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      "body": "# <center> The great migration of Monarch butterflies</center>\n<br/>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><strong><CENTER>Monarch Butterflies</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmNn7mnY4uqZAvhtcq212BmPHm1EMbhUxqNE7Lmq55jpp3/image.png\n<center><p>Source (<a href=\"https://cnnespanol2.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/mexico-opciones-tlcan-canada-estados-unidos-trump.jpg?quality=100&amp;strip=info\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://mk0mexiconewsdam2uje.kinstacdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/monarchs.jpg\">2</a>)</p></center>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nGood morning world Steemit, this time I want to share with you a little about the natural world and its behavior, specifically I will talk about the life of an insect called \"Monarch Butterfly\". Since I heard about the so-called \"Butterfly Effect\" your theory of chaos and how according to some theories, the flutter produced by flying through these millions of \"Lepidoptera\" can cause a typhoon on the other side of the world, whether it is true or false, even I do not know, it only makes me think about the incredible power of nature and how there are certain things or \"effects\" that we do not imagine could happen or have repercussions in our environment. One of the things that catches my attention, is like every year, at the end of October, you can witness \"The great migration\", a shocking natural spectacle that is unparalleled, to be able to observe as colonies composed of more than 20 million of individuals, with bright reddish orange wings, elegant black ribs and white spots on the banks, they arrive to hibernate, covering the trees and the sky itself with its radiant beauty. In addition, the evolutionary cycle and the metamorphosis through which these insects pass before finally being a butterfly.\n\n\n That is why in this post, I want to show and explain in the most practical and simple way you can \"The great journey\" that monarch butterflies undertake, the way how millions of these harmless and apparently feeble insects travel through thousands of kilometers, to finally fulfill his life purpose \"to maintain the life of his species\". In addition, I will show a bit how this species is being affected once again by human activity, industrial development, invasion and felling of the areas where they live are butterflies. Finally I will talk about what some people and governments are currently doing to preserve the life of this species and how we can contribute a grain of sand to this problem. \n\n### <strong>With no more to add, let's start then at the beginning ... defining some concepts.</strong>\n\n<hr>\n\n# <center>What is a butterfly?</center>\n<br/>\n\n<blockquote>The butterflies or lepidoptera (Lepidoptera, from the Greek \"lepis\", scale, and \"pteron\", wing) are an order of holometabolous insects, almost always flying. Recognized worldwide as one of the most beautiful and attractive insects in sight, the lepidoptera (order of the animal world that includes both butterflies and moths) is undoubtedly one of the most abundant insects on the planet.  <strong>Source</strong> (<a href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://www.definicionabc.com/medio-ambiente/mariposa.php\">2</a>)</blockquote>\n</div>\n\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmX8rCiWjn9xT3kzES3UuZaGpkCS3is5Z9jUE1F2A5KatC/image.png\n<p><a href=\"https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8086/8552588394_d047b30085_b.jpg\n\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nIt is believed that it was 250 million years ago that the first butterflies appeared on the planet, just in the period of time when the first flowering plants appeared. The butterflies also have other accounts with 2 antennas, 6 legs and an outer skeleton called exoskeleton, what makes them particular, their two pairs of wings, being their colors and designs unique.\nThe first butterflies appeared on the planet when there was only one big continent called panguea, because 200 million years ago the tectonic movement fractured that great land mass until it became the 5 continents that we now know, with them the butterflies were also divided, this It is one of the theories sought by families of butterflies and other species on the planet. \n\n\n<br/>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><strong><CENTER></CENTER></strong>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQJHhrVNwFpKgLB3sM7mdELGii8AFqPdqqXck96LK6vp4/image.png\n<center><p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmQJHhrVNwFpKgLB3sM7mdELGii8AFqPdqqXck96LK6vp4/image.png\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\nThe lepidoptera are the second largest group of insects that exist, they are not species of extraordinary colors that undertake delicate flights at sunrise. It should be noted that the vast majority of butterflies do not see them, they go unnoticed, they are nocturnal, among them the moth, like the diurnal ones, their life is short, only a few weeks. The moths are the largest size as the Emperor that measures up to 30 centimeters in wingspan. They have adapted to the absence of the sun, have adapted for sight in the dark and their body is lined with a soft coat that keeps the heat in some. They are of brown colors, with spots to intimidate their predators, also there are them in yellow, ocher or orange colors that are camouflaged in the environment.\n\n<br/>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><strong><CENTER>Insect eyes</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://ugc.kn3.net/i/origin/http://pazriestra.iescla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/insecto.JPG\n<center><p><a href=\"https://ugc.kn3.net/i/origin/http://pazriestra.iescla.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/insecto.JPG\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\nLike other insects, butterflies have two large eyes, which are sometimes made up of miles of microscopic eyes of hexagonal shape, light penetrates through the micro lens and only a part of the image because each hexagon looks in a different direction, acting as natural pixels, so the vision obtained by a butterfly is fragmented like a mosaic. Although the eyes of the butterflies have no ability to focus, if they capture light, movement and a visual range of 180°, which allows them to approach, evade an obstacle and land in a safe place. <strong>The bodies of the butterflies</strong> are constituted basically by the head, which has compound eyes, proboscis and antennae. The compound eyes give the butterfly a mosaic image of the world around it. It also has Proboscis, which long resembles a suction tube, used for food purposes such as drinking water or plant nectar. Antennas used to detect odors in the air, which are useful for finding food or avoiding danger. Thorax is the area where the wings and legs join the body **Figure 1**. \n\n<center>\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmc4EeRT4BTRGns8SNDEoUbaXkFYCvVMhTXSaAMDWqMRox/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://i.imgur.com/JJ0FGR3.jpg\">Source</a></p> </center>\n\nThe legs attached to the thorax, are 6, used to determine if the object where they land contains sugar, the primary source of food for the butterflies. The wings are 4, with the front wings longer and thinner and the rear wings shorter and rounder. These are covered with very small scales. In the Abdomen it is to the reproductive organs and the digestive organs <strong>(Figure 1).</strong>\n</div>\n\n</center>\n\n<center>\n\n# What do the butterflies feed on?\n<br/>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n It is a common question, and although we see them in flowers, perhaps savoring and nectar, we never see them eat (at least I do). According to studies, it has been determined that butterflies eat nothing, they only take the nutrients, and absorb the food from the nectar through the trunk, being the anotomy of these, one of the most interesting in nature. Among the foods that suck is, the nectar.\n\n\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmbPkjEY1BQQfzaauUqeELWamLQbD3GXfWkurHnK84EcSE/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmbPkjEY1BQQfzaauUqeELWamLQbD3GXfWkurHnK84EcSE/image.png\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n</center>\n\nAmong the more than 100 thousand species of butterflies in the world, there is one of them that stands out, since it has a particular characteristic, known worldwide for its massive migration (Figure 2). That is why the **Monarch Butterfly** is one of the best-known species, where each year (prior to the arrival of winter) takes place the displacement of millions of these specimens to the areas of Mexico and California, thus traveling distances greater than 4000 kilometers.