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      "body": "Your contribution cannot be approved because it does not follow the [Utopian Rules](https://utopian.io/rules).\n\n- First of all, sorry for late coming comment. It caused by a bug. \n\n**Related Rule:**\n- Design or video editing related tutorials, gameplay, simple on-screen instructions, ubiquitous functions (Save, Open, Print, etc.) or basic programming concepts (variables, operators, loops, etc.) will not be accepted.\n\n**Suggestions:**\n- As stated in the rule above, tutorials covering basic programming concepts cannot be approved. You should provide tutorials for more technical parts of the project. If the tutorial was covering a proper concept, it would probably be approved since you tend to provide explanations and detailed information. \n\nYou can contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/uTyJkNm).\n**[[utopian-moderator]](https://utopian.io/moderators)**",
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      "body": "**What will we learn?**\n\n- IOS Programming Courses with Swift / Series 1 ( Data Types )\n\n<br>\n\nhttps://cdn2.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3597812/how-to-learn-swift-4_thumb800.jpg\n\n<br>\n\n**Requirements:**\n\n- Notepad+\n- IOS Operating System \n- Xcode\n\n<br>\n\n**Difficulty Level:**\n\n- Normal Level\n\n<br>\n\n**Let's Start the Course :**\n\n**Data Types**\n\n**Text-Based Types**\n\nWe will consider the data types used to store text-based expressions under the category of textual types. Then, as understood, the data types used to store text-based expressions.\n\n**String Data Type**\n\nIt is the type of data stored in text-based expressions. It is possible to store a numeric data in a variable of type String. However, the numerical data we store will be stored in text base. It is not possible to do numeric operations (addition, subtraction.... ) on numeric stuff stored in \"string\" type. If we want to do a floating-point operation in a \"string\" variable, we will have to transform this variable into a numeric type by subjecting it to a \"type conversion\" which we will learn later.\n\n``` note\nIf we want to assign a value to a text-based variable , we need to type the value to be assigned in double quotation marks (\"\").\n```\n\n``` swift\nvar text1:String\nvar text2:String = \"Utopian\"\n```\n\nIn the following sections I will show you how to handle string data more than once. However, the most basic operation is to learn how to combine two string expressions. In the following example, we see the concatenation of two string data. The concatenation of string expressions is called the concatenation of string data.\n\n``` swift\nvar name:String = \"Kingmaggot\"\n\"Hello \" + name\n```\nIf we repeat the important point here, the string expression is the concatenation of strings.\n\n**Character Data Type**\n\nA text-based variable is a type that can store only one character, even though it is a type. The character we keep can be a letter , a digit, or a punctuation. The information below about text-based data types is key. You will understand better what I mean about the series we will learn in the following articles, and we will relate this information to another information, and we will open an important door.\n\nSince it is character data type, textual data type, the string type, just as in our data collection process that are subject to the merging process will be performed. In the following example, by assigning the letters \"U\", \"t\", \"o\", \"p\", \"i\", \"a\" ,\"n\"  to K1, k2 , k3 , k4, K5,K6,K7 respectively, we obtained utupian data by adding these characters to the collection process.\n\n\n``` swift\nvar k1,k2,k3,k4,k5,k6,k7:String\nk1 = \"U\"\nk2 = \"t\"\nk3 = \"o\"\nk4 = \"p\"\nk5 = \"i\"\nk6 = \"a\"\nk7 = \"n\"\n//result  -->> Utopian\n```\n\nThe latest information we need to know about the character data type two-byte data type.\n\n``` swift\nvar character1: Character\nvar character2: Character = \"!\"\n```\n\n**Real Number Types**\n\nVariable types that can store decimal numbers. Real number types include not only decimal but also integer numbers. When we want to keep decimal numbers in the variable, integer types such as integer are insufficient. The data types we need to refer to here should be \"float\" or \"double\".\n\n``` swift\nvar DecimalNumber1:Float = 10.2\nvar DecimalNumber2:Double = 5.5\n```\n\nIf there are any remaining divisions we will make in real number types, it will be shown.\n\n``` swift\nvar Number1:Float = 19.3\nvar Number2:Double = 3\nNumber1 / Number2\n```\n\n**Logical Types**\n\nIt is the data type that stores only one of the values 0 OR 1, which are the two basic characters of the machine language. The data type that occupies the minimum amount of memory is also logical types. In programming , the value 0 is false and the value 1 is true.