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      "body": "Congratulations @jpoudel! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@jpoudel/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@jpoudel) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=jpoudel)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "author": "steemcleaners",
      "body": "Not indicating that the content you copy/paste is not your original work could be seen as [plagiarism. ](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/)\n\nSome tips to share content and add value:\n- Use a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or Markdown. \n- Linking to your source\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n\nRepeated plagiarized posts are considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are posting content under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are posting content under CC0 or Public Domain please consider noting that at the end of your post. \n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "body": "Not indicating that the content you copy/paste is not your original work could be seen as [plagiarism. ](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/)\n\nSome tips to share content and add value:\n- Use a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or Markdown. \n- Linking to your source\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n\nRepeated plagiarized posts are considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are posting content under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are posting content under CC0 or Public Domain please consider noting that at the end of your post. \n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "author": "steemitboard",
      "body": "Congratulations @jpoudel! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :\n\n[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/posts.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@jpoudel) Award for the number of posts published\n\nClick on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.\nFor more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)\n\nIf you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`\n\n> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!",
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      "author": "afterglow",
      "body": "I am also new here. But with regards with your experience I think I know the reason. Kindly look at these posts of yours:\n\n \"Illustration of Two Neutron Stars Just Before They Collide\"\n\"Researchers Use MRI Brain Scans to Reveal MS Risk in Children\"\n\nDo not plagiarize, or just copy any post coming from the internet, it can be downvoted, downvoting will make you lose reputation.",
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      "author": "jpoudel",
      "body": "I was trying my best in steemit . I love this platform too much.But now i am angry with steemit.\nyesterday there was (29) reputation but now it became only (14) reputation. i am to much upset .",
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      "body": "![Two-Galaxies-Become-One-NGC-2623.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRhR9SDSboJp1f17DSgbK2hC5WFaDcdEtLXWGDdLVjQoc/Two-Galaxies-Become-One-NGC-2623.jpg)\nThis image, captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows what happens when two galaxies become one. The twisted cosmic knot seen here is NGC 2623 — or Arp 243 — and is located about 250 million light-years away in the constellation of Cancer (The Crab).\n\nNGC 2623 gained its unusual and distinctive shape as the result of a major collision and subsequent merger between two separate galaxies. This violent encounter caused clouds of gas within the two galaxies to become compressed and stirred up, in turn triggering a sharp spike of star formation. This active star formation is marked by speckled patches of bright blue; these can be seen clustered both in the centre and along the trails of dust and gas forming NGC 2623’s sweeping curves (known as tidal tails). These tails extend for roughly 50,000 light-years from end to end. Many young, hot, newborn stars form in bright stellar clusters — at least 170 such clusters are known to exist within NGC 2623.\n\nNGC 2623 is in a late stage of merging. It is thought that the Milky Way will eventually resemble NGC 2623 when it collides with our neighboring galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, in four billion years time.\n\nIn contrast to the image of NGC 2623 released in 2009 (heic0912), this new version contains data from recent narrow-band and infrared observations that make more features of the galaxy visible.\n\nCredit: ESA/Hubble & NASA",