\n\n\n<center>**Figure 2**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmVB4rGPQEaFqcCPCk4mM1xrs7jFMAMn6rxVe26NP3kiDA/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmPzcKSnCnj7urC1vV52vVrcSLvrMujTcnfsERZUXocUfx/image.png\n\n<p>Source (<a href=\"http://www.soymonarca.mx/_imgs/ima_s5.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://k42.kn3.net/F71807AB2.jpg\">2</a>)</p> </center>\n\n\n<blockquote>&nbsp;&nbsp;The scientific name of this insect is Danaus plexippus. It is a species of lepidopteroditrisio of the family Nymphalidae. It is perhaps the best known of all the butterflies of North America (Figure 3). These are endowed with an effective defense mechanism that helps throughout his life, and is the fact that in his body have cardiac glycosides, acting as a kind of poison for those species that want to attack them, having a period of life much more prolonged than the rest of the species, being more than 8 months.&nbsp;<a href=\"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus_plexippus\"><strong>Source</strong></a></blockquote>\n\n\n<center>**Figure 3**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmXgaAuCmW2it4PSYv4puBwzuuu4ZivCWa6cicErda4hLq/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://ecocolorstours-hz5sku48qafi72x5.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/monarch-butterfly-tours-mexico-5-2.png\">Source</a></p>\n</center>\n\n\nLongevity and resistance, is what characterizes these insects, which take advantage of these characteristics, to travel more than 4 thousand kilometers (from Canada and the United States of America) to the oyameles forests of the states of Michoacán de Ocampo and Mexico, an area considered as a natural heritage of humanity.Each year, between October and March, monarch butterflies find in the Mexican forests the ideal conditions to develop and mate: altitude (2300-3500 meters above sea level), temperature, humidity and exposure to the solar rays, among others.\n\n<center>\nhttps://tieryas.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/butterflies.jpg\n\n<p><a href=\"https://tieryas.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/butterflies.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n\nMonarch Butterflies date back approximately 250 million years ago. Most of them are born farmers, since they are native to the agricultural fields located in the border strip of southern Canada and the northern United States; place where milkweeds or milky weeds grow - plants belonging to the milkweeds - from which they feed. The asclepias contain an alkaloid that is highly poisonous to other species, but not to the magnificent Monarch Butterfly; it protects it by providing it with an odor and taste that is unpleasant to predators. As a reward for this protection, the Monarch performs extensive pollination work on vast areas of asclepias.\n\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmcJaoxMXGTF86EjAuWXzcvpiK1gThotiybPs62hjWSdq2/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmdpsdJTZgQYWUGnvLS7wSXRwiw1JBkaMsGAfkJGSXATG9/image.png\n\n\n<p>Fuentes (<a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmcJaoxMXGTF86EjAuWXzcvpiK1gThotiybPs62hjWSdq2/image.png \">1</a>,<a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdpsdJTZgQYWUGnvLS7wSXRwiw1JBkaMsGAfkJGSXATG9/image.png\">2</a>)</p>\n</center>\nAs for its morphological description, as shown in <strong>(Figure 4)</strong>, it is composed of four wings, two larger anteriors with a more triangular shape, and two smaller posterior ones with a rounded shape, which are attached to the thorax by small structures that they are attached to the muscles of the abdomen that move the wings, as for the veins or ribs of the wings as well as to give resistance to the wings, they are tubes where the trachea, the nerves, and the space through which the hemolymph. The color of the wings of the monarch butterfly is reddish orange with black lines reaching to have a wingspan of 8 to 12 cm. The females have the stripes of the thickest wings and present darker tonality, while the smaller males have the finest black stripes and a black spot can be observed in each of the backs where they release pheromones for mating.\n\n\n<center>**Figure 4**\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmZU1TW2p8ywBjLJ4Saf7PZGjLB58wq23VgTJEDvgkeAut/image.png\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-eYGsngApQ8Q/TXuxPPh74cI/AAAAAAAAAwg/X05GDOPYLvg/s1600/mariposa+monarca-mariposa+virrey.gif\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n</center>\n\nMonarch butterfly moves to generate heat and regulate its temperature, to survive the low temperatures, also perform the diapause, which is that when the cold starts its reproductive cycle and begins the period of hibernation to save energy. These migrate only in the day, because at night they come together in clusters of hundreds of thousands of them, this cluster is called perch or bivouac, the duration of these hangers varies from 2 nights to two weeks, making bunches larger when the wind blows from the south, when the wind blows from the north the number descends. When a butterfly approaches a cluster, the perched butterfly flutters, being the formation of these clusters indispensable for their survival due to the heat that is generated between them. They travel around 120 kilometers per day and make their trip in 33 days, approximately. At the end of March, when they reach maturity, they undertake their return trip to the northern countries.\n\n<center> https://steemitimages.com/DQmTpgoYouRw9WfMx2PbdGN4QVPfebYz79BjkJ2Zhk2e9iu/image.png \n\n\n<p><a href=\"https://elsouvenir.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/a-galerias_aaportadas2_Monarca07.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n</center>\n\n<br/>\n\n# <center>Life cycle of the monarch butterfly</center>\n<br/>\n\nThe conventional Monarch Butterfly has a life cycle that lasts four to five weeks, starting with the egg stage, going through the larval period, later transforming into a pupa or chrysalis, until it becomes a reproductive adult, and then dies. However, when summer is over and temperatures drop drastically, a special generation of Monarchs emerges that will have the task of making the titanic journey that will take them to warmer latitudes to continue the cycle of hibernating, feeding and mating, to Then return home. This is known as the Methuselah Generation. This migratory generation, unlike its ancestors, who enjoyed only ephemeral existences of approximately one month, will remain alive for seven to eight months to achieve their goal of reaching the Oyamel forests. Migratory Monarch butterflies travel an approximate distance of 120 kilometers daily, placing themselves in ascending air currents to take advantage of the impulse and to plan. With this flight technique, the Monarchs only need to flap when they lose the wind or when they want to change course, which allows them to save enough energy to complete their long journey.\n\n<center>\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmZWAt9TUNLUJevbDzkk5b6MVfLG8pVNhXRwDnDaqx5uxE/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"  http://www.comocriarmariposas.com.ar/images/ciclomariposa.svg\">Source</a></p>\n\n</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nAt the birth of a caterpillar or larva carries in its genes the perfect formula to become a butterfly, it is its DNA that causes a series of changes that the insect will suffer in its adult stage, **then the cycle through which it traverses a butterfly before being previously mentioned butterfly:**\n\n<br/>\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><strong><CENTER>Egg</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQma5maWEVjjuQLYZuDxpD9jxuukCaVjvLMcTQqyuJKkamn/image.png\n<center><p><a href=\"https://purainocencianatural.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/huevos_mariposa_de_la_colg.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\n\nOnce the female butterfly is fertilized by the male, it looks for the best plant to deposit its eggs, it puts about 400 eggs in the leaves of the milkweed tree, from which they hatch in the form of a larva, of those 400 eggs only arrive to develop from 15 to 20% because the US and Canadian forests do not have enough nutrients to feed billions of butterflies. These eggs eat the eggshell so they can feed on the milkweed plants on which they were born. The butterflies that emerge from the chrysalises in late summer and early fall are different from those that do during the longer, warmer days of summer. These monarch butterflies are born to fly, and they know by the change in climate that they must prepare for their prolonged journey.\n\n<br/>\n\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\"><strong><CENTER>\nThe Caterpillar</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUujHdU1TeCwrzcyTdiZEwguvGN1hv9ngjTwSCNfAs7B1/image.png\n<center><p><a href=\"https://d36tnp772eyphs.cloudfront.net/blogs/2/2016/03/mariposa-monarca-06.