\n\nWe can understand the absence of ambiguity in programming from logical data types. If we move through the objects we encounter in everyday life, let's think of a window. With programming logic, this window is either open or closed. This means that the window is semi-open or intermittent. In this context, logical data types can be used in certain cases. In addition, we will see that the type of logical data that we will learn after a while is not an alternative type of \"bool\" data type, The type of logical data that occupies the least space in memory. The reason is that it can only get \"true\" or \"false\".\n\n**Bool Data Type**\n\nit is the data type that can store only one of the \"true\" or \"false\" values. Takes up space in bytes. It is usually used in two possibilities: \"military status , married - single, female - male\". There is no alternative to the \"bool\" data type in the logical data types I just mentioned.\n\n**TIP Transformation**\n\nAlthough we have learned the data types, this information is not enough. In particular, there will be some problems that we will encounter when we go to \"Xcode\" projects.  The most classic of these problems is when we want to print numeric data anywhere on the screen. If we want to print a numeric expression on a control, we may need to convert it to a string type and print it. We will also need to apply for \"tip\" conversion. In addition to translating a numeric data into a string, we also need to convert a numeric expression into a numeric data type to a mathematical operation.\n\nIf we go over one example , we will have two variables, as follows. One of them will hide the name information, the other will hide the age information. Let's put these two data into a textual collection, that is, a concatenation process. As we see below, when we define both data As \"String\", we get the result we want. This is not a logical way to store age information in a string variable. When we store age information in a variable of type int, age information is \"string\" and there is no error in the collection process.\n\n``` swift\nvar name:String = \" Kingmaggot \"\nvar old:Int = 32\nname + old.description + \" he's Old.\" \n//result --> Kingmaggot 32 he's Old\n```\n\n**Fixed Description**\n\nWe can change the value we assign to a variable in the next line as much as we want. In some cases, we may want to assign only one value to the variable we define and not change those values that are assigned later. For example, the number \"PI\" can be given. In such cases, we must define a constant instead of a variable.\n\nConstant definition has only 1 difference according to variable definition. This difference is the use of \"let\" instead of \"var\".\n\n``` swift\nlet date_of_birth:Int = 1986\n```\n\n``` note\nWe need to know about this. We cannot take any action that would attempt to change the value of this constant , whether it is constant , numeric , or textual.\n```\n\n**What Have We Learned ?**\n\nIn this section, we learn how to use data consistency, data types with each other, and how to use these types of VI. The information we have learned in this section will be used in most of the following sections. In this respect, we have left behind an extremely important part.\n\n**For the rest of the article, follow our series.**\n\n<br>\n**Series :** <br>\n1 - [IOS Programming Courses with Swift / Series 1](https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/ios-programming-courses-with-swift-series-1) #1 <br>\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/ios-programming-courses-with-swift-series-1\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "body": "**What will we learn?**\n\n- IOS Programming Courses with Swift / Series 1 ( Data Types )\n\n<br>\n\nhttps://cdn2.macworld.co.uk/cmsdata/features/3597812/how-to-learn-swift-4_thumb800.jpg\n\n<br>\n\n**Requirements:**\n\n- Notepad+\n- IOS Operating System \n- Xcode\n\n<br>\n\n**Difficulty Level:**\n\n- Normal Level\n\n<br>\n\n**Let's Start the Course :**\n\n**Data Types**\n\n**Text-Based Types**\n\nWe will consider the data types used to store text-based expressions under the category of textual types. Then, as understood, the data types used to store text-based expressions.\n\n**String Data Type**\n\nIt is the type of data stored in text-based expressions. It is possible to store a numeric data in a variable of type String. However, the numerical data we store will be stored in text base. It is not possible to do numeric operations (addition, subtraction.... ) on numeric stuff stored in \"string\" type. If we want to do a floating-point operation in a \"string\" variable, we will have to transform this variable into a numeric type by subjecting it to a \"type conversion\" which we will learn later.\n\n``` note\nIf we want to assign a value to a text-based variable , we need to type the value to be assigned in double quotation marks (\"\").\n```\n\n``` swift\nvar text1:String\nvar text2:String = \"Utopian\"\n```\n\nIn the following sections I will show you how to handle string data more than once. However, the most basic operation is to learn how to combine two string expressions. In the following example, we see the concatenation of two string data. The concatenation of string expressions is called the concatenation of string data.