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      "body": "![Hubble-Observes-First-Kilonova.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmVpvoDts7iQrvvLtzBQ3Zdry74PZHbMUnUYgMgEQwiDjT/Hubble-Observes-First-Kilonova.jpg)\n*On 17 August 2017, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo Interferometer both detected gravitational waves from the collision between two neutron stars. Within 12 hours observatories had identified the source of the event within the lenticular galaxy NGC 4993, shown in this image gathered with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. The associated stellar flare, a kilonova, is clearly visible in the Hubble observations. This is the first time the optical counterpart of a gravitational wave event was observed. Hubble observed the kilonova gradually fading over the course of six days, as shown in these observations taken in between 22 and 28 August (insets). Credit: NASA and ESA. Acknowledgment: A.J. Levan (U. Warwick), N.R. Tanvir (U. Leicester), and A. Fruchter and O. Fox (STScI)*\nUsing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have observed a visible counterpart to gravitational waves for the first time: a kilonova from merging neutron stars.\n\nThe NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has observed for the first time the source of a gravitational wave, created by the merger of two neutron stars. This merger created a kilonova — an object predicted by theory decades ago — that ejects heavy elements such as gold and platinum into space. This event also provides the strongest evidence yet that short duration gamma-ray bursts are caused by mergers of neutron stars. This discovery is the first glimpse of multi-messenger astronomy, bringing together both gravitational waves and electromagnetic radiation.\n\nOn 17 August 2017 the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and the Virgo Interferometer both alerted astronomical observers all over the globe about the detection of a gravitational wave event named GW170817. About two seconds after the detection of the gravitational wave, ESA’s INTEGRAL telescope and NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope observed a short gamma-ray burst in the same direction.\n\nIn the night following the initial discovery, a fleet of telescopes started their hunt to locate the source of the event. Astronomers found it in the lenticular galaxy NGC 4993, about 130 million light-years away. A point of light was shining where nothing was visible before and this set off one of the largest multi-telescope observing campaigns ever — among these telescopes was the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.\n\n<iframe width=\"777\" height=\"437\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/tZSqBz32RuA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\nFor the first time, Hubble has observed the source of a gravitational wave: the merging of two neutron stars. This merger created a kilonova — an object first predicted by theory more than 30 ago. This event also provides the strongest evidence yet that short duration gamma-ray bursts are caused by mergers of neutron stars. These observations may help solve another long-standing question in astronomy: the origin of heavy chemical elements, like gold and platinum. In the merger of two neutron stars, the conditions appear just right for their production.\n\nSeveral different teams of scientists used Hubble over the two weeks following the gravitational wave event alert to observe NGC 4993. Using Hubble’s high-resolution imaging capabilities they managed to get the first observational proof for a kilonova, the visible counterpart of the merging of two extremely dense objects — most likely two neutron stars. Such mergers were first suggested more than 30 years ago but this marks the first firm observation of such an event. The distance to the merger makes the source both the closest gravitational wave event detected so far and also one of the closest gamma-ray burst sources ever seen.\n\n“Once I saw that there had been a trigger from LIGO and Virgo at the same time as a gamma-ray burst I was blown away,” recalls Andrew Levan of the University of Warwick, who led the Hubble team that obtained the first observations. “When I realised that it looked like neutron stars were involved, I was even more amazed. We’ve been waiting a long time for an opportunity like this!”\n\nHubble captured images of the galaxy in visible and infrared light, witnessing a new bright object within NGC 4993 that was brighter than a nova but fainter than a supernova. The images showed that the object faded noticeably over the six days of the Hubble observations. Using Hubble’s spectroscopic capabilities the teams also found indications of material being ejected by the kilonova as fast as one-fifth of the speed of light.\n\n“It was surprising just how closely the behaviour of the kilonova matched the predictions,” said Nial Tanvir, professor at the University of Leicester and leader of another Hubble observing team. “It looked nothing like known supernovae, which this object could have been, and so confidence was soon very high that this was the real deal.”\n\nConnecting kilonovae and short gamma-ray bursts to neutron star mergers has so far been difficult, but the multitude of detailed observations following the detection of the gravitational wave event GW170817 has now finally verified these connections.\n\n“The spectrum of the kilonova looked exactly like how theoretical physicists had predicted the outcome of the merger of two neutron stars would appear,” says Levan. “It ties this object to the gravitational wave source beyond all reasonable doubt.”\n\n\n\nThe infrared spectra taken with Hubble also showed several broad bumps and wiggles that signal the formation of some of the heaviest elements in nature. These observations may help solve another long-standing question in astronomy: the origin of heavy chemical elements, like gold and platinum. In the merger of two neutron stars, the conditions appear just right for their production.