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      "body": "區塊鏈原理、程式好難懂？沒關係，知道區塊鏈怎麼應用更重要！它不只是金融界的事，更不等於比特幣或各種虛擬貨幣。無論是轉帳、聽音樂、旅遊、物聯網，區塊鏈都能改善既有的生活與商業模式......。\n\n![photo.jfif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmf72wxoUHxatySZPBPA3sNAPL5ZNMvhYCmLRmRQS4YjJt/photo.jfif)\n\n區塊鏈簡單來說，就是一種新的記帳方式。\n\n15世紀人類開始用「複式記帳法」來記帳，讓銀行裡的數字能夠被全世界的人信任，催生全球貿易、以及近代的資本主義。每個人的交易紀錄都存在銀行等中介機構，是中心化的體系。\n\n比特幣透過加密技術，用分散式帳本跳過中介銀行，讓所有參與者的電腦一起記帳、確認，成為去中心化的交易系統。\n\n以太坊在比特幣的基礎上，再加上智慧合約的功能。\n\n智慧合約是用程式寫成的，依據合約，還可搭配金融交易，因此許多人透過它來發行自己的代幣。智慧合約還可用來記錄股權、資產所有權、醫療病歷、證書等，讓區塊鏈的發展有無限可能。\n\n以下就來看看區塊鏈是如何演化的：\n\n沒有區塊鏈之前：中心化的世界\n\n![photo (1).jfif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTVCVD1wbbd5CajVccdiSvbNmS2Hzi6DNNVkNQZE31eBt/photo%20(1).jfif)\n\n所有的交易必須有一個中介機構、交易所在中心做媒合，這些中心保存所有交易紀錄，讓全球經濟、金融體系可以運轉。\n\n例如A要轉帳給B，必須透過銀行作為中介；銀行之間要轉帳，也得透過中介機構（例如台灣的財金公司），使用者皆需負擔手續費，相關紀錄也留存在交易中心。\n\n區塊鏈1.0：比特幣──去中心化的開始\n\n![photo (2).jfif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmV5mCM1pbxsxgNGY423RxxWQt1hUYB3a9PUY6qt3GhGUp/photo%20(2).jfif)\n\n比特幣（Bitcoin）開創了一種新的記帳方式，以「分散式帳本」（Distributed Ledger）跳過中介銀行，讓所有參與者的電腦一起記帳，做到去中心化的交易系統。\n\n這個交易系統上有兩種人，一是純粹的交易者，一是提供電腦硬體運算能力的礦工。交易者的帳本，需經過礦工運算後加密，經所有區塊鏈上的人確認後上鏈，理論上不可竄改、可追蹤、加密安全。\n\n礦工運算加密的行為稱為Hash，因為幫忙運算，礦工可獲得定量比特幣作為酬勞。交易帳本分散在每個人手中，不需中心儲存、認證，所以稱為「去中心化」。\n\n無論是個人對個人、銀行對銀行，彼此都能互相轉帳，再也不用透過中介機構，可省下手續費；交易帳本經過加密，分散儲存，比以往更安全、交易紀錄更難被竄改。\n\n區塊鏈2.0：以太坊──智慧合約認證\n\n![photo (3).jfif](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWaWSMVwXZ7XuSoJuVHnEi9n3sBS6nop4872iG1xC9wBP/photo%20(3).jfif)\n\n跟比特幣相比，以太坊（Ethereum）是多了「智慧合約」的區塊鏈底層技術。\n\n智慧合約是用程式寫成的合約，不會被竄改，會自動執行，還可搭配金融交易。因此，許多區塊鏈公司透過它來發行自己的代幣。\n\n智慧合約可用來記錄股權、版權、智慧財產權的交易、也有人用它來記錄醫療、證書資訊。因此開啟比特幣等虛擬貨幣之外，區塊鏈應用的無限可能性。\n\n例如食品產業的應用，從原料生產、加工、包裝、配送到上架，所有資料都會被寫入區塊鏈資料庫，消費者只要掃讀包裝條碼，就能獲取最完整的食品生產履歷；\n\n在旅遊住宿方面，再也不需要透過Airbnb等中介平台，屋主直接在區塊鏈住宿平台上刊登出租訊息，就可以找到房客，並透過智慧合約完成租賃手續，不需支付平台任何費用。\n\n資料來源：https://udn.com/news/story/6841/3238649",
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