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      "author": "roj",
      "body": "Your contribution cannot be approved because it is a duplicate. It is very similar to a contribution that was already accepted [here](https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@juecoree/understanding-op-amp-operation-using-circuit-simulator-applet-a-step-by-step-guide-in-how-to-simulate-a-noninverting-ampplfier).\n\n- Even if there is not a tutorial about the same concept, tutorials with almost only circuit design are cannot be approved. Tutorials are meant for really teaching tutorials instead of circuit design examples. You should take time to create a better and more instructive content for your tutorials.\n\nYou can contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/uTyJkNm).\n**[[utopian-moderator]](https://utopian.io/moderators)**",
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      "body": "\n### What Will I Learn?\n\n- Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier\n- Construct and Simulate Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier \n- Differentiate the Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier\n#### Requirements\n- Basic knowledge in Electronics circuit.\n- Electronics Components.\n- Circuit Simulator Applet\n\n\n\n#### Difficulty\n- Intermediate\n#### Tutorial Contents\n\n\nIn this tutorial I will going to construct and simulate the basic configurations of operational amplifiers, there functions, and how they work.\nOperational  amplifier plays a very significant role in the field of electronics nowadays from radio, televisions to the latest technology they need amplification to work properly specially in transmission of signals where lots of attenuation occur.\n#### What is a Non-inverting amplifier and Inverting amplifier ?\nA non-inverting amplifier is an operational amplifier where the input signal or voltage is directly applied to the non-inverting input terminal making its output to be positive.\nOpposite to Inverting amplifier the signal or voltage is applied to the inverting terminal input of operational amplifier which causes an output of negative values depending on the design. In this tutorial where going to construct and simulate the Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier to see the actual difference of the signal or output they have in simulation, and we are going to use the Circuit Simulator Applet.\n\n\n#### Circuit diagram:\n\n![Inverting amp..JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820287/cuibiv80xi5no8wzy3sj.jpg)\n\nCircuit simulator applet’s diagram of Inverting amplifier. \n\n![Non-inverting JPG.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820334/uhjoa7h7jfqmr18wzsrx.jpg)\n\nCircuit simulator applet’s diagram of Non-inverting amplifier\n\n\n\n#### Electronics Components\n\nResistors – 1k, 2k, and 3k\nIC  - LM-741 operational amplifier. (Or any op-amp)\n\n#### Steps:\n\nIn the application you can see there a tabs like File , Edit, Draw,  Scopes, Options, Circuits.\nFirst to select for the components needed in a circuit just click Draw. \n![draw .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820470/rdxafuwjeaizz6kctcvd.jpg)\n\nTo select for a resistor just click add resistor, and\n to change its resistance just double click the resistor.\n![click resistor .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820690/zwngj2h51fgmvli64mlz.jpg)\n\n\nSelect the operational amplifier in Active Building Blocks, you can choose there options  in operational amplifier.\n\n![choose op amp.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820740/hthd3wrxkpggtdjxkfyo.jpg)\n\nTo select for Power Sources, AC signals, and Ground terminal just click from Draw - Inputs and Sources if you want to change the values of your sources just double click it.\n\n![source ground .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820769/h5eobdqg6wqc3puynh4c.jpg)\n\nPlace all the components\n![all component .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820826/au9a02cssy8p64qt6pkp.jpg)\n\nConnect the components with wires- just click Draw Tab then click Add wire.\n\n![add wire .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519824890/u1n2aw4lwhxaxcupxws7.jpg)\n\n\nThe complete circuit after connecting all the components.(In  inverting amplifier circuit.)\n\n\n![complete circuit invering.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821116/pdobkhpcstqh7fgfue6t.jpg)\n\nThe same steps for constructing a circuit in non-inverting configuration just follow the circuit diagram for this circuit \n![Non-inverting JPG.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821213/ozxt2ipovlayozikg2is.jpg)\n\nNow that our circuit is already complete click RUN/Stop located at the top right corner of the screen to start the circuit to simulate,\n\n![click run to run program .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821366/hzy0qlz5cppconipctaj.jpg)\n\nAfter the Simulation:\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519825076/fhor369arxi2cyhzns9j.png)\n\nIn this simulation we have achieve an amplification of the signal that we applied in the input proving that this circuit will definitely work in actual circuit,\n\nThe circuit amplify a voltage input of  5 volts to 15 volts which we can use for loads operating at 15 volts.\nThat's it for now everyone have a great time and follow my next tutorial this is \n@leviticusjohan God bless☺☺\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519825274/lrsmekbsyjnc0uydjvrd.png)\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@leviticusjohan/circuit-simulator-applet-simulation-operational-amplifiers-www-falstad-com-circuit\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "body": "@@ -1333,16 +1333,21 @@\n ut they \n+have \n in simul\n@@ -2226,17 +2226,21 @@\n sistor, \n-%0A\n+and%0A \n to chang\n",