\n\nThe implications of these observations are immense. As Tanvir explains: “This discovery has opened up a new approach to astronomical research, where we combine information from both electromagnetic light and from gravitational waves. We call this multi-messenger astronomy — but until now it has just been a dream!”\n\nLevan concludes: “Now, astronomers won’t just look at the light from an object, as we’ve done for hundreds of years, but also listen to it. Gravitational waves provide us with complementary information from objects which are very hard to study using only electromagnetic waves. So pairing gravitational waves with electromagnetic radiation will help astronomers understand some of the most extreme events in the Universe.”\n\nPapers:\n\nPaper 1: “The emergence of a lanthanide-rich kilonova following the merger of two neutron stars”, by N. R. Tanvir et al. in ApJL\nPaper 2: “The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817”, by A. J. Levan et al. in ApJL\nPaper 3: “Discovery of the X-ray counterpart to the gravitational wave event GW170817” by E. Troja et al. in Nature\nPaper 4: “Illuminating Gravitational Waves: A Concordant Picture of Photons from a Neutron Star Merger” by M. M. Kalila\nPaper 5: “The Distance to NGC 4993 — The host galaxy of the gravitational wave event GW17017”, by J. Hjorth et al. in ApJL\nSource: Hubble Space Telescope",
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      "body": "Source:  https://plus.google.com/+VladimirPecha/posts/BegiV4WLPMZ\n\nNot indicating that the content you copy/paste is not your original work could be seen as [plagiarism. ](http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/)\n\nSome tips to share content and add value:\n- Use a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or Markdown. \n- Linking to your source\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n\nRepeated plagiarized posts are considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nCreative Commons: If you are posting content under a Creative Commons license, please attribute and link according to the specific license. If you are posting content under CC0 or Public Domain please consider noting that at the end of your post. \n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "body": "Copying/Pasting full texts without adding anything original is frowned upon by the community.  \nSome tips to share content and add value:\n- Using a few sentences from your source in “quotes.” Use HTML tags or Markdown. \n- Linking to your source\n- Include your own original thoughts and ideas on what you have shared.\n\nRepeated copy/paste posts could be considered spam. Spam is discouraged by the community, and may result in action from the [cheetah bot](https://steemit.com/steemitabuse/@cheetah/cheetah-bot-explained).\n\nIf you are actually the original author, please do reply to let us know!\n\nThank You!\n\nMore Info: <a href=\"https://steemit.com/steemcleaners/@steemcleaners/abuse-guide-2017-update\">Abuse Guide - 2017</a>.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://scitechdaily.com/crystallizing-discovery-indicates-potential-for-new-types-of-cancer-drugs/",
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      "body": "![New-Discovery-Indicates-Potential-for-New-Types-of-Cancer-Drugs.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdrSvnFji2w5huT7GqTtwTNTcKAKcY7YW9RR7mHAtfNNu/New-Discovery-Indicates-Potential-for-New-Types-of-Cancer-Drugs.jpg)\nResearchers from Yale University have made a fundamental discovery about EGFR signaling that may open the potential for new types of cancer drugs.\n\nMany approved cancer therapies target a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that regulates many crucial cellular processes and can speed the proliferation of tumor cells.\n\nThe EGFR protein spans the cell membrane, with one part outside the cell and one part inside. “When signaling molecules known as growth factors bind to the outside part of EGFR, they trigger the enzyme within the inside part, and initiate proliferation or other cellular responses,” said corresponding author Mark Lemmon, Ph.D., F.R.S., co-director of the Cancer Biology Institute at Yale Cancer Center and a professor of pharmacology at Yale School of Medicine.\n\n“Researchers have long known that growth factors activate EGFR by “stitching” two receptor molecules together,” added Lemmon. “This paradigm has always suggested that the receptor has to be either “off” or “on”, so all EGFR drugs have been designed to shut off the receptor and thus shut off proliferation.”\n\nHowever, there’s also been a longstanding puzzle in this field: The EGFR is regulated by a total of seven growth factors, which can make the cell take different actions. So, how can those different actions be driven by a single binding (and activation) scenario?\n\nLemmon and his colleagues began their research with X-ray crystallography—crystallizing the outer parts of the EGFR protein, shining X-rays on the crystals, collecting data on how the X-rays diffract and then deriving the protein’s structure from those data. They then linked their structural results with biological mechanisms in cellular experiments.\n\nSurprisingly, the researchers found that EGFR signaling is not just an on/off process controlled by stitching two receptors together. Instead, the growth factors can turn on the receptor in a spectrum of different ways, depending on the strength of the stitch and the timing of this binding.