\n\n``` swift\nvar name:String = \"Kingmaggot\"\n\"Hello \" + name\n```\nIf we repeat the important point here, the string expression is the concatenation of strings.\n\n**Character Data Type**\n\nA text-based variable is a type that can store only one character, even though it is a type. The character we keep can be a letter , a digit, or a punctuation. The information below about text-based data types is key. You will understand better what I mean about the series we will learn in the following articles, and we will relate this information to another information, and we will open an important door.\n\nSince it is character data type, textual data type, the string type, just as in our data collection process that are subject to the merging process will be performed. In the following example, by assigning the letters \"U\", \"t\", \"o\", \"p\", \"i\", \"a\" ,\"n\"  to K1, k2 , k3 , k4, K5,K6,K7 respectively, we obtained utupian data by adding these characters to the collection process.\n\n\n``` swift\nvar k1,k2,k3,k4,k5,k6,k7:String\nk1 = \"U\"\nk2 = \"t\"\nk3 = \"o\"\nk4 = \"p\"\nk5 = \"i\"\nk6 = \"a\"\nk7 = \"n\"\n//result  -->> Utopian\n```\n\nThe latest information we need to know about the character data type two-byte data type.\n\n``` swift\nvar character1: Character\nvar character2: Character = \"!\"\n```\n\n**Real Number Types**\n\nVariable types that can store decimal numbers. Real number types include not only decimal but also integer numbers. When we want to keep decimal numbers in the variable, integer types such as integer are insufficient. The data types we need to refer to here should be \"float\" or \"double\".\n\n``` swift\nvar DecimalNumber1:Float = 10.2\nvar DecimalNumber2:Double = 5.5\n```\n\nIf there are any remaining divisions we will make in real number types, it will be shown.\n\n``` swift\nvar Number1:Float = 19.3\nvar Number2:Double = 3\nNumber1 / Number2\n```\n\n**Logical Types**\n\nIt is the data type that stores only one of the values 0 OR 1, which are the two basic characters of the machine language. The data type that occupies the minimum amount of memory is also logical types. In programming , the value 0 is false and the value 1 is true.\n\nWe can understand the absence of ambiguity in programming from logical data types. If we move through the objects we encounter in everyday life, let's think of a window. With programming logic, this window is either open or closed. This means that the window is semi-open or intermittent. In this context, logical data types can be used in certain cases. In addition, we will see that the type of logical data that we will learn after a while is not an alternative type of \"bool\" data type, The type of logical data that occupies the least space in memory. The reason is that it can only get \"true\" or \"false\".\n\n**Bool Data Type**\n\nit is the data type that can store only one of the \"true\" or \"false\" values. Takes up space in bytes. It is usually used in two possibilities: \"military status , married - single, female - male\". There is no alternative to the \"bool\" data type in the logical data types I just mentioned.\n\n**TIP Transformation**\n\nAlthough we have learned the data types, this information is not enough. In particular, there will be some problems that we will encounter when we go to \"Xcode\" projects.  The most classic of these problems is when we want to print numeric data anywhere on the screen. If we want to print a numeric expression on a control, we may need to convert it to a string type and print it. We will also need to apply for \"tip\" conversion. In addition to translating a numeric data into a string, we also need to convert a numeric expression into a numeric data type to a mathematical operation.\n\nIf we go over one example , we will have two variables, as follows. One of them will hide the name information, the other will hide the age information. Let's put these two data into a textual collection, that is, a concatenation process. As we see below, when we define both data As \"String\", we get the result we want. This is not a logical way to store age information in a string variable. When we store age information in a variable of type int, age information is \"string\" and there is no error in the collection process.\n\n``` swift\nvar name:String = \" Kingmaggot \"\nvar old:Int = 32\nname + old.description + \" he's Old.\" \n//result --> Kingmaggot 32 he's Old\n```\n\n**Fixed Description**\n\nWe can change the value we assign to a variable in the next line as much as we want. In some cases, we may want to assign only one value to the variable we define and not change those values that are assigned later. For example, the number \"PI\" can be given. In such cases, we must define a constant instead of a variable.\n\nConstant definition has only 1 difference according to variable definition. This difference is the use of \"let\" instead of \"var\".\n\n``` swift\nlet date_of_birth:Int = 1986\n```\n\n``` note\nWe need to know about this. We cannot take any action that would attempt to change the value of this constant , whether it is constant , numeric , or textual.