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\nWhen the larvae mature, they get fat, The caterpillars leave the eggs from 3 to 5 days, break the egg with their jaws and also chew the shell, each time they increase in size they also change their skin, this happens from 4 to 5 times, the colors of her body are black, white and bright yellow, and these are ring-shaped in her body, then she does not grow anymore, she simply chooses a stem or leaf, fixes her tail and makes a cocoon creating a Hard protective bag with which cover your body, to become a pupa or chrysalis. From there they emerge in the form of beautifully colored adults in black, orange and white. The colorful pattern of the monarch butterfly makes them easy to identify; and that is precisely what it is about. The caterpillars are fed with milkweeds and grow until after a period of nine days they develop.\n\n\n\n ## <center>The cocoon</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n <center>During the last skin change, the caterpillar becomes a pupa. This pupa is green pistachio and becomes transparent to the point where you can see the black and orange colors of the wings of a monarch butterfly, this period lasts from 8 to 13 days.\n\n<br/>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmPpAuGpuxrbcpzKso4mrkenx5EfmEkVLN8eHvCmoqS2Ba/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"https://parroquiaicm.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/capullo-mariposa-monarca.jpg\">Source</a></p>\n\n</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\n# <center>The butterfly</center>\n\nWhen emerging, the butterfly unfolds its wings, dry and can take flight, now its mission will be to reproduce to conserve the species. After the period in the pupa, the butterfly begins to break the cocoon and leaves completely. After 3 days the monarch butterfly begins to develop its organs and begins another cycle of life until it dies. Only the monarch butterflies born at the end of summer or early fall make the migration, and they will make a single round trip. By the time the winter migration of the next begins, several generations of summer will have lived and died, and it will be the great-great-grandchildren of last year's migrants who make the trip. However, in some way new generations know the way. They follow the same routes as their ancestors and sometimes even return to the same tree.\n\n\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmNc6jwUh5sF6b1y5EA1qXkMbj4sP1DR6isGvQssajvkG9/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.iieh.com/images/stories/Blog/monthly/2012/06/Danaus_plexippus_hembra.jpg\">Source</a></p>\n\n</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nButterflies can be considered cold-blooded animals, they need the heat of the sun to live, when they lay their eggs in cold season, they will not become caterpillars until the temperature increases, and those butterflies that do not manage to migrate south during the winter season, they will hibernate until the weather conditions improve too.\n\n</div>\n\n<br/>\n**Finally, an image showing each of the previously explained cycles**\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmYvx2M9m66cfgeBENQ4Dw9mRmVREjw8NYNYeNzwoLhpts/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmYvx2M9m66cfgeBENQ4Dw9mRmVREjw8NYNYeNzwoLhpts/image.png\n\">Source</a></p>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nIn mid-March, large colonies of Monarch butterflies can be seen flapping their wings in unison, waiting for rising air currents to propel themselves and thus take flight. Once in territories of the United States, the Methuselah generation will die and the journey will continue as a relay race in which short-lived descendants will continue northward migration for several generations.\n\n\nSurprisingly, the Monarch Butterflies that will return to the sanctuaries in winter, have never been there before. However, thanks to the guidance being transmitted genetically, next year's Methuselah Monarchs will be able to return without any problem, to the same place their ancestors hibernated. This is the incredible epic of an insect that weighs less than a gram, but whose beauty and importance as pollinating agent and factor of ecological balance, are preponderant.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmWyKaBa2VNc3LKG9GYqPJDQasKsdAR9LHDJ9Kvob6yhQF/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.puertovallarta.net/images/fast_facts/monarch-migration/mariposa-monarca-santuario.jpg\n\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n\n# <center>What is the Methuselah generation?</center>\n<br/>\nAdult monarchs live for 4 to 5 weeks, surprisingly those butterflies that migrate from Canada and the United States to spend the winter in central Mexico manage to live up to 9 months, as it is the generation of Methuselah, a genetic treasure that was born in September, In the autumn for monarch butterflies to migrate, each year they travel more than 4000 kilometers advancing tirelessly distances of between 75 to 130 km per day, with the force of 300 to 720 beats per minute.\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmdz1cZuACp2o5g9QMQct7AsBiDoQdkgevcbQcADsP1xq8/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://info7.blob.core.windows.net.optimalcdn.com/images/2016/11/08/619396_monarca.jpg\">Source</a></p>\n</center>\n\n<br/>\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\">\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmXCoyLDtyq6F8BPykopKpzFoKmacyqkihQ36mGq7QvLGj/image.png\n<center><p><a href=\"http://www.adslzone.net/app/uploads/2016/04/adn.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n**But, how can they achieve it?** The answer is in its more than 16 thousand pairs of genes. A group of scientists from USA, China, Finland, Australia managed to obtain the sequence of the monarch's genome, it is the biological bank of personal information that explains why the characteristics and behavior of this lepidopteran. When they studied they discovered genetic mutations in this migratory insect that their relatives in other regions of the planet do not have, they observed that they resist great distances because they do not marry so easily, their muscles to fly are stronger, they consume less oxygen and their metabolic wear is minimal. The neurobiologist Steven M. Reppert of the University of Massachusetts has studied the inhibition of the juvenile hormone of the monarch which prevents him from reaching his sexual maturity and having a longer life, when a generation is born matusalem not mate like other butterflies do , because their reproductive organs are immature. Its mission is to fly to the south west of Mexico to escape the low temperatures and prevent them from dying.\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUh4yvSoMMx7PtZDcKnw7TDinBqEc2XLYeqKupNfMEVdh/image.png\n<center><p><a href=\"https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/mariposa-de-monarca-un-racimo-largo-y-alas-coloridas-104191624.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\nIn the Oyamel forests of the states of Mexico and Michoacán, they enter a state of hibernation, stick to the leaves of the trees forming impressive clusters, when spring arrives, they begin the courtship season. Reppert and his team have also studied the genes involved to make a successful trip of more than 4000 kilometers without fear of being lost, the secret is in the 40 genes involved in the antennas, sophisticated structures that, in addition to perceiving odors, direction of the wind and vibration of the sound, they are sensitive to light, those small rod-shaped filaments are the control of the navigation route and function like a solar compass. The nerve endings of the system send information to the brain about the sun's position, the time of day, and the correct orientation to reach its destination. The fantastic migration of the monarch is the result of the power of genetics an evolutionary wealth that is transmitted from generation to generation an authentic survival lesson.\n\n\n**Some of your eating habits are:** a diet in milkweed and its nectar, remedy, weeds as well as water, Both the monarch caterpillar and the adult butterfly feed mainly on milkweed that contains alkaloid, the alkaloid has a horrible taste and makes it toxic for its predators, that is why that a bird that eats some monarch butterflies can vomit, and that one that eats many, can die. An interesting phenomenon is that the Viceroy butterfly mimics the toxic coloration of the Monarch, but these are actually more toxic to their predators, this phenomenon is known as Muller's mimicry, consisting of two toxic species mimicking each other for benefit mutual of both species.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmae58HN9D7jmJScHeVp9z3DxnjrrvSQeEV1hauCLvKzhw/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://static2.bigstockphoto.com/thumbs/9/7/1/large1500/17935001.jpg\">Source</a></p>\n</div></center>\n\n\n\n## <center>Predators</center>\n\n<div class=\"pull-left\">\nIn the first place you have the calandria, it is a bird of red, black and orange, a little small. In the second place we have the Pico coarse, which is a pajara equally small, black and yellow.