\n\n“We can imagine that instead of therapeutics that just shut off EGFR, we might design new ones that encourage it to give a beneficial signal,” Lemmon said. For instance, his team showed that growth factors that stitch two receptors together only weakly – and for a short duration – signal the cell to begin to transform into another cell type rather than to proliferate. A biologic drug that mimics the actions of such growth factors might discourage cancer cells from proliferating, Lemmon speculated.\n\n“There are cancer drugs against EGFR that really work, but we need new ways to develop them, because cancers can develop resistance to all of them,” he pointed out.\n\nThe spectrum of effects from different EGFR binding mechanisms also might help to shed light on other biological mysteries such as the causes of liver cancer, where pathways that work in similar ways to EGFR signaling play major roles that have not been well explained, Lemmon added.\n\nCo-lead authors on the paper were Daniel Freed of Yale and Nicholas Bessman of the University of Pennsylvania (now at Cornell Weill Medical College). Lead funding came from the National Institutes of Health.\n\nPublication: Daniel M. Freed, et al., “EGFR Ligands Differentially Stabilize Receptor Dimers to Specify Signaling Kinetics,” Cell, 2017; doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.017\n\nSource: Yale Cancer Center",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171012172501.htm",
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      "body": "![Extreme-Methane-Rainstorms-Shape-Titan’s-Icy-Surface.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSS2fFdfaivDS97jfv7K3xB5y22Rod1uDui8YZaaDDwKc/Extreme-Methane-Rainstorms-Shape-Titan%E2%80%99s-Icy-Surface.jpg)\n*Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, behind the planet’s rings and the much smaller moon Epimetheus. The image was taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute*\nNewly published research from UCLA shows that extreme methane rainstorms appear to have a key role in shaping Titan’s icy surface.\n\nTitan, the largest of Saturn’s more than 60 moons, has surprisingly intense rainstorms, according to research by a team of UCLA planetary scientists and geologists. Although the storms are relatively rare — they occur less than once per Titan year, which is 29 and a half Earth years — they occur much more frequently than the scientists expected.\n\n“I would have thought these would be once-a-millennium events, if even that,” said Jonathan Mitchell, UCLA associate professor of planetary science and a senior author of the research, which was published October 9 in the journal Nature Geoscience. “So this is quite a surprise.”\n\nThe storms create massive floods in terrain that are otherwise deserts. Titan’s surface is strikingly similar to Earth’s, with flowing rivers that spill into great lakes and seas, and the moon has storm clouds that bring seasonal, monsoon-like downpours, Mitchell said. But Titan’s precipitation is liquid methane, not water.\n\n“The most intense methane storms in our climate model dump at least a foot of rain a day, which comes close to what we saw in Houston from Hurricane Harvey this summer,” said Mitchell, the principal investigator of UCLA’s Titan climate modeling research group.\n\nSean Faulk, a UCLA graduate student and the study’s lead author said the study also found that the extreme methane rainstorms may imprint the moon’s icy surface in much the same way that extreme rainstorms shape Earth’s rocky surface.\n\nOn Earth, intense storms can trigger large flows of sediment that spread into low lands and form cone-shaped features called alluvial fans. In the new study, the UCLA scientists found that regional patterns of extreme rainfall on Titan are correlated with recent detections of alluvial fans, suggesting that they were formed by intense rainstorms.\n\nThe finding demonstrates the role of extreme precipitation in shaping Titan’s surface, said Seulgi Moon, UCLA assistant professor of geomorphology and a co-senior author of the paper. Moon said the principle likely applies to Mars, which has large alluvial fans of its own, and to other planetary bodies. Greater understanding of the relationship between precipitation and the planetary surfaces could lead to new insights about the impact of climate change on Earth and other planets.\n\nTitan’s alluvial fans were detected by a radar instrument on the Cassini spacecraft, which began orbiting Saturn in late 2004. The Cassini mission ended in September 2017, when NASA programmed it to plunge into the planet’s atmosphere as a way to safely destroy the spacecraft.\n\nJuan Lora, a UCLA postdoctoral scholar and a co-author of the paper, said Cassini has revolutionized scientists’ understanding of Titan.\n\nAlthough Titan’s alluvial fans are a new discovery, scientists have had eyes on the moon’s surface for years. Shortly after Cassini reached Saturn, radar and other instruments showed that vast sand dunes dominated Titan’s lower latitudes, while lakes and seas dominated its higher latitudes. The UCLA scientists found that the alluvial fans are mostly located between 50 and 80 degrees latitude — close to the centers of the moon’s northern and southern hemispheres, but generally slightly closer to the poles than to the equator.