\n```\n\n**What Have We Learned ?**\n\nIn this section, we learn how to use data consistency, data types with each other, and how to use these types of VI. The information we have learned in this section will be used in most of the following sections. In this respect, we have left behind an extremely important part.\n\n**For the rest of the article, follow our series.**\n\n<br>\n**Series :** <br>\n1 - [IOS Programming Courses with Swift / Series 1](https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/python-private-lessons-series-1) #1 <br>\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/ios-programming-courses-with-swift-series-1\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "body": "**What will we learn?**\n\n- Tutorial lecture with Python / Series 1 ( Applied File System Description )\n\n<br>\n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg/2000px-Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png\n\n<br>\n\n**Requirements:**\n\n- Notepad+\n- Operating System \n- Python\n\n<br>\n\n**Difficulty Level:**\n\n- Normal Level\n\n<br>\n\n**Let's Start the Course :**\n\n**File Uploads with Python**\n\nIn our previous post, we may ask users to upload their images, required documentation, or any other files via the form we made.\n\nLet's start by organizing our form design first.\n\n``` html\n<form action=\"send.py\" method=\"post\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\">\n  \n<input type=\"file\" name=\"picture\">\n\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Write your name.\">\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\" placeholder=\"Write your last name.\">\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"Type your email address.\">\n\n<button type=\"submit\">SEND</button>\n</form>\n```\n\n\nAs you can see here, we have added the \"enctyre\" parameter inside the \"<form>\" tag. With this parameter, we specify the file upload process from this form. We must use this parameter for each file upload. We added a new \"<input>\" tag inside the <form> tag to create the file upload area, and gave the value of \"type\" to the type parameter. We wrote \"image\" in the \"Name\" parameter. When we send the form we will take the name \"picture\" from the opposite side.\n\nThe new form view will look like the image below.\n\n![x1.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519574615/ljm4g2rogeyi5e52odqa.png)\n\n\nOn my browser the default language is Turkish, so the \"File\" download button says \"No File Selected\". This text automatically changes according to the browser language. In other words, Turkish button names automatically appear in Turkish browsers.\n\nNow, once the form is submitted, let's do the process of saving the file we have added to the folder. Let's open our \"send.py\" file. We created the \"x\" variable with the \"FieldStorage\" method.\n\nSince the value of the \"name\" parameter in the \"<input>\" tag is \"image\", we can get my file as follows.\n\n``` Python\nimage = x [\"image\"]\n```\n\nWe took our file and assigned it to the image variable. Within this image variable we can get information about our file.\n\nFor example, let's take the name, type, character encoding and content of the file and assign it to the variables.\n\n``` Python\nfile_name                 =   image.filename\nfile_type                   =   image.type\nfile_encoding         =  image.encoding\nfile_content             =  image.value\n\n```\n\nYou can print the contents of the image variable on the screen as below to see all the file information.\n\n``` Python\nprint (vars (image) )\n\n```\nThe output of this usage will be as follows.\n\n``` Python\n{ 'headers' :  ,  'filename' :  'm_avatar.png' ,  'outerboundary' : b' ----WebKitFormBoundarywfMprMK3BjUEg7yF' , 'errors' :  'replace' , '_FieldStorage_file' : None,  'qs_on_post' : None,  'strict_parsing' : 0, 'bytes_read' : 20351,  'list' : None, 'tyre' :  'image/png' ,  'encoding' :  'utf-8' ,  'innerboundary' :  b' ' ,  ' ,  '_binary_file' : True,  'fp' :  <_io.BufferedReader name=' ' >,  'type_options' :  { } ,  'disposition_options' : { 'filename' : 'm_avatar.png' ,  'name' :  'image' } ,  'disposition' :  'form-data' ,  'length' :  -1,  'done' :  0, 'keep_blan_values' :  0,  'limit' :  20630,  'name' :  'resim' ,  'file' : <_io.BufferedRandom name=4> }\n\n```\n\nDepending on this output, you may also receive other information from your file.\n\nBefore I can save the official parish, we must first create a folder to save and set permissions for that folder. I made \"chmod\" settings on Linux via \"777\", so I gave all permissions.\n\nThe \"Chmod\" setting does not exist in Windows. We need to allow Windows with its own folder permissions. Windows generally does not have a problem, but it is still useful to check the permissions to guarantee the job. Now we have the contents of our image file. After that, we will be writing the file we know. Let's save the contents of the image file in our file to the \"/image\" folder. When saving the image, we will use the original name of the downloaded image.