. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It may have been both a coincidence and fate that Kim managed to meet Beheiren officials, given that the very reason he decided to leave the military was due to Beheiren. He remembered a page from the propaganda leaflets he read in the streets of Ginza, Tokyo during his vacation in March of 1967. It was a four-page English-language version of \"Japan's Letter to the U.S. Army Soldiers\" handed out by Beheiren members. Kim was deeply moved by what the leaflet said about how Vietnam should be left to the hands of the Vietnamese, that its people should no longer be killed, and that soldiers should defect from the military.\" A few days later, Kim Jin-su became the first U.S. soldier to defect from a Japanese base by going to the Cuban Embassy via the Japanese Communist Party and the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uDTkxuYsTLU/XWJ58KuPNgI/AAAAAAAABEQ/jRZVU89BBtwHnppENCGl4p50RSeZRaqgQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25843.jpg\" width=\"471\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kim Jin-su, during his time in Japan. &nbsp;&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;It was a time when tens of thousands of Vietnamese objectors abounded in the U.S. mainland each year. Coincidentally, on April 4, 1967, the day Kim entered the Cuban Embassy, African-American human rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. made a stir around the world with his remarks against the Vietnam War. Fourteen days later on April 18, Muhammad Ali, a U.S. boxer who held the WBA champion title, refused to join the Vietnam War. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Kim Jin-su now had to leave Japan. Two months ago, in November 1967, Beheiren managed to help four U.S. soldiers, who defected from the aircraft carrier, Intrepid, escape via the Yokohama Route (Yokohama-Nahhodka-Stockholm). Thereafter, with the frequent emergence of U.S. deserters in Japan, they even created a private organization called JATEC in order to systematically aid those who wished to escape and seek asylum. Next was Kim Jin-su's turn. JATEC prepared a smuggle operation for Kim Jin-su who was hiding in Zushi, Kanagawa Prefecture, so that he could be transported safely to the houses of Beheiren members in Kobe, Kyoto and other areas. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;1. According to the morning issue of Asahi Shimbun from Friday the 29th, Griggs (aka Kim Jin-su) who disappeared from the Cuban Embassy on December 29 last year, had already escaped to a third country with the help of a Japanese anti-war activist group.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;2. Based on several sources of information, Griggs left the Cuban Embassy around December 29th of last year and contacted Japanese anti-war activists who then accepted his request and successfully helped him aboard a foreign ship between late December and early January, enabling him to escape to a third country. There was a lot of speculation that his final destination was either North Korea or Cuba, with the former being more likely.) &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;(On January 29, 1968, a telegram sent by Korea's ambassador to Japan to the foreign minister) &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Asahi Shimbun was critically wrong. It was true that he received assistance from anti-war activists, but they made it seem as though he had already escaped to a third country. As a result, the diplomatic authorities of Japan and South Korea were also misinformed. In other words, Kim Jin-su had hidden himself well without being caught. The fact that he was at the Cuban Embassy once more also went undetected by U.S. and Japanese intelligence networks. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The misinformation on part of the Asahi Shimbun had its own grounds. This is because Kim Jin-su secretly boarded a Chinese ship in Kobe on January 19. He ended up getting off because of a communication error, and the voyage to China was canceled. His original plan was to travel to North Korea via China, led by a Japanese Communist Party group whose beliefs coincided with those of Mao Zedong's revolution. Cultural Revolution was at its height in China, yet behind the scenes, discussions on normalizing diplomatic relations with the U.S. were underway. It was not an appropriate time to welcome U.S. deserters. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Three months later, on April 22, 1968, Kim escaped to his third country. It was a new route that went through Nemuro, Hokkaido's easternmost area, to go to the Soviet Union by boat and then to Sweden by plane.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[3]</a> Before leaving, he raised a huge sum of 130,000 yen for Beheiren, which had offered him warmth and protection. It was his savings from a few years' salary. Kim also left a statement, calling it a 'message to the people of the United States, Japan and the world.' <br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;\"While living in the United States for 10 years, I wanted to be an American citizen. But I had to join the U.S. military and became a soldier, being dispatched to South Korea, Japan and finally Vietnam. First of all, I came to see the terrible reality of South Korea and at the same time began wondering how it came to be this way. Looking at war-struck Vietnam, I thought about what kind of future it would have to behold if the United States were to achieve its goals in Vietnam in the same way as it did on the Korean Peninsula.” &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E53xkg4Pzfk/XWJ58O3o0HI/AAAAAAAABEU/JwiVXW1CYmcRfczEbKlZ6ekWs7kATWB-QCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25844.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"408\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;Kim Jin-su (far left) after arriving at Stockholm Airport in Sweden in late April 1968. To his right are Mark Shapiro, Terry Wittmore, Philip Calicott, Joseph Kmitz and Edwin Annette. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Kim's escape journey was accompanied by five U.S. soldiers, including Mark Shapiro, Terry Wittmore, Philip Calicott, Joseph Kmets and Edwin Annette. All of them had sought help from Beheiren from February through March of 1968 after deserting their respective U.S. military bases in Japan. The moment the six finally got off at the Stockholm Airport is encapsulated in a photograph taken by the U.S. Associated Press. Kim Jin-su, the shortest one, is on the far left. He has his hands in his pockets, and through his sunglasses on could see his distant gaze. He often made cynical remarks on the idea of \"state,\" but other than that, his words were few. He is neatly dressed in his jacket and dress shoes. There is also a soldier holding a guitar. It almost looks like a photograph of friends on vacation together. It was a sunny day at the end of April of 1968. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Kim Jin-su rejected his duty to return to Vietnam. Now, for the time being, he couldn't go back to the U.S. where his foster father was. He couldn't go back to Korea, where his blood-related family members were either. He couldn't come back to Japan. Freedom by means of escape was just another beginning of confinement. An exhausted shadow of fate reached its hand out to Kim Jin-su, an asylum seeker.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[4]</a> <br>\n &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> In writing this chapter, I referred to and quoted the following materials and works. \"Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Defection of Kim Jin-su, a Korean-American, to Cuban Embassy in Japan, 1967-68\" (preservation of diplomatic historical records), \"How to imagine a defection within the `national border: Japan's anti-Vietnam War Movement and deserters\" (Kwon Hyuk-tae, 2012), \"Vietnam's 'anti-war state' U.S. military personnel and Japan's civil movement: War of the world,\" 2012 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[2]</a> This is the testimony of Sekiya Shigeru (1948~), a former JATEC activist who visited Korea at the invitation of the Institute for Korean Historical Studies in September 2014, which marked the 50th anniversary of the dispatch of troops to the Vietnam War. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[3]</a> During the time of the Vietnam War, Sweden opposed the bombing of Northern Vietnam by the U.S. and was one of few countries that granted entry to U.S. army defectors and helped them seek asylum. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[4]</a> Kim visited Japan in the late 1970s and early 1980s to meet the Beheiren people who helped him escape. There are testimonies that he visited Korea to find his birth parents and relatives to no avail. When asked about his whereabouts by his acquaintances, he allegedly responded that he now resides in Switzerland. If he is still alive, as of August 2019, he is 73 years old. I asked about him through the Swiss Korean Association and the Swedish Korean Society, but failed to get any meaningful information. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<p><br></p>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/31-fighting-among-insects\">Chapter 31 : &nbsp; <strong>Fighting among insects</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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serginoupvoted (5.00%) @humank / 31-fighting-among-insects