\n\nSuch variations in surface features suggest the moon has corresponding regional variations in precipitation, because rainfall and subsequent runoff play a key role in eroding land and filling lakes, while the absence of rainfall promotes the formation of dunes.\n\nPrevious models have shown that liquid methane generally concentrates on Titan’s surface at higher latitudes. But no previous study had investigated the behavior of extreme rainfall events that might be capable of triggering major sediment transport and erosion, or shown their connection to surface observations.\n\nThe scientists primarily used computer simulations to study Titan’s hydrologic cycle because observations of actual precipitation on Titan are difficult to obtain and because, given the length of each year on Titan, Cassini only observed the moon for three seasons. They found that while rain mostly accumulates near the poles, where Titan’s major lakes and seas are located, the most intense rainstorms occur near 60 degrees latitude — precisely the region where alluvial fans are most heavily concentrated.\n\nThe study suggests that the intense storms develop due to the sharp differences between the wetter, cooler weather in the higher latitudes and the drier, warmer conditions in the lower latitudes. Similar temperature contrasts on Earth produce intense cyclones in the mid-latitudes, which is what creates the storms and blizzards that are common during the winter months across much of North America.\n\nThe research was funded by a NASA Cassini Data Analysis and Participating Scientists Program grant.\n\nPublication: S. P. Faulk, et al., “Regional patterns of extreme precipitation on Titan consistent with observed alluvial fan distribution,” Nature Geoscience, 2017; doi:10.1038/ngeo3043",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://scitechdaily.com/violent-helium-reaction-triggers-supernova-explosion/",
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      "body": "![Violent-Helium-Reaction-Triggers-Supernova-Explosion.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTRxpMBYnp8WSr5GnCpBwgQS6bYTpHq6iv9rmHjqpXvhr/Violent-Helium-Reaction-Triggers-Supernova-Explosion.jpg)\n*Upper panels: The first two-days observations of a peculiar type Ia supernova, MUSSES1604D, with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (left and middle) and follow-up observations with the Gemini-North telescope about one month after the first observation (right). Lower panels: Schematic light curves of MUSSES1604D (green circles denote the stages that the supernova is staying during observations). Credit: Institute of Astronomy, the University of Tokyo*\nA new study reveals evidence that the brightest stellar explosions in our universe could be triggered by the helium nuclear explosion at the surface of a white dwarf star.\n\nMany stars end their lives through a spectacular explosion. Most massive stars will finally explode as a supernova. Though a white dwarf is the remnant of an intermediate mass star like our Sun, it may explode as well if a white dwarf is a member of a close binary star system where two stars orbit around each other. This type of supernovae is classified as Ia.\n\nBecause of the uniform and extremely high brightness (about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun) of type Ia supernovae, they are widely used as the standard candle for the distance measurement in astronomy. The most successful example using type Ia supernovae is the discovery of the accelerating expansion of our universe (Nobel prize in physics 2011). Though the great success has been made in the type Ia supernova cosmology, we are still puzzled by the essential issues of what the progenitor systems of type Ia supernovae are and how type Ia supernova explosions are ignited.\n\nIn order to find new clues to figure out these long-standing issues, Jiang and his collaborators aim to catch type Ia supernovae within a few days, or even a day, after their explosions (hereafter “early-phase type Ia supernovae”), using the Hyper Suprime-Cam mounted on the Subaru telescope, the most powerful survey facility in the world. Their scientific project was established in 2016, named as “MUSSES”, an abbreviation of “the MUlti-band Subaru Survey for Early-phase type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia)”, including researchers from the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) and other institutions in Japan and foreign countries.\n\n“We discovered over 100 supernova candidates in one night with Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam, including several supernovae that had only exploded a few days earlier. Not only that, a type Ia supernova, named MUSSES1604D, soon after the explosion has been discovered. Surprisingly, MUSSES1604D in the first few days was much brighter than we expected, and we also found other peculiarities of this amazing object through follow-up observations with many large telescopes around the world,” said Jiang.