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      "body": "@@ -132,21 +132,25 @@\n Differen\n-ce of\n+tiate the\n  Inverti\n@@ -184,54 +184,8 @@\n ier%0A\n--  How to apply op-amp in electronics circuit%0A\n ####\n",
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      "author": "leviticusjohan",
      "body": "\n### What Will I Learn?\n\n- Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier\n- Construct and Simulate Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier \n- Difference of Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier\n-  How to apply op-amp in electronics circuit\n#### Requirements\n- Basic knowledge in Electronics circuit.\n- Electronics Components.\n- Circuit Simulator Applet\n\n\n\n#### Difficulty\n- Intermediate\n#### Tutorial Contents\n\n\nIn this tutorial I will going to construct and simulate the basic configurations of operational amplifiers, there functions, and how they work.\nOperational  amplifier plays a very significant role in the field of electronics nowadays from radio, televisions to the latest technology they need amplification to work properly specially in transmission of signals where lots of attenuation occur.\n#### What is a Non-inverting amplifier and Inverting amplifier ?\nAn amplifier usually operational amplifier which is that the input signal or voltage is directly applied to the non-inverting input terminal making its output to be positive.\nOpposite to Inverting amplifier the signal or voltage is applied to the inverting terminal input of operational amplifier which causes an output of negative values depending on the design. In this tutorial where going to construct and simulate the Inverting and Non-inverting amplifier to see the actual difference of the signal or output they in simulation, and we are going to use the Circuit Simulator Applet.\n\n\n#### Circuit diagram:\n\n![Inverting amp..JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820287/cuibiv80xi5no8wzy3sj.jpg)\n\nCircuit simulator applet’s diagram of Inverting amplifier. \n\n![Non-inverting JPG.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820334/uhjoa7h7jfqmr18wzsrx.jpg)\n\nCircuit simulator applet’s diagram of Non-inverting amplifier\n\n\n\n#### Electronics Components\n\nResistors – 1k, 2k, and 3k\nIC  - LM-741 operational amplifier. (Or any op-amp)\n\n#### Steps:\n\nIn the application you can see there a tabs like File , Edit, Draw,  Scopes, Options, Circuits.\nFirst to select for the components needed in a circuit just click Draw. \n![draw .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820470/rdxafuwjeaizz6kctcvd.jpg)\n\nTo select for a resistor just click add resistor, \nto change its resistance just double click the resistor.\n![click resistor .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820690/zwngj2h51fgmvli64mlz.jpg)\n\n\nSelect the operational amplifier in Active Building Blocks, you can choose there options  in operational amplifier.\n\n![choose op amp.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820740/hthd3wrxkpggtdjxkfyo.jpg)\n\nTo select for Power Sources, AC signals, and Ground terminal just click from Draw - Inputs and Sources if you want to change the values of your sources just double click it.\n\n![source ground .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820769/h5eobdqg6wqc3puynh4c.jpg)\n\nPlace all the components\n![all component .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519820826/au9a02cssy8p64qt6pkp.jpg)\n\nConnect the components with wires- just click Draw Tab then click Add wire.\n\n![add wire .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519824890/u1n2aw4lwhxaxcupxws7.jpg)\n\n\nThe complete circuit after connecting all the components.(In  inverting amplifier circuit.)\n\n\n![complete circuit invering.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821116/pdobkhpcstqh7fgfue6t.jpg)\n\nThe same steps for constructing a circuit in non-inverting configuration just follow the circuit diagram for this circuit \n![Non-inverting JPG.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821213/ozxt2ipovlayozikg2is.jpg)\n\nNow that our circuit is already complete click RUN/Stop located at the top right corner of the screen to start the circuit to simulate,\n\n![click run to run program .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519821366/hzy0qlz5cppconipctaj.jpg)\n\nAfter the Simulation:\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519825076/fhor369arxi2cyhzns9j.png)\n\nIn this simulation we have achieve an amplification of the signal that we applied in the input proving that this circuit will definitely work in actual circuit,\n\nThe circuit amplify a voltage input of  5 volts to 15 volts which we can use for loads operating at 15 volts.\nThat's it for now everyone have a great time and follow my next tutorial this is \n@leviticusjohan God bless☺☺\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519825274/lrsmekbsyjnc0uydjvrd.png)\n\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@leviticusjohan/circuit-simulator-applet-simulation-operational-amplifiers-www-falstad-com-circuit\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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      "title": "Circuit Simulator Applet  simulation :  \"Operational Amplifiers\" (www.falstad.com/circuit)."