2019/08/20 05:34:06 UTC

35,709,206|9b0dbe7

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humankpublished a new post: 31-fighting-among-insects

2019/08/20 05:29:12 UTC

35,709,109|aaea8fe

author	humank
body	@@ -2741,24 +2741,98 @@ itary.  +  %3Cstrong%3EPhotographs provided by Hyun Soon-hye  %3C/strong%3E  %3C/blockquote @@ -2825,32 +2825,32 @@ p;%3C/blockquote%3E%0A - %3Cp%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C/p%3E%0A%3Cp%3E& @@ -9302,24 +9302,78 @@ rella.  + %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye%3C/strong%3E %3C/blockquote @@ -10907,24 +10907,78 @@ diers.  + %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye%3C/strong%3E %3C/blockquote @@ -14419,24 +14419,84 @@ bird.   +  %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye%3C/strong%3E %3C/blockquote @@ -15872,25 +15872,24 @@  %3Cbr%3E%0A -  %3Cstron @@ -15930,24 +15930,24 @@  %3C/h1%3E%0A + %3Cp%3E%3Cbr%3E%3C/p%3E%0A @@ -16283,24 +16283,78 @@ this.%22  + %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph provided by Hyun Soon-hye%3C/strong%3E %3C/blockquote @@ -18604,24 +18604,68 @@ akoto.  +  %3Cstrong%3EPhotograph by Humank%3C/strong%3E %3C/blockquote @@ -18674,17 +18674,16 @@ %3Cp%3E%3Cbr%3E%0A -  &n
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title	31. Fighting among insects
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humankpublished a new post: 31-fighting-among-insects