\nAs for the inter specific relation of the monarch butterfly, it is with the milkweed, since it feeds and pollinates it at the same time. This is a benefit for both since the butterfly has its food and the milkweed reproduces.\n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUiP18t4dzGce3ZePf6wLDLzBnqtx7LpuXkUdM9VViAoD/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmT1A4m7S8KCEdJ9qaQUD8ZRyMFqyzPSaAXJeXoAEDCK8e/image.png\n\n<center><p>Source (<a href=\" https://thefroglady.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/baltimore_oriole_s52-11-018_l_0.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://depuebloaciudad.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/reydelbosque.jpg\">2</a>)</p></center>\n\n\n# <center>Habitad</center>\n\nThe monarch butterfly is found in a variety of temperate, open, and tropical habitats, since both adult and labor individuals depend on milkweed species for feeding. The monarch butterfly can typically be found in areas of fields, meadows, weed areas and roads where plants are common. During the winter winter the migratory populations winter in fir, pine oak and cedar. This species by nature seeks heat to mate and reproduce.\n\n\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmX52M2TPUzydLsKfGv6NboeW1WDPURNr9brmJx25pHAGU/image.png\n\n<p><a href=\"https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/sites/default/files/styles/adaptive/public/fichas-destino/mariposa-monarca.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n\n\n\nCurrently the habitat of these butterflies is being affected mainly in the United States due to the use of pesticides and fertilizers in the areas of crops that kill the milkweed plant, where butterflies lay their eggs, in addition to the excessive use of herbicides throughout of the migratory route, have affected the growth of the population.\n\n\n\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmVaaVWLrU1VuYh9KzmD1jgCLDCg4CXkcnQRCMZbo53UUW/image.png\n<p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdcfJFRL1T9UgTsT5P3orF2gVMQZr2VsGLc741jHxiYqW/image.png\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n\n# <center>Migratory routes</center>\n\nMonarch butterflies use several migratory routes. In this sense, the migration to the south is divided into two large migrations: migration from the east and from the west. The first is formed by those butterflies that travel from the east of the Rocky Mountains, southern Canada and much of the US to central Mexico (up to 90% of all North American monarch butterflies), down the eastern Sierra Madre, They enter the highlands through the lower mountains and reach the states of Mexico and Michoacán de Ocampo.\n\nBecause of its migration from the west, others travel from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains to the state of California, and those that inhabit the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes cross the states of Carolina and Florida to reach to Cuba, (they constitute the remaining 10% of the population).\n\n\n\n<center>\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUXjA1dGUp8VNAQWbYLiaU7DMveFd3WK5yhKuRajvakka/image.png\n<p><a href=\"http://www.gaceta.unam.mx/20160104/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/aca12_tira1.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n\n\n# <center>Migration theory of magnetism</center>\n\nOne of the most famous migration theories is that of magnetism, which says that butterflies have magnetites in their heads and that is why when you die you do not have to remove the butterfly from the habitat because the butterfly in its journey is guided by the magnetism that exists with the dead butterfly.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmfQuqyBReAHFjNypHRD8yx6Hm7fXgQUGmkd9CGDHmXRbJ/image.png</center>\n\n<center><p>Source (<a href=\"https://www.partesdel.com/wp-content/uploads/partes-de-la-brujula.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"http://438424cd093f86f0c7e0-2cd4f1b3b970cf6c05d6a60490c230b4.r88.cf2.rackcdn.com/mariposa-monarca1_gde.jpg\">2</a>)</p></center>\n\n<br/>\n\n# <center>Who helps to conserve this species?</center>\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmeDrB7ggfyMvxMjupVaWFe9Z2Z93es3ZweNYjMJbjuJHt/image.png\n\n\n<p>Source (<a href=\"https://www.ecured.cu/images/9/94/OSO_PANDA_LOGO.png\">1</a>,<a href=\"http://www.ingalicia.org/wp-content/uploads/21818437.jpg\">2</a>,<a href=\"https://www.nature.org/cs/groups/webasset/documents/webasset/tnc-share-logo.gif\">3</a>,<a href=\"http://onu.org.ni/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/pnuma-540x405.jpg\">4</a>)</p>\n</center>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nThe monarch is one of the most impressive butterflies of the entire planet, its migration is a true feat of the entire animal kingdom, governments, universities and civil associations are working so that these butterflies continue to stay where they do, the monarch is a species with a very important pollinator role, reason why there exists (or should exist) an enormous interest to conserve it in all its dispersion range.\n\nCurrently, most protection figures in North America are putting all their efforts to improve the conditions of their habitats. Among them, the Reserve of the Biosphere of the Monarch Butterfly of Mexico together with the WWF tries to restore the forests of the zones of hibernation and to promote a sustainable tourism.\n\nOrganizations like WWF, Greenpeace or UNEP, have taken responsibility and are working to protect this species. WWF has been working with Monarcas for more than 20 years, this is born from the concern to preserve the migratory phenomenon of the monarchs, making decrees for the protection of the areas where the butterfly comes after its long journey, as well as the expansion of these zones, being in 2013 one of the most critical years where the surface occupied by these butterflies was only 0.6 hectares in the State of Mexico, fortunately this surface has been increasing due to the actions that have been taken.\n\nDespite efforts to protect it, the migratory phenomenon of the North American monarch butterfly could be compromised by anthropogenic pressure, which could endanger the future of these populations. According to recent data provided by the WWF, the area occupied by the butterflies in the hibernation zones has decreased 94% in 10 years, going from 27.48 acres occupied in 2003 to only 1.65 acres in 2013, the most small for 20 years. Reduction in the area occupied by monarch butterflies in hibernation zones (WWF data).\n\nWhile it is true that, naturally, the area occupied by butterflies in hibernation zones has always fluctuated year after year, so far there has been no such sharp decline and no recovery of these values. Therefore, butterflies are stopping traveling so far south.\n\nThese phenomena of recession have also been recorded in other species of butterflies around the world, so there must be some common factor that is affecting their populations.\n\nAccording to the WWF, the causes that could be compromising the migration of monarchs are:\n\nThe reduction of the area of ​​dispersal of the milkweeds (Asclepias spp.): The caterpillars feed exclusively on these plants, from which they acquire their toxicity. However, the use of certain herbicides and changes in rainfall regimes may be limiting their range in much of North America, thus limiting their power supply.\n\n• Deforestation: massive logging and desertification would be reducing their hibernation habitats.\n\n• Extreme climate: the effects of global change, such as the accentuation of north-south temperature differences and changes in rainfall regimes, would hinder the survival of adults beyond a few weeks, preventing migration.\n\n\nThe case of the monarch butterfly is not an isolated fact: today many species with a wide dispersion range see their populations and their migration phenomena compromised due to the impact of different phenomena, which, however much they weigh us, are usually be caused by the human being. There is still a lot of work to do, and it depends on everyone.\n\n\n\n<h2><br>\n<center>How can I help the population of this wonderful insect?</center>\n<br/>\n1.- Native cotton plants</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nIf you are one of those who prefer to get down to work, plant cotton plants in your garden. If you live in the north of Mexico, Asclepias asperulala - green leaves - or Asclepias curassavica - or tropical milkweed - are your best options. Not only would you be attracting dozens of butterflies to your home, you would also be collaborating to revitalize their migratory pattern.<br>\nIf you have pets, plant them out of reach: the milkweed contains alkaloids that, although they serve the butterflies to protect themselves from predators, can be poisonous to other animals.</blockquote>\n<h2><br>\n2.- Create a hostel for monarchs</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nThese areas in your garden are practically a mini-habitat with all the necessary resources for monarchs to produce new generations.