\n\nIn order to figure out the origin of this mysterious object, intensive computational simulations were conducted by Toshikazu Shigeyama (U-Tokyo) and Keiichi Maeda (Kyoto University), based on different kinds of theoretical models. After more than 3-months discussions and numerous computational experiments, they finally confirmed that the features of this supernova are not consistent with predictions from popular scenarios, but instead, can be naturally explained by a specific explosion mechanism. In this scenario, the accumulation of helium on the surface of the white dwarf first ignites explosive helium burning and shock waves generated by this precursor event propagate inward, and eventually ignite carbon burning in the core of the white dwarf. “Once we noticed the possibility of this He detonation scenario, every peculiarity was just readily explained. This is the first robust evidence that one theoretically predicted stellar explosion mechanism proposed in early 1980’s, does truly exist in our universe,” said Maeda.\n\n![Violent-Helium-Reaction-Triggers-Supernova.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ5ycEJ9m1fuewdE9pnajXYEt8Q5VBAGwqWgWMuJ49jG4/Violent-Helium-Reaction-Triggers-Supernova.jpg)\n*The astronomical art of a pre-explosion white dwarf triggered by the helium explosion at its surface. The nuclear explosion of the surface helium layer triggers inward shock waves, and the central carbon nuclear fusion is subsequently ignited. Credit: Institute of Astronomy, the University of Tokyo*\nThis result answers how the explosion of type Ia supernovae can be ignited for the first time and has opened the door to the essential understanding of these spectacular phenomena in our universe. Moreover, considering that type Ia supernovae are bright sources and have been used as a standard candle in the distant universe, this finding also brings astronomers new ideas to further promote the accuracy of the cosmological use of type Ia supernovae. Jiang’s team will carry out further investigations by keep running the MUSSES project. “We are expecting to find many more supernovae within a day of the explosion, which should bring us further insight on the mechanism of supernovae. A more precise understanding of their history and behavior will help all researchers to perform more accurate cosmological measurement,” said Doi.\n\nPublication: Ji-an Jiang, et al., “A hybrid type Ia supernova with an early flash triggered by helium-shell detonation,” Nature 550, 80–83 (05 October 2017) doi:10.1038/nature23908",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://phys.org/news/2017-10-asteroid-tracking-network-approach.html",
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      "body": "![Asteroid-2012-TC4-to-Safely-Pass-by-Earth.gif](https://steemitimages.com/DQmWP9cqygFF5poiJbgfLi8WkXEs2uKpHEUZ51nZREzbPvj/Asteroid-2012-TC4-to-Safely-Pass-by-Earth.gif)\n*On October 12, 2017, a small (15-30 meter) asteroid known as 2012 TC4 will safely fly past Earth. Based on continuing observations, scientists have determined that it will pass the Earth at a distance of about 26,000 miles (42,000 kilometers). Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech*\nOn October 12, asteroid 2012 TC4 will safely pass by Earth at a distance of approximately 26,000 miles (42,000 kilometers).\n\nPassing by the Earth at a little over one-tenth the distance to the Moon and just above the orbital altitude of communications satellites, this encounter with TC4 is being used by asteroid trackers around the world to test their ability to operate as a coordinated international asteroid warning network.\n\n2012 TC4 is estimated to be 45 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) in size. Orbit prediction experts say the asteroid poses no risk of impact with Earth. Nonetheless, its close approach to Earth is an opportunity to test the ability of a growing global observing network to communicate and coordinate their optical and radar observations in a real scenario.\n\nThis asteroid was discovered by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) on Hawaii back in 2012. Pan-STARRS conducts a near-Earth object (NEO) survey funded by NASA’s NEO Observations Program, a key element of NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office. However, 2012 TC4 traveled out of the range of asteroid-tracking telescopes shortly after it was discovered.\n\nBased on the observations they were able to make in 2012, asteroid trackers predicted that it should come back into view in the fall of 2017. Observers with the European Space Agency and the European Southern Observatory were the first to recapture 2012 TC4, in late July 2017, using one of their large 8-meter aperture telescopes. Since then, observers around the world have been tracking the object as it approaches Earth and reporting their observations to the Minor Planet Center.\n\nThis “test” of what has become a global asteroid-impact early-warning system is a volunteer project, conceived and organized by NASA-funded asteroid observers and supported by the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office (PDCO).\n\nAs explained by Michael Kelley, program scientist and NASA PDCO lead for the TC4 observation campaign, “Asteroid trackers are using this flyby to test the worldwide asteroid detection and tracking network, assessing our capability to work together in response to finding a potential real asteroid-impact threat.”\n\nNo asteroid currently known is predicted to impact Earth for the next 100 years.