2019/08/20 05:25:48 UTC

35,709,041|8e9781a

author	humank
body	<html> <h1>  Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_31:  Peace to Vietnam! Citizens' Coalition and Oda Makoto’s fight for peace.   </h1> <p> </p> <h1><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/36464.html">Click to read in Korean(벌레들 편에서 싸우다)</a></h1> <p><br></p> <p>  The motorboat undulated on the surface of the cold winter sea. </p> <p>  36-year-old Oda Makoto boarded a small fishing boat and departed from the port, but fishing wasn’t his objective. Neither was it a trip to enjoy the expanse of the sea. The boat did not go out far. It headed straightway to its target near the harbor. There were four to five other men on the boat who shared his beliefs. Each man had fixed his gaze on the faraway distance. Oda Makoto grasped the microphone and tested it. "ah, ah. Hello, U.S. soldiers." His voice barely made it through the sound of waves and the ship's engine. Their target drew near. It was the world's largest nuclear aircraft carrier, the Enterprise.  </p> <p>  It was January 21, 1968 at the Sasebo Port in northern Nagasaki, Japan. The islets and capes gave way to a heavenly scenery, but no one had the leisure to appreciate its beauty. The U.S. naval base, where the military port played an imperative role, was ridden with tension. The Enterprise, which set sail from the U.S. three days ago, was docked. The 335.9 meter-long aircraft carrier was scheduled to sail to Vietnam's Gulf of Tonkin two days later. There were 5,250 crew members, and some 100 phantom fighter planes were on its deck. College students had been protesting the launch of the Enterprise at various parts of the port. The students, wearing helmets and holding wooden rods, experienced a rough struggle with the police squad. Oda Makoto however, being skeptical about the efficacy of such an approach, went out to sea on a fishing boat instead, trying to get as close to the Enterprise as possible. Two placards fluttered on the fishing boat, one of which read, "FOLLOW THE INTREEPID FOUR! WE'LL HELP YOU."  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cw90kGVRxS0/XVt5oe4i8jI/AAAAAAAABCo/P2gi3ek7FBsbq-uddWARll0lPbK1eLQtQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-1.jpg" width="434" height="640"/></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5NegHtRv-cE/XVt5qxHRZ1I/AAAAAAAABC8/IqYZPgpTF9cxJW1jQhw9m4xDSGNeoVvOwCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841-1.jpg" width="640" height="440"/></p> <blockquote> January 21, 1968. Oda Makoto and his comrades on a small fishing boat at Sasebo Port, approaching the anchored U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise in order to appeal to the U.S. soldiers to defect from the military. </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  This meant that they would aid those who wished to go AWOL. The term "INTREPID FOUR" was used to refer to four soldiers (Michael Lindner, Craig Anderson, Richard Baily and John Barella) of the USS Intrepid. They deserted their unit three months ago when the Intrepid was docked at the Yokosuka base. They had been on the verge of leaving for Vietnam. Oda Makoto had created a secret network to hide, protect, smuggle and help them seek asylum. On November 11, 1967, they boarded a Soviet liner called Baykal and were sent to Nakhodka from the Yokohama Port, and then to Sweden via Siberia. This was the so-called "Yokohama Route." Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (41), who opposed the U.S. war in Vietnam, allowed them into Sweden on December 29 and granted them permission to live there on January 9, 1968. Thinking that some of the men aboard the Enterprise might follow in the footsteps of the Intrepid Four, Oda Makoto shouted in English from his fishing boat through the microphone, "Soldiers of Enterprise, don't go to Vietnam. Don't kill people in Vietnam. Run away. We'll help you."  </p> <p>  Oda Makoto was more than just a representative of <em>Beheiren</em>, Peace to Vietnam! Citizens' Coalition, a Japanese anti-war peace group. He was also a famous novelist. When he was a senior in high school, he made his debut in the literary world with his novel, "The Memoirs of the Day after Tomorrow," and in 1961, he traveled around the world to 22 countries and wrote, “The way I saw it,” upon which he became a best-selling novelist. He was also a thinker who had explored ancient Greek literature and established his own discourse on democracy since his time at Tokyo University. And he was now taking his place as the most hands-on peace activist in Japan.  </p> <p>  <em>Beheiren</em> was founded in April of 1965. From February of that year, the U.S. began its air raid of North Vietnam. Okinawa was the base of the bombers including B52s participating in the airstrikes of North Vietnam. Japan's naval and air bases had become the base camps for the Vietnam War. One day in March, Oda Makoto received a phone call from Tsurumi Shunsuke (46), a philosophy professor from Doshisha University whom he had never met. He informed Oda that he was planning to establish an anti-Vietnam War peace organization, and asked Oda to participate as a representative. Shunsuke Tsurumi and his co-founders Takabatake Michitoshi, a 35-year-old political science professor at Rikkyo University, and Kuno Osamu (58), another philosophy professor from Gakushuin University, were all on the same page. They needed a fresh figure who distanced himself from the activist groups that participated in the Japanese security struggle (the struggle against the revision of the U.S.-Japan security treaty), which was aggressive in the 1960s.  </p> <p>  While they were at it, they wanted someone who was popular among the younger crowd. Oda Makoto was perfect for this role, as he of course had no connection to the communist party, but rather a firm belief in democracy and peace, although he did not get involved student movements. Oda himself was ready to accept the offer after two to three minutes of being on the phone with Tsurumi. He had firsthand experience in the Osaka mass air-raids in 1945.<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[1]</a> He knew better than anyone about the horrors of airstrikes and therefore couldn't turn a blind eye to the airstrikes in North Vietnam. He served as a representative of Beheiren, coming forth as the architect, thought pillar, and the core implementer of the movement. . </p> <p>  Oda Makoto's original plan at the port of Sasebo on January 21, 1968 was to rent a helicopter, not a fishing boat. He imagined a glamorous and overwhelming scene wherein he scattered propaganda leaflets from his helicopter at the U.S. soldiers on the USS Enterprise, encouraging them to leave the army. He had meant to plan a blockbuster-level demonstration. It was the kind of imaginative power that befits a writer. He contacted an airline company, but was told that helicopter rental would be difficult because it was a military base area. With the fishing boat they rented instead, however, there was an extent to how far they could send the propaganda leaflets. He shouted until his voice grew coarse, but it didn't spread that well either. His fishing boat demonstration was shabby at best. Nevertheless, he was confident that there would be more deserters from the U.S. Army.’  </p> <p> Oda Makoto recalled the events of December 10, 1966. It was the first day he scattered four-page English propaganda leaflets entitled, "Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers," in front of the main gate of Yokohama's Yokosuka base. Through these leaflets, he revealed why the Vietnam War was ugly, and urged soldiers to take action. It encouraged soldiers to write anti-war letters to their superiors, sabotage, desert and declare conscientious objection. The distribution of the propaganda leaflets expanded to the Zukeran base in Okinawa, Tachikawa base in Tokyo and Iwakuni base in Yamaguchi. Each U.S. military base in Japan was a vacation spot for American soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War. Participants of Beheiren across the country, which grew to more than 300 regional organizations, joined the movement voluntarily and with dedication. Oda Makoto was excited about their movement, but a part of him was dubious as to whether their efforts would    lead to military desertion. But then again, he was surprised when the Intrepid Four who escaped from Yokosuka appeared before him on October 28, 1967. That was definitely a signal that there was more to come.   </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aSHUfiMZU0o/XVt5mwOo5xI/AAAAAAAABCg/9JyzNWOP6FsDe0NxA66AedU8rsyWOuV5wCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-2.jpg" width="640" height="305"/></p> <blockquote>   On November 13, 1967, Beheiren held a press conference to reveal the existence of U.S. deserters and their escape aboard the Soviet Baykal from the Yokohama Port. The photograph is of a scene from a documentary released at the press conference. From the left are Beheiren representative, Oda Makoto, founder, Tsurumi Shunsuke, and deserters, Michael Lindner, Greg Anderson Craig Anderson, Richard Baily and John Barella. </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  They were at once perpetrators and victims. Oda Makoto thought of the Imperial Army soldiers he had seen countless times in his hometown of Osaka as a child. The local youth were taken to China, and around Asia Pacific after receiving a warrant. Those mobilized to destroy and kill the enemy were perpetrators, but actually they were victims in the sense that they were forced to do so by their state. The U.S. soldiers were no different. They may have been perpetrators in Vietnam, but dually victims in terms of being ordered to kill against their own will. In stricter terms, they had only become perpetrators because they first became victims. He tried to put an end to this vicious cycle of victims becoming perpetrators by supporting deserters. In order not to fall victim to the state’s power and authority, it was imperative that there be a clear counterattack. This discourse on victim and perpetrator, invented by Oda Makoto, was a key idea behind much of Beheiren’s activities.