\n\n``` Python\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (\"image/\"  +. file_name,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write (file_content)\nfile_to_be_saved.close ()\n\n```\nSince my picture name is \"m_avatar.png\", a bie file named \"m.avatar.png\" is created in the folder. You can open the image and check whether it is installed properly. Now that we have saved the file, we can get this image link. Since I am working on the ip address of 185.118.142.21, I created the following link.\n\n``` Python\nimage_link =  \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\" +  file_name\n\n```\n\nThe last output of this variable was http://185.118.142.21/images/m_avatar.png this way. When we look in the link, the image that we uploaded will come.\n\n\nNow we can show our image on html using this link.\n\n``` Python\nprint (\"<img  src=' + image_links  +  \"'>  <br>\")\n\n```\n\nFinally, I see you pick up our last days.\n\n```Python\n#!  /usr/bin/python\n\n#We included the CGI module.\nimport cgi\n\n# We included the CGItb module.\nimport cgitb\n\n# Error to see error messages\n# we activated capturing.\ncgitb.enable ( )\n\n# Header codes\nprint (\"Content-Type :  text/html\")\nprint ( )\n\nx = cgi.FieldStorage ( )\n\nName           =  x.getvalue (\"name\"     ,   \"[Name not written . ]\")\nLastName   =  x.getvalue (\"lastname\"  ,  \"[Surname not written . ]\")\nEmail       =  x.getvalue (\"email\"  ,  \"[Email not written . ]\")\n\n#  image upload\nimage  =. x[\"image\"]\n\nfile_name              =  image.filename\nfile_type               =  image.type\nfile_encoding     =  image.encoding\nfile_content        =  image.value\n\n#  without changing the name of the file\n#into the Images folder.\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (images/\" +  file_name ,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write ( dosya_type )\nfile_to_be_saved.close ( )\n\npictures_link  =  \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\" +  file_name\n\n#  Press the screen with official HTML.\nprint (\"<img  src' \"  +  images_link +  \">  <br>\")\n\nprint(\"\"\"\n<strong>Name :  </strong>                 \"\"\"  +  Name         +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>LastName :  </strong>        \"\"\"  + LastName   +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>Email :  </strong>             \"\"\"  +  email      +  \"\"\" <br>\n\"\"\")\n\n```\n\n**SECURITY CONTROL WITH FILE INSTALLATION**\n\nWe just uploaded our file beautifully. We needed an image file and we did all our processing according to the image file. What would we do if a user on the site had mistakenly or accidentally uploaded another file?\n\nFor example, if you installed a Python file and could access that file via the link, this could be our last, because we would have allowed our server to run a powerful language such as Python, which gives you permission to do anything.\n\nIn order to protect against such attacks and prevent them from harming us, we need to consider these probabilities from the very beginning and take precautions.\n\nFirst of all, do not forget to take regular backups. If we close a security hole we can not close because we can not figure out, and if we get attacked through this open, worst case, we can send our server back to the last backup we received. Therefore, the most important item of security is \"Backup\". Once we have taken care of the backup, we can bypass the attacker.\n\nNow what we want in this software is the \"Image\" upload. Then we need to check if the file loaded by Pythin is a picture. The methods may vary for this. I'll give you three checks and I'll show you.\n\nFirst we can start by checking the file type. We took the file type above and set it to \"file_type.\" When we uploaded the previous image, our file type got \"image_png\" value because we uploaded the PNG file, so for example if we uploaded a JPEG file it would get \"image / jpeg\" value.\n\nWhen we installed a Python file, it would get \"text / x-python-script\" value. in short, for each type of file, this type of value also varies. This is very important information for us.\n\nIf you want to learn the type of a file, you can make a little software like this and write the type of the file, or if you do not want to deal with it, I created a file called \"file_tips_list.docx\" in the source files. From there you can find many types of files.\n\nNow I want to upload only \"PNG\", \"JPG\" and \"GIF\" files to the server. For this I record these file types in a sequence first.\n\n``` Python\nallowed_types [ \"image/png\" ,  \"image/jpeg\" ,  \"image/gif\" ]\n\n```\n\nNow when the file is loaded, I will check to see if the loaded file type is in the array. If not, let's print an error message on the screen and tell it to load an image.\n\nLet's see all the codes we've checked.\n\n``` Python\nresim  =  x [\"image\"]\n\nfile_name                = image.filename\nfile_type               = image.type\nfile_encoding  = image.encoding\nfile_icerigi        = image.value\n\nallowed_types  :  [\"image/png\"  , \"image/jpeg\" , \"image/gif\"]\n\nif dosya_tipi  in allowed_types :\n\n# We're saving it into the images folder without changing the file name.