\n\nAsteroid TC4’s closest approach to Earth will be over Antarctica at 1:40 AM EDT. Tens of professionally run telescopes across the globe will be taking ground-based observations from visible to near-infrared to radar. Amateur astronomers may contribute more observations, but the asteroid will be very difficult for backyard astronomers to see, as current estimates are that it will reach a visual magnitude of only about 17 at its brightest, and it will be moving very fast across the sky.\n\nMany of the observers who are participating in this exercise are funded by NASA’s NEO Observations Program but observers supported by other countries’ space agencies and space institutions around the world are now involved in the campaign.\n\nVishnu Reddy, an assistant professor at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Tucson, is leading the 2012 TC4 campaign. Reddy is principal investigator for a NASA-funded near-Earth asteroid characterization project. “This campaign is a team effort that involves more than a dozen observatories, universities and labs around the globe so we can collectively learn the strengths and limitations of our near-Earth object observation capabilities,” he said. “This effort will exercise the entire system, to include the initial and follow-up observations, precise orbit determination, and international communications.”\n\nIn September, asteroid observers were able to conduct a “pre-test” of a coordinated tracking for the close approach of a much larger asteroid known as 3122 Florence. Florence, one of the largest known NEOs, at 2.8 miles (4.5 kilometers) in size, passed by Earth on September 1 at 18 times the distance to the Moon. Coordinated observations of this asteroid revealed, among other things, that Florence has two moons.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.technology.org/2017/10/11/ms-risk-in-children-spotted-with-mri-brain-scans/",
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      "body": "![Researchers-Discover-MS-Risk-in-Children-Using-MRI-Brain-Scans.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmbnjkupNSFRWaukJ8FFpmmHzNDtRBbskXgXYANNSrb7sP/Researchers-Discover-MS-Risk-in-Children-Using-MRI-Brain-Scans.jpg)\nResearchers detail how MRI brain scans can identify children at high risk of developing multiple sclerosis before symptoms appear.\n\nBy the time multiple sclerosis (MS) is diagnosed in children, it may be difficult to prevent the disabilities and relapses that come with the disease. In a new Yale School of Medicine study, researchers examined MRI brain scans to identify children at high risk of developing MS before symptoms appear, which may lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.\n\nPublished in the November issue of the journal Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, the study of 38 children at 16 sites in six countries showed that the MRIs can reveal changes in the brain associated with MS before the clinical symptoms of the disease appear in children.\n\nThe children in the study all underwent MRI scans for other reasons, most commonly headache, but the MRIs unexpectedly revealed signs of MS. Having MRI findings of MS without any symptoms of the disease has been termed radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS) and previously had only been seen in adults.\n\n“For the first time we have proposed a definition of RIS in children,” said lead author Naila Makhani, M.D., assistant professor of pediatrics and neurology at Yale School of Medicine. “Children with RIS may represent a high-risk group of children that needs to be followed more closely for the later development of clinical multiple sclerosis.”\n\nApproximately 42% of children in the study with MRI findings of MS developed the first clinical symptoms of the disease about two years after the abnormal MRI, which shows a faster development of the disease than has been reported in adults. Children who had a specific marker in spinal fluid or who had MRI changes in the spinal cord, were at greatest risk of developing the clinical symptoms of MS.\n\nMakhani said five of the children in the study received an approved treatment for multiple sclerosis to try to prevent the disease. This number is too small to accurately draw conclusions about the effect of treatment, she noted.\n\n“We hope that our work will help inform expert guidelines for how to follow up children with RIS and help us accurately inform families of the risk of later developing multiple sclerosis, something we were previously unable to do,” said Makhani.\n\nOther authors on the study include Christine Lebrun, M.D.; Aksel Siva, M.D.; David Brassat M.D.; Clarisse Carra Dallière, M.D.; Jérôme de Seze, M.D.; Wei Du; Francoise Durand Dubief M.D.; Orhun Kantarci M.D.; Megan Langille, M.D.; Sona Narula M.D.; Jean Pelletier, M.D.; Juan Ignacio Rojas M.D.; Eugene D. Shapiro, M.D.; Robert T. Stone, M.D.; Mar Tintoré, M.D.; Ugur Uygunoglu M.D.; Patrick Vermersch, M.D.; Evangeline Wassmer M.D.; Darin T. Okuda, M.D.; and Daniel Pelletier, M.D.\n\nThe study was funded in part, by Yale’s Clinical and Translational Science Award from NIH (CTSA grant UL1TR000142 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Science [NCATS]).\n\nPublication: Naila Makhani, et al., “Radiologically isolated syndrome in children,” Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation,, 2017; doi:​10.​1212/​NXI.​0000000000000395",
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      "permlink": "researchers-use-mri-brain-scans-to-reveal-ms-risk-in-children",
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