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2n6Vxjv58Rs/XVt5kLJuGII/AAAAAAAABCc/j1cMZoQYe1A8Rr0t1or4VsSV14aJrW-YQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-3.jpg" width="462" height="640"/></p> <blockquote>  A four-page propaganda written in English called "Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers," which Beheiren members first began scattering in front of the main gate of the Yokosuka base in Yokohama on December 10, 1966. The propaganda leaflets moved the hearts of the American soldiers. </blockquote> <p> </p> <p><br></p> <p>As he had predicted, there were more deserters. In February and March of 1968, Phillip Callicotte, Mark Shapiro, Edwin Arnett, Terry Whitmore requested help and protection from Beheiren. Instead of taking the "Yokohama Route," as did the Intrepid Four, they crossed to the Soviet Union on a fishing boat from Nemuro, the easternmost part of Hokkaido, and then succeeded in defecting in April of 1968 using the "Nemuro Route," which led to Sweden via Moscow<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1">[2]</a>. A newly formed group within Beheiren, JATEC, short for Japan Technical Committee to Aid Anti War GIs, helped these soldiers. It was a secret professional group that developed technologies for helping soldiers in hiding, fleeing and seeking asylum. By July of 1971, JATEC helped 19 deserters defect to foreign countries. This kind of cross-border activity was not considered illegal. When interpreting the Japan-US Status Agreement<a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn2">[3]</a>, which was based on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, it was not against the law at all for the Japanese to send American soldiers abroad. </p> <p>  Was all of this necessary, however? Indeed, meaningless death had to be prevented. Oda referred to this as, “meaningless death” (難死) and published it as his pacifict literary idea, in a magazine called, <em>The Prospect</em>, in January 1965. Oda served as the mental buttress of Beheiren, which campaigned for anti-war peace from January 1974, starting with regional chapters in Tokyo, until its disbanding. He believed that democracy began with private matters. Abandoning one’s private life and sacrificing one's life for the nation was not a "noble death," but a "meaningless death." He never forgot about how he shivered in an air-raid shelter near Momotani Station during the 1945 Osaka mass air-raids.  </p> <p> At one of the libraries at Harvard University, where he studied as a Fulbright scholar in 1958, he searched through microfilms containing the old New York Times in hopes of solving the questions of his nightmare 13 years ago. Finally, he came up on a photograph from June 15, 1945, wherein a B29 was attacking Osaka. In the dark, the city was burning with smoke from the incendiary bombs. His ideology could be traced back to this very incident. He could picture himself in the midst of this inferno, which rendered anti-war a worthy battle for him, notwithstanding that he may have to devote his entire lifetime for the cause. Yet the essence of air-raids could not be seen using the bird’s-eye view. From the sky, the bombing was as mesmerizing as fireworks. But from the vantage point of insects on dry land, it was a horrifying sight. Oda decided that he would assume an “insect’s-eye view” and fight, not among birds, but among insects.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XGeTsmjroFk/XVt5oaDf7eI/AAAAAAAABCs/gJT-uXwTsPsLh8HZSKoYFFJjaWt85AHUACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-5.jpg" width="640" height="409"/></p> <blockquote>  The microfilm of the old New York Times found by Oda Makoto in the library of Harvard University, where he studied. The city is seen burning with smoke from incendiary bombs during the U.S. B29 air assault on Osaka on June 15, 1945. He looked at the picture and decided to fight on the side of the insect, and not on the side of the bird.  </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  On January 21, 1968, the port of Sasebo was filled with darkness. The fishing boat that Oda Makoto rented had been withdrawn. Gunfire broke out in front of the Blue House in Jongno-gu, central Seoul, while the soldiers aboard the Enterprise were sound asleep in their cabins ahead of their departure to Vietnam. North Korean special forces members came to assassinate South Korean President Park Chung-hee and fled after failing. These victim-perpetrators ordered by their respective states roamed about like insects until they each faced their own “meaningless death.” A day went by, and yet another day went by.  </p> <p>  On January 23, the Enterprise moved slowly and left the port of Sasebo for the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam. Meanwhile, there was urgent information that the USS Pueblo, which was conducting intelligence activities on the East Sea, was abducted by the North Korean navy. The Enterprise changed its course, heading to the North Korean port of Wonsan, and there staged an armed protest.   </p> <p>  The deaths of "insects" continued in both Vietnam and on the Korean Peninsula. And Oda Makoto's struggle to stop the "meaningless deaths" flickered in the darkness like a firefly.  </p> <p><br></p> <h1>  <strong>The Godfather of the postwar Japanese peace movement</strong>  <br>  <strong>The Life of Oda Makoto</strong>  </h1> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-07SyOqTa-t0/XVt5n6_3qKI/AAAAAAAABCk/pKaBwyOe0rcR_RKAxbVdiJRvJRxrDPwAQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-4.jpg" width="640" height="410"/></p> <blockquote> An article in a Japanese magazine in the 1960s featuring Oda Makoto's Beheiren activities, titled, "It all started like this." </blockquote> <p><br></p> <p>  Oda Makoto’s affiliation with Korea began in 1970 with the appeal for the release of former president Kim Dae-jung and the poet, Kim Ji-ha. After living in all parts of the world, including Beijing, Berlin, and New York, he returned to his hometown of Osaka in 1994 and stood at the forefront of civic movements. A case in point is his movement that led to state support for the victims of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. He also devoted his energy to joint international movements, including serving as Asia-Pacific vice chairman of the International Court of Public Justice (headquartered in Rome, Italy) for Asia's persecuted civil movement leaders. He left 152 books of novels, critiques and essays throughout his prolific writing career.  </p> <p>  On July 30, 2007, he passed away at the age of 75. Takahashi Kenichiro, a writer who appeared on NHK's special documentary on Oda Makoto, referred to Oda as "a writer who fully implemented the values of democracy, equality and peace that postwar Japan espoused." Kim Dae-jung, former Korean president remarked in his memorial message for Oda that “Oda was truly the epitome of an intellectual whose actions were consistent with his words.” After Oda’s funeral, a demonstration formed in the streets of Tokyo. It was the first time since the philosopher Sartre that mourners demonstrated in memory of the deceased. Hyun Soon-hye (1953~), his Korean-Japanese wife whom I met in Osaka on November 9, 2013, remarked, "My husband had the kind of character that treated everyone equally, whether it be some international figure of authority or a poor and powerless person."  </p> <p>  Hyun Soon-hye published her full collection of Oda Makoto, a total of 82 books, in July 2014 through Kodansha, Japan. It is a compilation of 32 novels and 32 critiques left by her husband.  </p> <p><br></p> <p><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mzRSRCcZpvA/XVt847-MFfI/AAAAAAAABDk/jjFW30Db0bkV190Tqm5xfwRxjkByW1dZACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-11.JPG" width="640" height="427"/></p> <blockquote> Oda Makoto's wife, Hyun Soon-hye(right), and daughter, Oda Nara. The photo was taken in November 2013 at his home's study left by Oda Makoto. </blockquote> <p><br>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[1]</a> known as either the bombing of Osaka or the bombing of Tokyo. On March 10, June 15, and August 14 of 1945, when World War II was nearing its end, U.S. troops dropped large amounts of incendiary bombs around Tokyo and Osaka, as Japan was a part of the Axis powers along with Germany and Italy, for the sake of early termination of war.     </p> <p>  <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1">[2]</a> Kim Jin-su, a former U.S. soldier and adoptee from South Korea, was present. For more information on Kim Jin-su, see next chapter, "Escaping the bird cage to Sweden." </p> <p>    <a href="https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref2">[3]</a> The Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty between Japan and the United States was a bilateral treaty between Japan and the U.S. stipulating that the U.S. military stationed in Japan is to guarantee the security of Japan and the United States. It is also called the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. It was signed in Washington, D.C. on January 19, 1960, and went into effect on June 23 of the same year. This treaty serves as the basis for the U.S.-Japan alliance, and movements against the treaty are referred to as the "security struggle."    </p> <p><br></p> <ul> <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist;  Seoul, Korea) </li> <li>Translated and revised as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan)       </li> </ul> <p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968. </em><br> </p> <h2><em> Read the last article</em> </h2> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung">Chapter 30 :  The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing">Chapter 28 :  The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects">Chapter 27 :  Treated Like Insects</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong">Chapter 26 :  <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true">Chapter 25 :  Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards">Chapter 24 :  "You retards!"</a><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency">Chapter 23 :  A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war">Chapter 22:  <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon">Chapter 21:   Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un">Chapter 20:  The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html">Chapter 18:  Xe, the Phantom of the Village </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed">chapter 17 :  The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong>  </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong> </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters </a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a> </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a>  </h3> <h3><a href="https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong> </a></h3> </html>
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parent author
parent permlink	history
permlink	31-fighting-among-insects
title	31. Fighting among insects
Transaction Info	Block #35709041/Trx 8e9781a3751437046b118ca58601f48a2ba39d52