\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (\"images/\"  +  dosya_adi ,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write (dosya_icerigi)\nfile_to_be_saved.close ( )\n\nimage_linki  = \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\"  +  file_name\n\n# Press the screen with official HTML.\nprint (\"<img  src' \"  +  image_linki +  \">  <br>\")\n\nprint(\"\"\"\n<strong>Name :  </strong>                 \"\"\"  +  Name         +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>LastName :  </strong>        \"\"\"  + LastName   +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>Email :  </strong>             \"\"\"  +  email      +  \"\"\" <br>\n\"\"\")\n\nelse :\n\nprint (\"Please upload an image file.\")\n```\n\nNow, when I upload an image file, it works like we already do.\n\nThis was our first method. In the other method we can check the extension of the uploaded file. So when we upload a png file, the extension of this file is \".png\" our. When we install JPEG, it will be \".jpg\" and when we load the Python file it becomes \".py\".\n\nWe can separate and check this extension from the file name.\n\n``` Python\nextension = file_adi.split(\" . \")\nextension = extension [-1]\n```\n\nHere we distinguish the file name by a period (.) And take the last piece and save it as an extension variable. The next check is simple.\n\n``` Python\nextension = file_name.split(\" . \")\nextension = extension [-1]\n\nallowed_types. = [\"jpg\", \"jpeg\", \"png\", \"gif\". \"py\"]\n\nif uzanti not in allowed_extensions:\n   print(\"Please upload the file in the current extension.\")\nelse:\n```\n\nWe will do the third check on the HTML side. With this control we can only select images and python files when selecting files from the form.\n\nSince the code in the HTML files can be viewed and modified from the browser, this method will provide a precise solution for experienced attackers, but it is also worth mentioning.\n\nWe add the \"accept\" parameter to the \"<input>\" tag we have set for file upload, and we write the file types we want to upload here. The rest of us are doing it for us and preventing other files from being selected.\n\n``` HTML\n<input type=\"file\" name=\"image\" accept=\"image/x-png, image/jpeg, image/gif\">\n```\n\nUpdate your code in this way and test the file upload.\n\nAs you can see when we click on the file upload button, you will see that all the files outside the image file on the incoming screen will be dimmed and will not be clicked on. 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      "body": "**What will we learn?**\n\n- Tutorial lecture with Python / Series 1 ( Applied File System Description )\n\n<br>\n\nhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg/2000px-Python_logo_and_wordmark.svg.png\n\n<br>\n\n**Requirements:**\n\n- Notepad+\n- Operating System \n- Python\n\n<br>\n\n**Difficulty Level:**\n\n- Normal Level\n\n<br>\n\n**Let's Start the Course :**\n\n**File Uploads with Python**\n\nIn our previous post, we may ask users to upload their images, required documentation, or any other files via the form we made.\n\nLet's start by organizing our form design first.\n\n``` html\n<form action=\"send.py\" method=\"post\" enctype=\"multipart/form-data\">\n  \n<input type=\"file\" name=\"picture\">\n\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" placeholder=\"Write your name.\">\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\" placeholder=\"Write your last name.\">\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"email\" placeholder=\"Type your email address.\">\n\n<button type=\"submit\">SEND</button>\n</form>\n```\n\n\nAs you can see here, we have added the \"enctyre\" parameter inside the \"<form>\" tag. With this parameter, we specify the file upload process from this form. We must use this parameter for each file upload. We added a new \"<input>\" tag inside the <form> tag to create the file upload area, and gave the value of \"type\" to the type parameter. We wrote \"image\" in the \"Name\" parameter. When we send the form we will take the name \"picture\" from the opposite side.\n\nThe new form view will look like the image below.\n\n![x1.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519574615/ljm4g2rogeyi5e52odqa.png)\n\n\nOn my browser the default language is Turkish, so the \"File\" download button says \"No File Selected\". This text automatically changes according to the browser language. In other words, Turkish button names automatically appear in Turkish browsers.\n\nNow, once the form is submitted, let's do the process of saving the file we have added to the folder. Let's open our \"send.py\" file. We created the \"x\" variable with the \"FieldStorage\" method.\n\nSince the value of the \"name\" parameter in the \"<input>\" tag is \"image\", we can get my file as follows.\n\n``` Python\nimage = x [\"image\"]\n```\n\nWe took our file and assigned it to the image variable. Within this image variable we can get information about our file.