<br>\nParadores require the nectar of various flowering plants to feed and strengthen themselves on the road to Mexico, as well as milkweeds to feed their larvae.<br>\n</blockquote>\n<h2><br>\n3.- Collaborate with organizations and civil entities</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nIf you are far from the migratory route of the monarchs or you live very close to any of them, you can always donate or collaborate as a volunteer in several organizations and civil entities that protect this species. In addition to American organizations such as Save Our Monarchs and Monarch Watch, there are locations in Mexico of the World Wildlife Fund and The Nature Conservancy.</blockquote>\n<blockquote><br></blockquote>\n<h2>4.- Avoid using herbicides in your garden</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nIf you are in any of the countries within the migratory route of the monarch, but especially in the north and northwestern United States, one of the recommendations of Greenpeace is to avoid herbicides that contain glyphosate.<br>\nThis product is a chemical that eliminates milkweed plants, one of the main foods of these butterflies, and the only one where they lay their eggs.<br>\nBut the monarch is not the only one threatened by this chemical: a new study has shown that glyphosate - as well as other pesticides - can also damage DNA and accelerate the cell death of those in contact with it.<br>\n</blockquote>\n<h2><br>\n5.- Manifest yourself against the disappearance of habitats</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nDespite federal commitments in Mexico, this year more data and images about the illegal logging that takes place in areas of monarch butterfly butterflies, such as the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, between the limits of Michoacán, were released. and State of Mexico.</blockquote>\n<h2><br>\n6.- Fight against climate change</h2>\n<blockquote><br>\nThe migration of the monarch is triggered by changes in temperature, so an alteration of the cycle could confuse them and break their flight pattern.<br>\nSo take action to, from home, help in saving energy and taking care of other rich resources will be a step more towards the protection of this and many other species. <a href=\"https://www.debate.com.mx/prevenir/La-mariposa-Monarca-necesita-tu-ayuda-para-sobrevivir-20170601-0221.html\">Source</a></blockquote>\n\n<br/>\n\n\n### Once the aspects and characteristics of the Monarch Butterfly have been shown and discussed, the incredible power of nature can be observed, and it reminds us that this power is uncontrollable. This insect is another species that has been touched by the destructive hand of the human being. Faced with this problem, do not act with indifference, and give the next generations the opportunity to enjoy and see unique phenomena like this. The solutions and how to help this species exists, we must only take part in this process and accept the responsibility that corresponds to each one.\n## *If you liked this post, you feel respect for the environment and animals, do not stop supporting me with your vote, thank you for your time.*\n\n## Some sources cited\n\n<br/>\n\n<ul>\n  <li> Title: Butterfly. Site: Definition ABC. Date: 09/24/2009. Author: Cecilia Bembibre. URL: https://www.definicionabc.com/medio-ambiente/mariposa.php&nbsp;</li>\n  <li>https://www.anipedia.net/mariposas/cuerpo-mariposas/</li>\n  <li>http://www.alternare.org/</li>\n  <li>http://www.wwf.org.mx/quienes_somos/wwf_mundo/</li>\n  <li>www.unibio.umam.mx</li>\n  <li>•\tSoymonarca.mx</li>\n  <li>•\tMonarch Butterfly information</li>\n  <li>•\tMonarch Butterfly Fundation</li>\n  <li>•\tScientific American – “Monarch butterflies Could Gain Endangered Species Protection”</li>\n  <li>•\tCBC News – “Why the monarch butterfly migration may be endangered”</li>\n  <li>•\tNational Geographic – “Migrating Monarch Butterflies in “Grave Danger,” Hit New Low“</li>\n</ul>\n<p><br></p>",
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      "body": "<center><h1> The great migration of Monarch butterflies</h1></center>\n\n\n<div class=\"pull-right\"><strong><CENTER>Monarch Butterflies</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://www.dondeir.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mariposas-monarca-michoacan-c.jpg\n<center><p><a href=\"https://www.dondeir.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mariposas-monarca-michoacan-c.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nGood morning world Steemit, this time I want to share with you a little about the natural world and its behavior, specifically I will talk about the life of an insect called \"Monarch Butterfly\". Since I heard about the so-called \"Butterfly Effect\" your theory of chaos and how according to some theories, the flutter produced by flying through these millions of \"Lepidoptera\" can cause a typhoon on the other side of the world, whether it is true or false, even I do not know, it only makes me think about the incredible power of nature and how there are certain things or \"effects\" that we do not imagine could happen or have repercussions in our environment. One of the things that catches my attention is the evolutionary cycle and the metamorphosis that these insects go through before finally being a butterfly.\n That is why in this post, I want to show and explain in the most practical and simple way you can \"The great journey\" that monarch butterflies undertake, the way how millions of these harmless and apparently feeble insects travel through thousands of kilometers, to finally fulfill his life purpose \"to maintain the life of his species\". In addition, I will show a bit how this species is being affected once again by human activity, industrial development, invasion and felling of the areas where they live are butterflies. Finally I will talk about what some people and governments are currently doing to preserve the life of this species and how we can contribute a grain of sand to this problem.\n<strong>With no more to add, let's start then at the beginning ... defining some concepts.</strong>\n</div>",
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      "body": "<div class=\"pull-right\"><strong><CENTER>Monarch Butterflies</CENTER></strong>\nhttps://www.dondeir.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mariposas-monarca-michoacan-c.jpg\n<center><p><a href=\"https://www.dondeir.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mariposas-monarca-michoacan-c.jpg\">Source</a></p></center>\n</div>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nBuenos días mundo Steemit, en esta oportunidad quiero compartir con ustedes un poco acerca del mundo natural y su comportamiento, específicamente hablaré sobre la vida de un insecto llamado  “Mariposa Monarca”. Desde que escuché hablar del llamado “Efecto Mariposa” su teoría del caos y del cómo según algunas teorías, el aleteos producidos al volar por estos millones de “Lepidópteros” puede causar un tifón al otro lado del mundo, si es cierto o falso, aun no lo sé, solo me hace pensar en el increíble poder de la naturaleza y como hay ciertas cosas o “efectos” que ni imaginamos que pudieran suceder o tener repercusiones en nuestro entorno. Una de las cosas que más llama mi atención, es el ciclo evolutivo y la metamorfosis por el que atraviesan estos insectos antes de ser finalmente una mariposa.\n Es por ello que en este post, quiero mostrar y explicar de la manera más práctica y sencilla que se pueda “El gran viaje” que emprenden las mariposas monarca, la manera de como se desplazan millones de estos inofensivos y aparentemente débiles insectos a través de miles de kilómetros, para finalmente cumplir con su propósito de vida “mantener la vida de su especie”. Además, mostraré un poco como esta especie se está viendo afectada una vez más por la actividad humana, el desarrollo industrial, la invasión y tala de las áreas donde habitan están mariposas. Finalmente hablaré de lo que algunas personas y gobiernos actualmente se encuentran haciendo para preservar la vida de esta especie y cómo podemos aportar un grano de arena ante dicho problema. Sin más que agregar, empecemos entonces por el principio…definiendo algunos conceptos.\n</div>",