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      "body": "<html>\n<h1>&nbsp; Precursor to the Mỹ Lai Massacre: 1968 Phong Nhị, Phong Nhất_31:&nbsp; Peace to Vietnam! Citizens' Coalition and Oda Makoto’s fight for peace. &nbsp;&nbsp;</h1>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<h1><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/36464.html\">Click to read in Korean(벌레들 편에서 싸우다)</a></h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The motorboat undulated on the surface of the cold winter sea.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;36-year-old Oda Makoto boarded a small fishing boat and departed from the port, but fishing wasn’t his objective. Neither was it a trip to enjoy the expanse of the sea. The boat did not go out far. It headed straightway to its target near the harbor. There were four to five other men on the boat who shared his beliefs. Each man had fixed his gaze on the faraway distance. Oda Makoto grasped the microphone and tested it. \"ah, ah. Hello, U.S. soldiers.\" His voice barely made it through the sound of waves and the ship's engine. Their target drew near. It was the world's largest nuclear aircraft carrier, the Enterprise. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;It was January 21, 1968 at the Sasebo Port in northern Nagasaki, Japan. The islets and capes gave way to a heavenly scenery, but no one had the leisure to appreciate its beauty. The U.S. naval base, where the military port played an imperative role, was ridden with tension. The Enterprise, which set sail from the U.S. three days ago, was docked. The 335.9 meter-long aircraft carrier was scheduled to sail to Vietnam's Gulf of Tonkin two days later. There were 5,250 crew members, and some 100 phantom fighter planes were on its deck. College students had been protesting the launch of the Enterprise at various parts of the port. The students, wearing helmets and holding wooden rods, experienced a rough struggle with the police squad. Oda Makoto however, being skeptical about the efficacy of such an approach, went out to sea on a fishing boat instead, trying to get as close to the Enterprise as possible. Two placards fluttered on the fishing boat, one of which read, \"FOLLOW THE INTREEPID FOUR! WE'LL HELP YOU.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Cw90kGVRxS0/XVt5oe4i8jI/AAAAAAAABCo/P2gi3ek7FBsbq-uddWARll0lPbK1eLQtQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-1.jpg\" width=\"434\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5NegHtRv-cE/XVt5qxHRZ1I/AAAAAAAABC8/IqYZPgpTF9cxJW1jQhw9m4xDSGNeoVvOwCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%25841-1.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"440\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;January 21, 1968. Oda Makoto and his comrades on a small fishing boat at Sasebo Port, approaching the anchored U.S. nuclear aircraft carrier Enterprise in order to appeal to the U.S. soldiers to defect from the military.&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;This meant that they would aid those who wished to go AWOL. The term \"INTREPID FOUR\" was used to refer to four soldiers (Michael Lindner, Craig Anderson, Richard Baily and John Barella) of the USS Intrepid. They deserted their unit three months ago when the Intrepid was docked at the Yokosuka base. They had been on the verge of leaving for Vietnam. Oda Makoto had created a secret network to hide, protect, smuggle and help them seek asylum. On November 11, 1967, they boarded a Soviet liner called Baykal and were sent to Nakhodka from the Yokohama Port, and then to Sweden via Siberia. This was the so-called \"Yokohama Route.\" Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (41), who opposed the U.S. war in Vietnam, allowed them into Sweden on December 29 and granted them permission to live there on January 9, 1968. Thinking that some of the men aboard the Enterprise might follow in the footsteps of the Intrepid Four, Oda Makoto shouted in English from his fishing boat through the microphone, \"Soldiers of Enterprise, don't go to Vietnam. Don't kill people in Vietnam. Run away. We'll help you.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Oda Makoto was more than just a representative of <em>Beheiren</em>, Peace to Vietnam! Citizens' Coalition, a Japanese anti-war peace group. He was also a famous novelist. When he was a senior in high school, he made his debut in the literary world with his novel, \"The Memoirs of the Day after Tomorrow,\" and in 1961, he traveled around the world to 22 countries and wrote, “The way I saw it,” upon which he became a best-selling novelist. He was also a thinker who had explored ancient Greek literature and established his own discourse on democracy since his time at Tokyo University. And he was now taking his place as the most hands-on peace activist in Japan. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Beheiren</em> was founded in April of 1965. From February of that year, the U.S. began its air raid of North Vietnam. Okinawa was the base of the bombers including B52s participating in the airstrikes of North Vietnam. Japan's naval and air bases had become the base camps for the Vietnam War. One day in March, Oda Makoto received a phone call from Tsurumi Shunsuke (46), a philosophy professor from Doshisha University whom he had never met. He informed Oda that he was planning to establish an anti-Vietnam War peace organization, and asked Oda to participate as a representative. Shunsuke Tsurumi and his co-founders Takabatake Michitoshi, a 35-year-old political science professor at Rikkyo University, and Kuno Osamu (58), another philosophy professor from Gakushuin University, were all on the same page. They needed a fresh figure who distanced himself from the activist groups that participated in the Japanese security struggle (the struggle against the revision of the U.S.-Japan security treaty), which was aggressive in the 1960s. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;While they were at it, they wanted someone who was popular among the younger crowd. Oda Makoto was perfect for this role, as he of course had no connection to the communist party, but rather a firm belief in democracy and peace, although he did not get involved student movements. Oda himself was ready to accept the offer after two to three minutes of being on the phone with Tsurumi. He had firsthand experience in the Osaka mass air-raids in 1945.<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[1]</a> He knew better than anyone about the horrors of airstrikes and therefore couldn't turn a blind eye to the airstrikes in North Vietnam. He served as a representative of Beheiren, coming forth as the architect, thought pillar, and the core implementer of the movement. .&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Oda Makoto's original plan at the port of Sasebo on January 21, 1968 was to rent a helicopter, not a fishing boat. He imagined a glamorous and overwhelming scene wherein he scattered propaganda leaflets from his helicopter at the U.S. soldiers on the USS Enterprise, encouraging them to leave the army. He had meant to plan a blockbuster-level demonstration. It was the kind of imaginative power that befits a writer. He contacted an airline company, but was told that helicopter rental would be difficult because it was a military base area. With the fishing boat they rented instead, however, there was an extent to how far they could send the propaganda leaflets. He shouted until his voice grew coarse, but it didn't spread that well either. His fishing boat demonstration was shabby at best. Nevertheless, he was confident that there would be more deserters from the U.S. Army.’ &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;Oda Makoto recalled the events of December 10, 1966. It was the first day he scattered four-page English propaganda leaflets entitled, \"Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers,\" in front of the main gate of Yokohama's Yokosuka base. Through these leaflets, he revealed why the Vietnam War was ugly, and urged soldiers to take action. It encouraged soldiers to write anti-war letters to their superiors, sabotage, desert and declare conscientious objection. The distribution of the propaganda leaflets expanded to the Zukeran base in Okinawa, Tachikawa base in Tokyo and Iwakuni base in Yamaguchi. Each U.S. military base in Japan was a vacation spot for American soldiers who fought in the Vietnam War. Participants of Beheiren across the country, which grew to more than 300 regional organizations, joined the movement voluntarily and with dedication. Oda Makoto was excited about their movement, but a part of him was dubious as to whether their efforts would &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lead to military desertion. But then again, he was surprised when the Intrepid Four who escaped from Yokosuka appeared before him on October 28, 1967. That was definitely a signal that there was more to come. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aSHUfiMZU0o/XVt5mwOo5xI/AAAAAAAABCg/9JyzNWOP6FsDe0NxA66AedU8rsyWOuV5wCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-2.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"305\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;On November 13, 1967, Beheiren held a press conference to reveal the existence of U.S. deserters and their escape aboard the Soviet Baykal from the Yokohama Port. The photograph is of a scene from a documentary released at the press conference. From the left are Beheiren representative, Oda Makoto, founder, Tsurumi Shunsuke, and deserters, Michael Lindner, Greg Anderson Craig Anderson, Richard Baily and John Barella.&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;They were at once perpetrators and victims. Oda Makoto thought of the Imperial Army soldiers he had seen countless times in his hometown of Osaka as a child. The local youth were taken to China, and around Asia Pacific after receiving a warrant. Those mobilized to destroy and kill the enemy were perpetrators, but actually they were victims in the sense that they were forced to do so by their state. The U.S. soldiers were no different. They may have been perpetrators in Vietnam, but dually victims in terms of being ordered to kill against their own will. In stricter terms, they had only become perpetrators because they first became victims. He tried to put an end to this vicious cycle of victims becoming perpetrators by supporting deserters. In order not to fall victim to the state’s power and authority, it was imperative that there be a clear counterattack. This discourse on victim and perpetrator, invented by Oda Makoto, was a key idea behind much of Beheiren’s activities. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2n6Vxjv58Rs/XVt5kLJuGII/AAAAAAAABCc/j1cMZoQYe1A8Rr0t1or4VsSV14aJrW-YQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-3.jpg\" width=\"462\" height=\"640\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;A four-page propaganda written in English called \"Japan's Letter to U.S. Soldiers,\" which Beheiren members first began scattering in front of the main gate of the Yokosuka base in Yokohama on December 10, 1966. The propaganda leaflets moved the hearts of the American soldiers.&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>As he had predicted, there were more deserters. In February and March of 1968, Phillip Callicotte, Mark Shapiro, Edwin Arnett, Terry Whitmore requested help and protection from Beheiren. Instead of taking the \"Yokohama Route,\" as did the Intrepid Four, they crossed to the Soviet Union on a fishing boat from Nemuro, the easternmost part of Hokkaido, and then succeeded in defecting in April of 1968 using the \"Nemuro Route,\" which led to Sweden via Moscow<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn1\">[2]</a>. A newly formed group within Beheiren, JATEC, short for Japan Technical Committee to Aid Anti War GIs, helped these soldiers. It was a secret professional group that developed technologies for helping soldiers in hiding, fleeing and seeking asylum. By July of 1971, JATEC helped 19 deserters defect to foreign countries. This kind of cross-border activity was not considered illegal. When interpreting the Japan-US Status Agreement<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftn2\">[3]</a>, which was based on the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty, it was not against the law at all for the Japanese to send American soldiers abroad.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Was all of this necessary, however? Indeed, meaningless death had to be prevented. Oda referred to this as, “meaningless death” (難死) and published it as his pacifict literary idea, in a magazine called, <em>The Prospect</em>, in January 1965. Oda served as the mental buttress of Beheiren, which campaigned for anti-war peace from January 1974, starting with regional chapters in Tokyo, until its disbanding. He believed that democracy began with private matters. Abandoning one’s private life and sacrificing one's life for the nation was not a \"noble death,\" but a \"meaningless death.\" He never forgot about how he shivered in an air-raid shelter near Momotani Station during the 1945 Osaka mass air-raids. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;At one of the libraries at Harvard University, where he studied as a Fulbright scholar in 1958, he searched through microfilms containing the old New York Times in hopes of solving the questions of his nightmare 13 years ago. Finally, he came up on a photograph from June 15, 1945, wherein a B29 was attacking Osaka. In the dark, the city was burning with smoke from the incendiary bombs. His ideology could be traced back to this very incident. He could picture himself in the midst of this inferno, which rendered anti-war a worthy battle for him, notwithstanding that he may have to devote his entire lifetime for the cause. Yet the essence of air-raids could not be seen using the bird’s-eye view. From the sky, the bombing was as mesmerizing as fireworks. But from the vantage point of insects on dry land, it was a horrifying sight. Oda decided that he would assume an “insect’s-eye view” and fight, not among birds, but among insects. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XGeTsmjroFk/XVt5oaDf7eI/AAAAAAAABCs/gJT-uXwTsPsLh8HZSKoYFFJjaWt85AHUACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-5.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"409\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;The microfilm of the old New York Times found by Oda Makoto in the library of Harvard University, where he studied. The city is seen burning with smoke from incendiary bombs during the U.S. B29 air assault on Osaka on June 15, 1945. He looked at the picture and decided to fight on the side of the insect, and not on the side of the bird. &nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On January 21, 1968, the port of Sasebo was filled with darkness. The fishing boat that Oda Makoto rented had been withdrawn. Gunfire broke out in front of the Blue House in Jongno-gu, central Seoul, while the soldiers aboard the Enterprise were sound asleep in their cabins ahead of their departure to Vietnam. North Korean special forces members came to assassinate South Korean President Park Chung-hee and fled after failing. These victim-perpetrators ordered by their respective states roamed about like insects until they each faced their own “meaningless death.” A day went by, and yet another day went by. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On January 23, the Enterprise moved slowly and left the port of Sasebo for the Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam. Meanwhile, there was urgent information that the USS Pueblo, which was conducting intelligence activities on the East Sea, was abducted by the North Korean navy. The Enterprise changed its course, heading to the North Korean port of Wonsan, and there staged an armed protest. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The deaths of \"insects\" continued in both Vietnam and on the Korean Peninsula. And Oda Makoto's struggle to stop the \"meaningless deaths\" flickered in the darkness like a firefly. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<h1>&nbsp;&nbsp;<strong>The Godfather of the postwar Japanese peace movement</strong> &nbsp;<br>\n &nbsp;<strong>The Life of Oda Makoto</strong> &nbsp;</h1>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-07SyOqTa-t0/XVt5n6_3qKI/AAAAAAAABCk/pKaBwyOe0rcR_RKAxbVdiJRvJRxrDPwAQCLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-4.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"410\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;An article in a Japanese magazine in the 1960s featuring Oda Makoto's Beheiren activities, titled, \"It all started like this.\"&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Oda Makoto’s affiliation with Korea began in 1970 with the appeal for the release of former president Kim Dae-jung and the poet, Kim Ji-ha. After living in all parts of the world, including Beijing, Berlin, and New York, he returned to his hometown of Osaka in 1994 and stood at the forefront of civic movements. A case in point is his movement that led to state support for the victims of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. He also devoted his energy to joint international movements, including serving as Asia-Pacific vice chairman of the International Court of Public Justice (headquartered in Rome, Italy) for Asia's persecuted civil movement leaders. He left 152 books of novels, critiques and essays throughout his prolific writing career. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;On July 30, 2007, he passed away at the age of 75. Takahashi Kenichiro, a writer who appeared on NHK's special documentary on Oda Makoto, referred to Oda as \"a writer who fully implemented the values of democracy, equality and peace that postwar Japan espoused.\" Kim Dae-jung, former Korean president remarked in his memorial message for Oda that “Oda was truly the epitome of an intellectual whose actions were consistent with his words.” After Oda’s funeral, a demonstration formed in the streets of Tokyo. It was the first time since the philosopher Sartre that mourners demonstrated in memory of the deceased. Hyun Soon-hye (1953~), his Korean-Japanese wife whom I met in Osaka on November 9, 2013, remarked, \"My husband had the kind of character that treated everyone equally, whether it be some international figure of authority or a poor and powerless person.\" &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Hyun Soon-hye published her full collection of Oda Makoto, a total of 82 books, in July 2014 through Kodansha, Japan. It is a compilation of 32 novels and 32 critiques left by her husband. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><img src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mzRSRCcZpvA/XVt847-MFfI/AAAAAAAABDk/jjFW30Db0bkV190Tqm5xfwRxjkByW1dZACLcBGAs/s640/%25EC%2582%25AC%25EC%25A7%2584-11.JPG\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"/></p>\n<blockquote>&nbsp;Oda Makoto's wife, Hyun Soon-hye(right), and daughter, Oda Nara. The photo was taken in November 2013 at his home's study left by Oda Makoto.&nbsp;</blockquote>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[1]</a> known as either the bombing of Osaka or the bombing of Tokyo. On March 10, June 15, and August 14 of 1945, when World War II was nearing its end, U.S. troops dropped large amounts of incendiary bombs around Tokyo and Osaka, as Japan was a part of the Axis powers along with Germany and Italy, for the sake of early termination of war. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref1\">[2]</a> Kim Jin-su, a former U.S. soldier and adoptee from South Korea, was present. For more information on Kim Jin-su, see next chapter, \"Escaping the bird cage to Sweden.\"&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://steemit.com/submit.html#_ftnref2\">[3]</a> The Mutual Cooperation and Security Treaty between Japan and the United States was a bilateral treaty between Japan and the U.S. stipulating that the U.S. military stationed in Japan is to guarantee the security of Japan and the United States. It is also called the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. It was signed in Washington, D.C. on January 19, 1960, and went into effect on June 23 of the same year. This treaty serves as the basis for the U.S.-Japan alliance, and movements against the treaty are referred to as the \"security struggle.\" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<ul>\n  <li>Written by <strong>humank</strong> (Journalist; &nbsp;Seoul, Korea)&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>Translated and revised&nbsp;as necessary by <strong>April Kim</strong> (Tokyo, Japan) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>The numbers in parentheses indicate the respective ages of the people at the time in 1968.&nbsp;</em><br>\n</p>\n<h2><em>&nbsp;Read the last article</em>&nbsp;</h2>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung\">Chapter 30 :&nbsp; The Testimony of Former Private Ryu Jin-sung</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/29-it-was-stigmatic-to-be-a-member-of-that-unit\"><strong>Chapter 29 : It was stigmatic to be a member of that unit</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/28-the-dark-cloud-of-the-symington-hearing\">Chapter 28 :&nbsp; The Dark Cloud of the Symington Hearing</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/27-treated-like-insects\">Chapter 27 :&nbsp; Treated Like Insects</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/26-the-cruel-conspiracy-of-the-viet-cong\">Chapter 26 :&nbsp; <strong>The Cruel Conspiracy of the Viet Cong</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/25-is-this-what-i-hear-about-war-crimes-true\">Chapter 25 :&nbsp; Is this what I hear about war crimes true?</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/24-you-retards\">Chapter 24 :&nbsp; \"You retards!\"</a><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/23-a-day-at-the-central-intelligence-agency\">Chapter 23 :&nbsp; A day at the Central Intelligence Agency</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/22-the-currency-war\">Chapter 22:&nbsp; <strong>The Currency War</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/21-inspired-by-alain-delon\">Chapter 21: &nbsp; Inspired by Alain Delon</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/20-the-white-jungle-of-platoon-commander-choi-young-un\">Chapter 20: &nbsp;The White Jungle of Platoon Commander, Choi Young-un</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/19-a-photograph-from-the-da-nang-museum\">Chapter 19: A photograph from the Da Nang Museum</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/46685.html\">Chapter 18:&nbsp; Xe, the Phantom of the Village&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/the-photographer-and-the-photographed\">chapter 17 : &nbsp;The Photographer and the Photographed</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat16\"><strong>Chapter 16 : Trần Văn Năm, the Sniper</strong></a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-2\"><strong>Chapter 15(2): Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha speak out</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat15-1\"><strong>Chapter 15 (1); Nguyễn Xu and Trần Văn Tha’s Attempt at Revenge</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat14\"><strong>Chapter 14: The Cruelest Assault</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat13\">Chapter 13: As Fate would have it</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat12\">Chapter 12 : Massacre amidst a Lullaby&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat11\"><strong>Chapter 11 :</strong> The Sorrows of Nguyễn Xá, South Vietnamese militiaman&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-4\"><strong>Chapter</strong> <strong>10(4) : Trần Diệp’s search for his brother Trần Thử’s corpse covered in banana leaves</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-3\"><strong>Chapter 10(3) : A miraculous survivor, Nguyễn Đức Sang</strong> &nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-2\"><strong>Chapter 10(2) :</strong> <strong>Nguyễn Thị Thanh visits Korea as a Victim of the Massacre</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat10-1\">Chapter 10(1): War Casualties from the villages&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhatpostscript\">Postscript: Introduction of Major characters&nbsp;</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-9\"><strong>Chapter 9 : The Banyan Tree witnessed it all</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-2\">Chapter 8(2) : The First Captive of the Vietnam War</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-8-1\">Chapter 8(1): The Older Brother who went to Vietnam, only to be found in Pyongyang</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-7\">Chapter 7: Kim Shin-jo and the Darkness that was ROK</a></h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-6\"><strong>Chapter 6: Appease Park Chung-hee</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-5\"><strong>Chapter 5: The Ruthless Marines</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-4\"><strong>Chapter 4: Mean Streets of Saigon, and Loan, the Man of Power</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-3\"><strong>Chapter 3: The Blue House Raid and Thuy Bo</strong> </a>&nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/history/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-2\"><strong>Chapter 2: No ordinary gunshots</strong></a> &nbsp;</h3>\n<h3><a href=\"https://steemit.com/vietnamwar/@humank/precursor-to-the-my-lai-massacre-1968-phong-nhi-phong-nhat-1\"><strong>Chapter 1: Three Trivia Questions</strong>&nbsp;</a></h3>\n</html>",
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steemitboardupvoted (1.00%) @humank / 30-the-testimony-of-former-private-ryu-jin-sung