\n\nFor example, let's take the name, type, character encoding and content of the file and assign it to the variables.\n\n``` Python\nfile_name                 =   image.filename\nfile_type                   =   image.type\nfile_encoding         =  image.encoding\nfile_content             =  image.value\n\n```\n\nYou can print the contents of the image variable on the screen as below to see all the file information.\n\n``` Python\nprint (vars (image) )\n\n```\nThe output of this usage will be as follows.\n\n``` Python\n{ 'headers' :  ,  'filename' :  'm_avatar.png' ,  'outerboundary' : b' ----WebKitFormBoundarywfMprMK3BjUEg7yF' , 'errors' :  'replace' , '_FieldStorage_file' : None,  'qs_on_post' : None,  'strict_parsing' : 0, 'bytes_read' : 20351,  'list' : None, 'tyre' :  'image/png' ,  'encoding' :  'utf-8' ,  'innerboundary' :  b' ' ,  ' ,  '_binary_file' : True,  'fp' :  <_io.BufferedReader name=' ' >,  'type_options' :  { } ,  'disposition_options' : { 'filename' : 'm_avatar.png' ,  'name' :  'image' } ,  'disposition' :  'form-data' ,  'length' :  -1,  'done' :  0, 'keep_blan_values' :  0,  'limit' :  20630,  'name' :  'resim' ,  'file' : <_io.BufferedRandom name=4> }\n\n```\n\nDepending on this output, you may also receive other information from your file.\n\nBefore I can save the official parish, we must first create a folder to save and set permissions for that folder. I made \"chmod\" settings on Linux via \"777\", so I gave all permissions.\n\nThe \"Chmod\" setting does not exist in Windows. We need to allow Windows with its own folder permissions. Windows generally does not have a problem, but it is still useful to check the permissions to guarantee the job. Now we have the contents of our image file. After that, we will be writing the file we know. Let's save the contents of the image file in our file to the \"/image\" folder. When saving the image, we will use the original name of the downloaded image.\n\n``` Python\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (\"image/\"  +. file_name,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write (file_content)\nfile_to_be_saved.close ()\n\n```\nSince my picture name is \"m_avatar.png\", a bie file named \"m.avatar.png\" is created in the folder. You can open the image and check whether it is installed properly. Now that we have saved the file, we can get this image link. Since I am working on the ip address of 185.118.142.21, I created the following link.\n\n``` Python\nimage_link =  \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\" +  file_name\n\n```\n\nThe last output of this variable was http://185.118.142.21/images/m_avatar.png this way. When we look in the link, the image that we uploaded will come.\n\n\nNow we can show our image on html using this link.\n\n``` Python\nprint (\"<img  src=' + image_links  +  \"'>  <br>\")\n\n```\n\nFinally, I see you pick up our last days.\n\n```Python\n#!  /usr/bin/python\n\n#We included the CGI module.\nimport cgi\n\n# We included the CGItb module.\nimport cgitb\n\n# Error to see error messages\n# we activated capturing.\ncgitb.enable ( )\n\n# Header codes\nprint (\"Content-Type :  text/html\")\nprint ( )\n\nx = cgi.FieldStorage ( )\n\nName           =  x.getvalue (\"name\"     ,   \"[Name not written . ]\")\nLastName   =  x.getvalue (\"lastname\"  ,  \"[Surname not written . ]\")\nEmail       =  x.getvalue (\"email\"  ,  \"[Email not written . ]\")\n\n#  image upload\nimage  =. x[\"image\"]\n\nfile_name              =  image.filename\nfile_type               =  image.type\nfile_encoding     =  image.encoding\nfile_content        =  image.value\n\n#  without changing the name of the file\n#into the Images folder.\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (images/\" +  file_name ,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write ( dosya_type )\nfile_to_be_saved.close ( )\n\npictures_link  =  \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\" +  file_name\n\n#  Press the screen with official HTML.\nprint (\"<img  src' \"  +  images_link +  \">  <br>\")\n\nprint(\"\"\"\n<strong>Name :  </strong>                 \"\"\"  +  Name         +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>LastName :  </strong>        \"\"\"  + LastName   +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>Email :  </strong>             \"\"\"  +  email      +  \"\"\" <br>\n\"\"\")\n\n```\n\n**SECURITY CONTROL WITH FILE INSTALLATION**\n\nWe just uploaded our file beautifully. We needed an image file and we did all our processing according to the image file. What would we do if a user on the site had mistakenly or accidentally uploaded another file?\n\nFor example, if you installed a Python file and could access that file via the link, this could be our last, because we would have allowed our server to run a powerful language such as Python, which gives you permission to do anything.\n\nIn order to protect against such attacks and prevent them from harming us, we need to consider these probabilities from the very beginning and take precautions.