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      "body": "<center><h2>Reactor Biológico Secuencial</h2>\n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUd5866xzRQ4kWGe8tFo9mugPrEMzEkMGxtjyMe8ad6Rt/1.png)</center>\n\n<hr>\n\n<center>**Los autores**\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmNzSCfcKrPFrUzoZkNrky5vcn7S98NcwH7F3TWPEjxpV5/2.png<center>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nHola amigos de Steemit, en esta ocasión vengo a hablarles sobre energía sustentable a través de un reactor biológico,  quizás se pregunten muchos de ustedes, ¿y qué es eso?  De eso se trata este post, ijntentaré explicarlo de la mejor manera...\n\nMi persona (José Bernal- izquierda) junto a Manuel Rodríguez (derecha), ambos jóvenes Ingenieros Civiles egresados de La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ), hemos mostrado y compartimos un gran interés por la ingeniería sanitaria aplicada en el campo ambiental, mostrando ademas preocupación por la falta de conciencia e interés de la sociedad latina, especialmente la sociedad venezolana ante la problemática de la contaminación de los cuerpos de agua y sistemas cloacales. Es por ello que hemos realizado en varias oportunidades investigaciones de esta naturaleza, el fin de tratar el agua residual, y dejarla apta para ser dispuesta en las redes cloacales. Dichas aguas son generadas principalmente por el sector industrial, que sin mayor pudor, estas aguas altamente toxicas y contaminadas terminan en nuestros cuerpos de agua;  como por ejemplo el Lago de Maracaibo y Valencia. Toda esta problemática es patrocinada por un gobierno carente de cultura ciudadana y aun más ecológica, sin ningún tipo de interés por hacer cumplir las normas vigentes en lo que respecta a la materia. \n\n\n Los resultado de dichas investigaciones  han sido exitosos,  en su primera fase a nivel laboratorio y posterior a ello, aplicándolos en la vida real. Todo esto bajo la tutoría del Prof. Ing Químico Sedolfo Carrasquero (en el centro de la imagen).  Junto a él, hemos tenido la oportunidad hacer varias publicaciones de artículos científicos en revistas de Francia, así como participar en proyectos de ingeniería sustentable a nivel latinoamericano como lo es “El Premio Odebrecht”, creyendo y apostando siempre por un mejor país y mundo, ratificando que en este país hay talento de sobra, y que más pronto que tarde se empezará a dar valor a nuestra comunidad de profesionales.\n\n\nA  continuación se presenta una pequeña reseña del trabajo que se realiza dentro de los laboratorios del Departamento de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ambiental. En esta oportunidad se presenta un Reactor por Carga Secuencial (SBR), sus  funciones, utilidades y los resultados que se pueden lograr. Sin más preámbulo, empecemos definiendo algunos conceptos básicos.\n\n\n<hr>\n\n<strong><h2>¿Qué es el agua?</h2>&nbsp;</strong>\n\n\n<blockquote>El agua es un recurso indispensable para que se pueda desarrollar la vida en nuestro planeta, siendo un compuesto químico muy estable, formado por átomos de hidrogeno y oxigeno, de formula H2O. El agua es inodora, insípida e incolora, y su enorme presencia en la Tierra (el 71% de ésta se encuentra cubierta de agua) determina en buena parte la existencia de vida en nuestro planeta. El agua es la única sustancia que existe a temperaturas ordinarias en los tres estados de la materia. Existe en estado sólido como hielo, encontrándose en los glaciares y casquetes polares, y en forma de nieve, granizo y escarcha. Como líquido se halla en las nubes de lluvia formadas por gotas de agua, en forma de rocío en la vegetación, y en océanos, mares, lagos, ríos, etc. Como gas, o vapor de agua, existe en forma de niebla, vapor y nubes. <a href=\"http://conceptodefinicion.de/agua/\">Fuente</a></blockquote>\n\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSVzi4Z9DNkDR68m2LtLFFEbXFp5MyWA7QHfg3VtDwvMb/image.png  https://steemitimages.com/DQmSjyqJuQRSAVxdqwaYES89rok8zibdokm6qm63dPsM2JU/image.png\nFuente (<a href=\"http://www.teorema.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/agua-vital.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://www.rosayverde.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/vaso-agua.jpg\">2</a>)</center>\n\n\nPero cuando sustancias químicas u organismos patógenos entran en contacto con la misma debido a los procesos industriales, el crecimiento poblacional, y el constante desarrollo tecnológico, se tiene la alteración en su composición original, viéndose reflejado en propiedades físicas como color, olor y sabor, siendo las primeras que permiten identificar y diagnosticar cuándo el agua está contaminada, causando daños a la salud de quienes la consumen y al entorno receptor de la misma.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmZfzvZvNchANYEowPy5soYwdaE2MLFmaGUDwMjokSmKv9/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmS6rnayzQCY1Ukmi54Ai4ZHvdjoQDqBxUzMhzapanqkFu/image.png\n\n<p>Fuentes (<a href=\"http://www.teorema.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/70-agua.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://contaminacionambiental.net/wp-content/uploads/ni%C3%B1o-recoje-basura.jpg\">2</a>)</p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\nLos efluentes industriales se caracterizan por ser de composición muy diversa y compleja, debido a que se generan por sistemas productivos diferentes, en los cuales las materias primas e insumos que se utilizan le proporcionan características particulares a cada tipo de agua residual generada, por lo que resulta conveniente la aplicación de un tratamiento que pueda adaptarse al gran número de contaminantes que se encuentran contenidos en estos efluentes.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmaEisZeat3XaFExMsantcFJcP4L5pYyjPECuTky7uHyh4/3.png\n<p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmaEisZeat3XaFExMsantcFJcP4L5pYyjPECuTky7uHyh4/3.png\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n</center>\n\n\nLa descarga sin tratar de volúmenes cada vez mayores de aguas residuales en ríos, lagos o estuarios, disminuye aceleradamente la capacidad de autopurificación de estos ecosistemas y las masas de agua receptoras pierden las propiedades necesarias para mantener el equilibrio de los mismos.\n\n<strong>Venezuela</strong> cuenta con normas como el Decreto 883 (Gaceta Oficial, 1995) y la Ley de aguas (2007), sin embargo,  la mayoría de los vertidos de aguas residuales, tanto domésticos como industriales, no son sometidos a ningún tratamiento de depuración, sino que simplemente se descargan al sistema de drenaje municipal y en los cuerpos de aguas (ríos, lagos, embalses), dejando que los sistemas naturales, con mayor o menor eficacia, degraden los desechos de forma natural \n\n\n\n<center>![5.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdQkPEDrEygGGW9qZpbw469Qzn2Re1tDjtQYH77gmsSf7/5.png)\n\n<p><a href=\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmV2rUTMa9QvAqcRiLVHANbdgxqLjezKjTMPCJMpPPFDGP/image.png\n\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\nUn ejemplo de efluentes contaminantes son los que provienen de las industrias procesadoras de productos cárnicos, que debido a la presencia de materia orgánica, nitrógeno, fosforo, grasas entre otros, generan problemas como la eutrofización de las corrientes naturales, poniendo en riesgo la vida en los ecosistemas acuáticos.\n\n</div>\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmduHv8gw3PfNJooCK3y3ACMU27AxUk4jujCc4M3sifpni/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmUAMz5Sd1oUsj1xS88zTzCBFY8EnLt27y7xMbFemybB9p/image.png\n\nFuente (<a href=\"https://i0.wp.com/tualbacete.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/industria_carnica.jpg?resize=600%2C330\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://i1.wp.com/tualbacete.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/industria-carnica.jpg?fit=400%2C266&amp;ssl=1&amp;resize=350%2C200\">2</a>)\n</center>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nEs por ello que surge la necesidad de remover simultáneamente la materia orgánica, el nitrógeno y el fósforo en este tipo de efluentes a través de tratamientos biológicos con sistemas no convencionales de lodos activados, como lo son los reactores por carga secuencial SBR <strong>(Figura 1)</strong>. Estos SBR además de ser efectivos en la eliminación de materia orgánica y nitrógeno para tratar efluentes de industrias cárnicas, son más económicos y generan menor cantidad de subproductos que los sistemas biológicos convencionales.\n</div>\n\n\n\n\n<center>**Figura 1**\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmRDjFyrAeyzNiLEsrncsjoR58EC2TFy7A6jwzq5SrSDLP/5.png</center>\n\n\n<hr>\n\n\n<h2><strong>¿Qué es un Reactor por Carga Secuencial?</strong></h2>\n\n\nLos reactores biológicos secuenciales (SBR) son reactores discontinuos en los que el agua residual se mezcla con un lodo biológico en un medio aireado. El proceso combina en un mismo tanque las tres etapas, basado en el uso de un sólo reactor que opera en forma discontinua secuencial. \n\n<strong>Las etapas se muestran a continuación:</strong>\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmTPGRWEDbsJQYtv7HkmyyMrRnYMVd3F9DVumsNKV3rMWu/3.png</center>\n\n\n<h2>¿Cómo está constituido un reactor a escala piloto o laboratorio?</h2>\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nSe puede utilizar un cilíndro graduado como Reactor por Carga Secuencial (SBR) con características de 14,5 cm de diámetro y 26 cm de alto con un volumen total del dispositivo de 4 L, ideal para poder hacer la mezcla de lodo activado y el agua residual. El volumen que se recomienda utilizar es de 2 L, del cual un 30 % corresponde a lodo activado y el resto a agua residual industrial. Ademas dispone de dos bombas peristalticas, tuberias flexibles, compresor de aire y temporizadores.