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      "body": "can i ask sir what are the open source repositories",
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      "body": "Your contribution cannot be approved because it does not follow the [Utopian Rules](https://utopian.io/rules).   \nUtopuian rule  \n- Tutorials must be technical instructions that teach non-trivial aspects of an Open Source project.  \nExplanation  \n- monostable/awesome-electronics  is not the open source project\n\n\nYou can contact us on [Discord](https://discord.gg/uTyJkNm).\n**[[utopian-moderator]](https://utopian.io/moderators)**",
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      "body": "\n### What Will I Learn?\n\n- About Filtering a Signal.\n- How to design and construct a Low pass Filter.\n- Calculate cut-off frequency\n#### Requirements\n- Basic skills in constructing Electronics circuit.\n- Electronics Components.\n- Electronics Laboratory Equipments.\n\n\n\n#### Difficulty\n- Intermediate\n#### Tutorial Contents\n\n\n   In Electronics communication where it involves a great number of signal applications, filter plays a very important role in it, this experiment that I had done which is a Sallen key low-pass filter is one of it. \n\n\n   One of the most common application of this circuit is that when you have a certain signal that you want to receive without receiving other signals that are considered interferences around your receiver, this circuit can do the job and the concept is basically similar as the radio receiver the difference is that in radio receiver you can adjust or select the frequency that want by just turning the variable capacitor.\nIn this tutorial before we are going to do the steps in constructing the Sallen key low-pass Filter let us first define what filter is and how it works.\n\n#### What is a Filter?\nFrom the word itself filter means to remove or to filter something,  In electronics it is just the same it’s just that we are dealing with signals, for newbie in engineering signals means that you are dealing with frequencies, which is a very important thing because almost everything is resonating at a certain frequency.\nFilter composed of resistors and capacitors depending on the design this could be cascaded or just a single stage filter in this topic we are just going to use a single stage low-pass filter.\n\n\nSo how does it work? As we know capacitor is a device that stores and release energy the concept that this filter works is that because of resistor and capacitor arrangement in this case low-pass filter resistor is connected in series with capacitor, as the frequency changes there is an effect to the capacitor the higher the frequency capacitor acts like a short circuit that cause this frequencies to be attenuated to the ground (since the end of the capacitor is connected to ground)the frequency that they are going to filter depends in the values of capacitor and resistor we call this cut-off frequency in low-pass filter frequencies below it will be allow to pass and above it will be attenuated.\nThe formula for calculating the cut-off frequency is :\n                               ![formula .JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519734513/fh6thyclyisiz2qwqofz.jpg)\n\n\n\n#### The Circuit Diagram:\n \n\n\n![LOWPASS CIRCUIT.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519734553/sejodxabrtynapw7rvoz.jpg)\n\n\n#### Actual Circuit constructed\n\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519736275/gczuyzgod2oorrequgco.png)\n\n\n#### Electronics Components\n\nResistors – R1=R2=33k and RA=RB=10k 2pcs each.\n\nCapacitors – C1=C2=0.22uf 2pcs and IC - LM-741 operational amplifier.\n\n#### Procedure:\n1. Construct the circuit based in the diagram above and supply it with power source\n2. Input a certain signal from any signal generator to the circuit and generator signal must have an adjustable frequency.\n3. Measure the input and output signal through oscilloscope use channel 1 and  2 to visualize the effect of filtering.\n4. Calculate the cutt-off frequency to figure out where the frequency started to be filtered.\n5. Observe the filtering action above the cutt-off frequency since we are using low-pass filter.\n\n#### Signal Filtering Action:\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519465411/zgy6vxhmtg9jrlherfjo.png)\nIn this illustration we were inputting about 5 Hz signal so it does not yet start its filtering action but when it reaches above the calculated cutt-off frequency we will notice a lot of attenuation in that circuit the calculated cutt-off frequency would be 20 Hz, so above that signal will be attenuated.\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519465801/oowqzfx9ygir1rvqartf.png)\n\n  This is at 10 Hz signal notice that signal still passes because we have not yet reach to 20 Hz above.\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519466075/gehjn1qgs2wuplcpufnt.png)\n\n\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519466199/vjjxxcq5s9wy16qqvgsg.png)\n\nAt 60 Hz there is already noticeable attenuation of its amplitude.\n![image.png](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519466375/lxk1nqjvjgdc7sepfraa.png)\n\nAt 75 hz Signal is already being filtered we observed that its amplitude almost go straight means it is already a small amount of its amplitude.\n\nIn my circuit I had inputted frequencies started from 5 Hz to 100 Hz we can see frequencies below 20Hz which is the cut-off are still in volts unit while as we go beyond this cut-off it started to decrease until it goes millivolts(mV) that proves that signals above cutt-off were being filtered.\n \n\n![Capture.JPG](https://res.cloudinary.com/hpiynhbhq/image/upload/v1519734638/crer1xjfjcwrm7xvv7si.jpg)\n\n\nThe Table above is the list of inputs and outputs I had gathered from the actual work of the circuit the measurements are based in the oscilloscope.\nThis tutorial would be great for engineers, student and also for electronics hobbyist. \n#### Curriculum\nNo contribution at the moment\n\n<br /><hr/><em>Posted on <a href=\"https://utopian.io/utopian-io/@leviticusjohan/sallen-key-lowpass-signal-filter\">Utopian.io -  Rewarding Open Source Contributors</a></em><hr/>",
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