\n\nFirst of all, do not forget to take regular backups. If we close a security hole we can not close because we can not figure out, and if we get attacked through this open, worst case, we can send our server back to the last backup we received. Therefore, the most important item of security is \"Backup\". Once we have taken care of the backup, we can bypass the attacker.\n\nNow what we want in this software is the \"Image\" upload. Then we need to check if the file loaded by Pythin is a picture. The methods may vary for this. I'll give you three checks and I'll show you.\n\nFirst we can start by checking the file type. We took the file type above and set it to \"file_type.\" When we uploaded the previous image, our file type got \"image_png\" value because we uploaded the PNG file, so for example if we uploaded a JPEG file it would get \"image / jpeg\" value.\n\nWhen we installed a Python file, it would get \"text / x-python-script\" value. in short, for each type of file, this type of value also varies. This is very important information for us.\n\nIf you want to learn the type of a file, you can make a little software like this and write the type of the file, or if you do not want to deal with it, I created a file called \"file_tips_list.docx\" in the source files. From there you can find many types of files.\n\nNow I want to upload only \"PNG\", \"JPG\" and \"GIF\" files to the server. For this I record these file types in a sequence first.\n\n``` Python\nallowed_types [ \"image/png\" ,  \"image/jpeg\" ,  \"image/gif\" ]\n\n```\n\nNow when the file is loaded, I will check to see if the loaded file type is in the array. If not, let's print an error message on the screen and tell it to load an image.\n\nLet's see all the codes we've checked.\n\n``` Python\nresim  =  x [\"image\"]\n\nfile_name                = image.filename\nfile_type               = image.type\nfile_encoding  = image.encoding\nfile_icerigi        = image.value\n\nallowed_types  :  [\"image/png\"  , \"image/jpeg\" , \"image/gif\"]\n\nif dosya_tipi  in allowed_types :\n\n# We're saving it into the images folder without changing the file name.\nfile_to_be_saved  =  open (\"images/\"  +  dosya_adi ,  \"wb\") ;\nfile_to_be_saved.write (dosya_icerigi)\nfile_to_be_saved.close ( )\n\nimage_linki  = \"http://185.118.142.21/images/\"  +  file_name\n\n# Press the screen with official HTML.\nprint (\"<img  src' \"  +  image_linki +  \">  <br>\")\n\nprint(\"\"\"\n<strong>Name :  </strong>                 \"\"\"  +  Name         +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>LastName :  </strong>        \"\"\"  + LastName   +  \"\"\" <br>\n<strong>Email :  </strong>             \"\"\"  +  email      +  \"\"\" <br>\n\"\"\")\n\nelse :\n\nprint (\"Please upload an image file.\")\n```\n\nNow, when I upload an image file, it works like we already do.\n\nThis was our first method. In the other method we can check the extension of the uploaded file. So when we upload a png file, the extension of this file is \".png\" our. When we install JPEG, it will be \".jpg\" and when we load the Python file it becomes \".py\".\n\nWe can separate and check this extension from the file name.\n\n``` Python\nextension = file_adi.split(\" . \")\nextension = extension [-1]\n```\n\nHere we distinguish the file name by a period (.) And take the last piece and save it as an extension variable. The next check is simple.\n\n``` Python\nextension = file_name.split(\" . \")\nextension = extension [-1]\n\nallowed_types. = [\"jpg\", \"jpeg\", \"png\", \"gif\". \"py\"]\n\nif uzanti not in allowed_extensions:\n   print(\"Please upload the file in the current extension.\")\nelse:\n```\n\nWe will do the third check on the HTML side. With this control we can only select images and python files when selecting files from the form.\n\nSince the code in the HTML files can be viewed and modified from the browser, this method will provide a precise solution for experienced attackers, but it is also worth mentioning.\n\nWe add the \"accept\" parameter to the \"<input>\" tag we have set for file upload, and we write the file types we want to upload here. The rest of us are doing it for us and preventing other files from being selected.\n\n``` HTML\n<input type=\"file\" name=\"image\" accept=\"image/x-png, image/jpeg, image/gif\">\n```\n\nUpdate your code in this way and test the file upload.\n\nAs you can see when we click on the file upload button, you will see that all the files outside the image file on the incoming screen will be dimmed and will not be clicked on. Since we allow PNG file, these extensions will appear as clicked and you can choose easily.\n\n**For the rest of the article, follow our series.**\n\n<br>\n**Series :** <br>\n1 - [Tutorial lecture with Python / Series 1](https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/python-private-lessons-series-1) #1 <br>\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@kingmaggot/tutorial-lecture-with-python-series-1\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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