\n\n\n<h2>¿Por qué esa dosificación?</strong></h2>\n \n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nPorque debido a investigaciones y experiencias anteriores  se ha demostrado que esta proporción de volumen es la más adecuada para que se realice de manera optima los procesos de mezclado, sedimentación y purificación.</center>\n</div>\n\n\n<h2><strong>¿Cómo es la secuencia para que se del proceso biológico?</strong></h2>\n \nTal como se muestra en el bosquejo de un SBR (Figura 2), las bombas peristálticas serán las encargadas de introducir el agua residual al cilindro y una vez purificada la otra bomba se encarga de extraerla de dicho cilindro, Este proceso se realiza a través de tuberías flexibles transparentes. Las bombas peristálticas que conforman el sistema de bombeo pueden ser de características  Cole-Parmer, modelos 77202-60 y 77201-60 y dispositivos reguladores de tiempo (Excelline, modelo GTC-E-120AS).\n\nUna vez el agua en el cilindro, se debe hacer inyección de oxigeno para airear la mezcla a través de un compresor de aire conectado a una tubería flexible transparente de 5 mm, enlazada en serie con un dispositivo difusor (tubería flexible con orificios) dispuesto en el fondo para suministrar aire en forma ascendente a la mezcla contenida en el reactor. \n\n\n<center><strong>Figura 2</strong>\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmQfwrjD9bdxXACn8dEnq59nMs94eRHtiP8XJnNNchjQ7Z/4.png</center>\n\n<strong>A continuación se muestra con imágenes, el proceso previamente explicado.</strong>\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQme72joE1yLHYJHbTo27FAg4geL8JEpUDQ2FRzj9fCBCRh/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQme4NGv8BKna4FyxDTfTsQvk6W98sh8Tv2u31J5D84Bjn6/image.png\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmR32NhsbAggEkDtMMsjQmv7CLj1DSAphDdAizbsp3W2h2/image.png</center>\n\n<hr>\n\n<strong>Las fases típicas que constituyen la operación de un reactor por carga secuencial, con su secuencia para tratar los efluentes industriales:\n\n\n<h2>Tratamiento preliminar</strong></h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\nEl tratamiento preliminar es una operación física, ya que se emplea para separar sólidos de gran tamaño, sólidos suspendidos y flotantes, grasas, y compuestos orgánicos volátiles. Su objetivo es remover la mayor parte de los sólidos y materiales flotantes que se encuentran en el agua residual cruda y que pueden ocasionar problemas o bajar la eficiencia en las siguientes etapas del tratamiento, específicamente en tuberías y equipos de bombeo, filtración, aireación, entre otros. \n\n</div>\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmaYknq27uLpSAKiWnVJhA7qZLEXbfhPgGvbndZ4is7Tbp/image.png\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m9NRgFMXLkc/VU1v-xWQMrI/AAAAAAAAAB8/9KtMRqMPKJ0/s1600/2.jpg\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p>\n\n\n<h2>Tratamiento primario</strong></h2>\n\n\nEl objetivo del tratamiento primario es remover a través de los procesos de sedimentación, coagulación, precipitación y flotación, contaminantes que pueden sedimentar, como sólidos sedimentables y suspendidos, y aquellos que puedan flotar, como son las grasas, aceites y espumas. Cierta cantidad de nitrógeno orgánico, fósforo orgánico, microorganismos patógenos y metales pesados asociados con sólidos sedimentables son también removidos durante esta etapa de tratamiento, pero los constituyentes coloidales y disueltos no son afectados. \n\n<center>http://www.emesa.com.mx/img/planta_de_tratamiento_selector.jpg\n\n<p><a href=\"http://www.emesa.com.mx/img/planta_de_tratamiento_selector.jpg\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\n<h2><strong>Tratamiento Secundario</strong></h2>\n\n\nSe emplean procesos biológicos, cuyo objetivo es remover la mayor parte de la materia orgánica y nutrientes como nitrógeno y fósforo, a través de procesos bioquímicos, en los cuales los microorganismos son los responsables de la biodegradación. \n\n<center>http://tratamientodeaguasresiduales.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/planta-tratamiento-aguas-residuales.jpg\n\n<p><a href=\"http://tratamientodeaguasresiduales.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/planta-tratamiento-aguas-residuales.jpg\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\n\n<center><h2>Tratamiento terceario</strong></h2></center>\n\n\n\nEl objetivo de este tratamiento es eliminar la concentración de materia orgánica remanente de un tratamiento secundario, desinfectar el agua residual tratada para eliminar microorganismos patógenos, eliminar color y olores indeseables, remover detergentes, fosfatos y nitratos residuales, que ocasionan espuma y eutrofización, respectivamente. \n\n\n<center>http://rionoticias.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DSC_0764.jpg\n\n<p><a href=\"http://rionoticias.co/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DSC_0764.jpg\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\n\n<h2>Te has preguntado, ¿cuáles son las ventajas de usar un SBR?</strong></h2>\n\n\n<center>https://logisticabroz.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/man-with-check-sign-03.jpg\n\n<p><a href=\"https://logisticabroz.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/man-with-check-sign-03.jpg\n\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\nLos SBR son una alternativa a los tratamientos convencionales de agua residual, en los últimos años se ha demostrado su efectividad por parte de distintos investigadores en todo el mundo. \n\n\n<strong>Algunas de las ventajas de los SBR son:</strong>\n\n\n•\tEfluentes de gran calidad y menor cantidad de sólidos en suspensión, debido, a la decantación estática y controlada que permite el sistema, influyendo en una reducción directa en otros parámetros de control de calidad del efluente.\n\n•\tPresenta mayor resistencia frente a variaciones bruscas de temperatura.\n\n\n•\tPermite controlar los ciclos de carga de agua bruta, estableciendo criterios de cómo, cuanto y cuando realizarlos.\n\n•\tUna vez establecidos los parámetros de funcionamiento del sistema, ante la diversidad de vertidos que puedan existir en una industria, es sencilla y automática el control de la operación del sistema.\n\n\n•\tDebido a que se requiere un solo tanque para realizar todo el proceso lográndose una mayor estabilidad y flexibilidad. \n\n•\tEste tipo de tecnología es ideal, por su capacidad de adaptación y tolerancia a las variaciones de carga orgánica, para aquellos casos donde existen condiciones de carga y volumen que varían constantemente.\n\n\n•\tPor su parte los costos de inversión son menores ya que no requieren de los típicos decantadores secundarios, presentando así un diseño compacto y  es una solución ideal para aquellas industrias que no dispongan de suficiente espacio. Un SBR requiere mucho menos espacio que los sistemas convencionales como lodos activados.\n\n\n<strong>De igual forma se mencionan algunas de las desventajas que tienen los SBR, las cuales son pocas frente a otros tipos de tratamiento:</strong>\n\n\n<center>http://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/e849d2db-f7f3-4a68-8286-e063b653ab85/8bb587d1-90bb-41a3-a300-37a1875ea846.png\n\n<p><a href=\"http://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/e849d2db-f7f3-4a68-8286-e063b653ab85/8bb587d1-90bb-41a3-a300-37a1875ea846.png\">Fuente</a></p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\n•\tLos reactores biológicos secuenciales requieren una mayor capacitación técnica del personal que va a explotarlo debido a la exigencia de cambio de parametrización en el funcionamiento del sistema ante cambios de calidad de vertido de la industria.\n•\tSon sistemas que necesitan mayores inversiones en el sistema de aireación y mayor demanda de energía puntualmente, debido a la alimentación discontinua del sistema, siendo de suma importancia un buen dimensionamiento y con margen de seguridad, en el sistema de aireación.\n\n•\tEs una tecnología que no es aplicable a todo tipo de efluente orgánico, la presencia de compuestos tóxicos puede afectar negativamente el desempeño de este tratamiento, favorecidos los impactos tóxicos por la alimentación puntual.\n\n\n\n<strong>Alguno de los parámetros de que se estudian en un efluente a través de de un SBR se presentan en la tabla 1:\n\n<center>Tabla 1\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmPPq1LTyag9cMknTpu9DjBmLCfWSA9HYDwFvvq5UiWDAw/bb.png</center>\n\n\n<h2>Una vez explicado que es un SBR, qué necesita, como funciona y sus resultados, llegamos a la :</strong></h2>\n\n\n<center>https://apologia21.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/conclusion.jpg</center>\n\n<center><p><a href=\"https://apologia21.