2019/08/11 08:09:33 UTC

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steemitboardreplied to @humank / steemitboard-notify-humank-20190811t080932000z

2019/08/11 08:09:30 UTC

35,453,558|483198c

author	steemitboard
body	Congratulations @humank! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) : <table><tr><td><img src="https://steemitimages.com/60x70/http://steemitboard.com/@humank/votes.png?201908110725"></td><td>You distributed more than 300 upvotes. Your next target is to reach 400 upvotes.</td></tr> </table> <sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@humank) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=humank)_</sub> <sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub> To support your work, I also upvoted your post! ###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!
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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 3qttqc-aaa

2019/08/11 06:55:09 UTC

35,452,073|a94e816

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 7xwkve-aaa

2019/08/11 06:54:54 UTC

35,452,068|5a846cc

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @ocd / ocd-daily-issue-392

2019/08/11 06:54:48 UTC

35,452,066|e51599f

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / 2pxmj-aaa

2019/08/11 06:54:42 UTC

35,452,064|ae3369d

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @hyeongjoongyoon / 24

2019/08/11 06:54:33 UTC

35,452,061|0d58d99

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @pepsi81 / xktqg-aaa

2019/08/11 06:54:24 UTC

35,452,058|ffa48ee

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humankupvoted (100.00%) @ocd / ocd-reddit-issue-12

2019/08/11 06:54:18 UTC

35,452,056|a794402

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Single Signature

Public Keys

STM5ZdJaNubq4oUeNhPqhynS1U1s6xMiu4VTSXuj53dw4p7pJPunR1/1

Memo

STM5ubrtmSKbozoH4vsC1fkCVGZsKpns2eFGTSWhWLrPs3GbAkWAS

{
  "owner": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM58DgKLnMm1m9bhMWa78nR6Tz1Zd2fNaiBaum3RR7yFCJsn28Uj",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "active": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM7zj7E4VcR3tCZ1n7ejvV9637pB1WksHZxjGrj26cMEgvVYUeys",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "posting": {
    "weight_threshold": 1,
    "account_auths": [],
    "key_auths": [
      [
        "STM5ZdJaNubq4oUeNhPqhynS1U1s6xMiu4VTSXuj53dw4p7pJPunR",
        1
      ]
    ]
  },
  "memo": "STM5ubrtmSKbozoH4vsC1fkCVGZsKpns2eFGTSWhWLrPs3GbAkWAS"
}

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