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/conclusion.jpg\n\">Fuente</a></p><p><br></p></center>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n Los SBR es una excelente opción ecológica que,  debido a su versatilidad, economía y fácil operación, es un proyecto al que apuesta la comunidad de ingenieros químicos y civiles que constantemente están haciendo investigación y generando nuevos recursos a lo largo de nuestro talentoso país (Venezuela).\n\n\n Desde el punto de vista social,  logra despertar la consciencia de la sociedad, especialmente la del sector agroindustrial, alimenticio, y ciudadano haciendo entender la necesidad de tratar el agua residual que generan y descargan en los sistemas cloacales urbanos y cuerpos de agua de la región, por medio del uso de tecnologías limpias. De no ser así, el impacto ambiental que estos generan, es alto y el precio de dañar los ecosistemas es aun mayor, disminuyendo la calidad de vida en el planeta.\n</div>\n<hr>\n\n\n\n<strong>Algunas fuentes citadas:</strong>\n\n\nAgua, Energía y Medioambiente Servicios Integrales S.L.U (2015). Ventajas y Desventajas de los reactores biológicos secuenciales. Aguas residuales info. Recurso electrónico. Consultado el: 2/04/2016\n\nAngulo, N., Carvajal, K., Cardenas, C., Araujo, I., Morillo, G., Melo, P., Beltran, A., Diaz, A. (2015). Comparación de condiciones operacionales de un reactor discontinuo secuencial en tratamiento de un efluente lácteo. Rev, Tec, Ing, Univ, Zulia, Vol 38. Nº 1, 50 – 57 2015.\n\nBarajas, M. (2002). Eliminación biológica de nutrientes en un reactor biológico secuencial. Trabajo Doctoral de Ciencias Biológicas. Departament d`Enginyeria Hidràulica, Marítima i Ambiental. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Barcelona, España. p.p. 345.\n\nCaixeta, C., Cammarota, M., Xavier, A. (2002). Slaughterhouse wastewater\ntreatment: evaluation of a new three-phase separation system in a UASB reactor.Bioresource Technology. Pp. 81: 61 -69.\n\nCaldera, Y. (2009). Eficiencia de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de una industria avícola. Accelerated Degree Program Doctorate of Science in Environmental Engineering. Tecana American University.\n\nCarrera, J. (2001). Eliminación Biológica de Nitrógeno en un efluente con alta carga. Departamento de Ingeniería Química. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. España.\n\nCarrasquero, S., Marquina, D., Soto, J., Viloria, S., Pire, M., Díaz, A. (2015). Remoción de nutrientes en aguas residuales de un matadero de reses usando un reactor biológico secuencial. Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, 25(2): pp 43-60, 2015.\n<hr>\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\n<h2>Espero que te haya gustado y hayas podido adquirir algún conocimiento científico ambiental, de ser así, habremos cumplido con la finalidad de este post. Además, es una manera de mostrarle al mundo la gran cantidad de herramientas que tenemos disponibles para reducir el impacto ambiental generado por nosotros mismos, demostrando en la gran mayoría de los casos, soluciones simples y de bajo costo, requiriendo solo voluntad para hacer las cosas.</h2>\n\n<h2>*No olvides apoyar con tu voto este tipo de iniciativas verdes que tanto carece nuestro mundo. Saludos Steemit Venezuela!!!*</h2>\n</div>",
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      "body": "https://s14.postimg.org/i1ay9abvl/image.png\n\n\n\nVenezuela cuenta con normas como el Decreto 883 (Gaceta Oficial, 1995) y la Ley de aguas (2007), sin embargo, la mayoría de las descargas de aguas residuales no son tratadas antes de verterlas en las redes cloacales y cuerpos naturales de agua, dejando que estos últimos, con mayor o menor eficacia, degraden los desechos de forma natural.",
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      "body": "<center><h2>Reactor Biológico Secuencial</h2>\n\n\nhttps://steemitimages.com/DQmUd5866xzRQ4kWGe8tFo9mugPrEMzEkMGxtjyMe8ad6Rt/1.png)</center>\n\n<hr>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"text-justify\">\n\nHola amigos de Steemit, en esta ocasión vengo a hablarles sobre energía sustentable a través de un reactor biológico,  quizás se pregunten muchos de ustedes, ¿y qué es eso?  De eso se trata este post, ijntentaré explicarlo de la mejor manera...\n\nMi persona (José Bernal- izquierda) junto a Manuel Rodríguez (derecha), ambos jóvenes Ingenieros Civiles egresados de La Universidad del Zulia (LUZ), hemos mostrado y compartimos un gran interés por la ingeniería sanitaria aplicada en el campo ambiental, mostrando ademas preocupación por la falta de conciencia e interés de la sociedad latina, especialmente la sociedad venezolana ante la problemática de la contaminación de los cuerpos de agua y sistemas cloacales. Es por ello que hemos realizado en varias oportunidades investigaciones de esta naturaleza, el fin de tratar el agua residual, y dejarla apta para ser dispuesta en las redes cloacales. Dichas aguas son generadas principalmente por el sector industrial, que sin mayor pudor, estas aguas altamente toxicas y contaminadas terminan en nuestros cuerpos de agua;  como por ejemplo el Lago de Maracaibo y Valencia. Toda esta problemática es patrocinada por un gobierno carente de cultura ciudadana y aun más ecológica, sin ningún tipo de interés por hacer cumplir las normas vigentes en lo que respecta a la materia. \n\n\n Los resultado de dichas investigaciones  han sido exitosos,  en su primera fase a nivel laboratorio y posterior a ello, aplicándolos en la vida real. Todo esto bajo la tutoría del Prof. Ing Químico Sedolfo Carrasquero (en el centro de la imagen).  Junto a él, hemos tenido la oportunidad hacer varias publicaciones de artículos científicos en revistas de Francia, así como participar en proyectos de ingeniería sustentable a nivel latinoamericano como lo es “El Premio Odebrecht”, creyendo y apostando siempre por un mejor país y mundo, ratificando que en este país hay talento de sobra, y que más pronto que tarde se empezará a dar valor a nuestra comunidad de profesionales.\n\n\nA  continuación se presenta una pequeña reseña del trabajo que se realiza dentro de los laboratorios del Departamento de Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ambiental. En esta oportunidad se presenta un Reactor por Carga Secuencial (SBR), sus  funciones, utilidades y los resultados que se pueden lograr. Sin más preámbulo, empecemos definiendo algunos conceptos básicos.\n\n\n<hr>\n\n<strong><h2>¿Qué es el agua?</h2>&nbsp;</strong>\n\n\n<blockquote>El agua es un recurso indispensable para que se pueda desarrollar la vida en nuestro planeta, siendo un compuesto químico muy estable, formado por átomos de hidrogeno y oxigeno, de formula H2O. El agua es inodora, insípida e incolora, y su enorme presencia en la Tierra (el 71% de ésta se encuentra cubierta de agua) determina en buena parte la existencia de vida en nuestro planeta. El agua es la única sustancia que existe a temperaturas ordinarias en los tres estados de la materia. Existe en estado sólido como hielo, encontrándose en los glaciares y casquetes polares, y en forma de nieve, granizo y escarcha. Como líquido se halla en las nubes de lluvia formadas por gotas de agua, en forma de rocío en la vegetación, y en océanos, mares, lagos, ríos, etc. Como gas, o vapor de agua, existe en forma de niebla, vapor y nubes. <a href=\"http://conceptodefinicion.de/agua/\">Fuente</a></blockquote>\n\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmSVzi4Z9DNkDR68m2LtLFFEbXFp5MyWA7QHfg3VtDwvMb/image.png  https://steemitimages.com/DQmSjyqJuQRSAVxdqwaYES89rok8zibdokm6qm63dPsM2JU/image.png\nFuente (<a href=\"http://www.teorema.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/agua-vital.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://www.rosayverde.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/vaso-agua.jpg\">2</a>)</center>\n\n\nPero cuando sustancias químicas u organismos patógenos entran en contacto con la misma debido a los procesos industriales, el crecimiento poblacional, y el constante desarrollo tecnológico, se tiene la alteración en su composición original, viéndose reflejado en propiedades físicas como color, olor y sabor, siendo las primeras que permiten identificar y diagnosticar cuándo el agua está contaminada, causando daños a la salud de quienes la consumen y al entorno receptor de la misma.\n\n<center>https://steemitimages.com/DQmZfzvZvNchANYEowPy5soYwdaE2MLFmaGUDwMjokSmKv9/image.png https://steemitimages.com/DQmS6rnayzQCY1Ukmi54Ai4ZHvdjoQDqBxUzMhzapanqkFu/image.png\n\n<p>Fuentes (<a href=\"http://www.teorema.com.mx/wp-content/uploads/70-agua.jpg\">1</a>,<a href=\"https://contaminacionambiental.net/wp-content/uploads/ni%C3%B1o-recoje-basura.jpg\">2</a>)</p>\n<p><br></p></center>\n\n\nLos efluentes industriales se caracterizan por ser de composición muy diversa y compleja, debido a que se generan por sistemas productivos diferentes, en los cuales las materias primas e insumos que se utilizan le proporcionan características particulares a cada tipo de agua residual generada, por lo que resulta conveniente la aplicación de un tratamiento que pueda adaptarse al gran número de contaminantes que se encuentran contenidos en estos efluentes.\n\n</div>",
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