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      "body": "2020 wasn’t the best start for the decade with the COVID-19 pandemic spreading across the globe.\n\n2021 surprised us with an unexpected cryptocurrency bull run and my algorithmic trading cashed in on ether a few days ago. You see, after crashing in the last tsunami at the beginning of 2018, I stepped up my game this time and made sure to set up a limit sell order in advance, just in case it dropped again.\n\nOn Monday morning I had my breakfast quickly and got ready for research. As we are still working from home, I checked my crypto balance first and instead of ether, I was holding cash. Well, it was my pleasure to ride a second wave with ethereum. After that, I decided to diversify my portfolio into stocks, rather than taking the naive approach of going all in again.\n\n\n![ether.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeAF2EGWRAry5i3WEyHtET2CsHDkdqMDnoeLc6U1NMUst/ether.png)\n\n\nI still consider it the “Google” company of my generation because of its tremendous potential. But that volatility was painfully killing me, despite being a long term holder. The rapid price appreciation is also detrimental to the scaling up of the blockchain technologies, built on top of it due to the higher gas fees. I have no doubt, that it is going to double in value again in the next years, once it solves the remaining technical limitations.\n\nLastly, I would like to present what I exchanged my holding position for:\n\n\n![investment portfolio.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmP6WHWhNDBTkjDg4AZsa9pNtWCvpehsGbxCkzzk8aEEsQ/investment%20portfolio.png)\n\n\nIn the end, ether might outperform this portfolio but it does feel safer to be more conservative sometimes and focus on future trends that are going to disrupt the world, like the green transition, big tech and 5G networks.",
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      "title": "Origin of Life - part V",
      "body": "*This is another extract of my origin of life report, presenting slightly more extreme hypotheses and my own conclusions.* \n\n## Planet Earth: A giant pre-biotic reactor and the hypothesis of symbiosis\n\nEarth, just like any other planet, has unique properties. The distance from the Sun, its axial tilt with the resulting seasonal variations, its magnetic field, the moon, its plate tectonics, the water and carbon cycles and many other parameters are conditions that supported life.   \nSince the origin could be considered to be a planetary process (4), the open system grey box in figure 4 represents Earth, a dynamic and spatially heterogeneous reactive planet. As subsystems we mainly have the four geospheres from geology;  an atmosphere, a hydrosphere, a lithosphere and the biosphere(30). The first three split terrestrial matter into three physical states, whereas the biosphere is only the result of life. It is a dynamic state of order which organises matter and energy cyclic flows among the boundaries of the other three spheres, often dictating the overall kinetics. It's crucial to understand the interactions at the boundaries, for example mass and energy transfer occurring at the interface of the oceans and the atmosphere. In addition, in a dynamic and distributed parameter model system like planet Earth, the effects of variations over the interfaces should be examined further. Another subsystem which could have caused a shift in thermodynamic conditions is the cryosphere, acting as a protective layer-external artificial membrane- on top of the hydrosphere in some regions. Unlike other materials, the melting curve for water has a negative gradient on the phase diagram, as liquid water is denser than ice.     \nIt is interesting to note that regardless of the scale, matter forms stable structures that operate as a network. For example, on the atomic level molecules form due to covalent and ionic bonds. In fact, stable forms of giant ionic and metallic lattices have been observed. Eukaryotic cells consist of a nucleus, a membrane and all their specialised organelles, each performing a different function. Endosymbiosis is considered as the process by which prokaryotes evolved to the first eukaryotic cells (31). Nevertheless, this is universally true for any scale, encompassing molecular chemistry to planetary systems. As an everyday example, in human societies we choose to cooperate with people for safety, stability and prosperity. The overall goals are common and simple; firstly, survival and secondly evolution. Life continuum is a story of progression via information that ensures its existence by symbiotically cohabiting within the boundaries of its ecosystem. \nOparin very interestingly noted that autotrophs were too complicated to be the first cells to exist (32). By generalising his statement, this could be translated as another property of living organisms. Initially, some functions are performed externally and if deemed desirable they are then adopted and inherited through replication and thus evolution. Cairns-Smith proposed that the replication mechanism by inorganic crystals, such as clay, was the origin of primitive genes (33). According to the author, a gradual “take-over” of the evolved crystallisation process by organic macromolecules is then considered to have occurred. These mineral surfaces may have served as concentrating agents, excluding water from life’s monomers transition to oligomers and eventually polymers (21). Another good analogy would be heterogeneous catalysis and adsorption in porous rocks. It's not a coincidence that in chemical reactors the rate is increased with heterogeneous catalysts, taking advantage of their large surface area compared to their volume. Imagine, having \"smart\" selective nano-scale catalysts that are monitored from the control panels of a chemical plant. Clearly, the correlation between biological processes and engineering is undeniable; the question that needs to be answered is how will engineering approach nature in the future.   \n\n## Panspermia \n\nThis hypothesis aims to couple the whole pathway from planet formation to the migration of life through space, dating back to the early 1900s (34).\nCarl Sagan and many other scientists argued that the magnitude of the universe permits the existence of extra-terrestrial life (35, 36). For instance, the Drake equation, although it relies on unverified assumptions, provides a guesstimate to the odds of finding communicating civilisations in the universe. Over the past few decades, we discovered more Earth like planets that could support life (28) and a good example of a solar system with a habitable zone is the TRAPPIST-1 system (37). \nThe universe is about 13.8 billion years old, but our solar system formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago, according to radiometric dating of meteorites and moon rocks (38). The hypothesis of panspermia claims that primitive life may have formed extra terrestrially in a distant galaxy far far away and migrated through space. The dominant source of exogenous organics to early earth is believed to be interplanetary dust particles. This sounds plausible, given the existence of the universe billion years before the formation of our solar system, meaning that the probability that life emerged somewhere else is much more likely. For example, it is widely accepted that nucleobases and amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, landed on Earth during the heavy bombardment with carbon-rich meteorites (39) in the Hadean Eon. While the emergence of life was a marathon and not a sprint, this cataclysmic event could speed it up significantly, as it supplied the Earth with large oceans and a moon -giant impact hypothesis (40), both of which were necessary steps for life formation.\nMoreover, bacteria have been detected in the international space station (ISS), meaning that life effectively survives the journey from the earth into space. This reversible mass transfer of organic matter and also prokaryotic microorganisms is sufficient to suggest that it assisted on the development of life on Earth to a large extent. At this point, the probability that LUCA was alien is not farfetched at all. In terms of a galactic thermodynamic system, this possibility offers a broader picture with higher chances for the emergence of life. On the other hand, planet Earth and its external energy influx from the sun, as well as any internal sources like volcanic eruptions decrease the probability by orders of magnitude. After all, the laws physics and chemistry are universal, why can't biology be the same?     \nEven though panspermia could theoretically answer the origin of life on Earth, it fails to consider how and where it emerged in the universe. On the contrary, it opens the field to more degrees of freedom, removing the constraint of the planetary boundary. Although, environmental criteria must be fulfilled for life to arise, survive and evolve, therefore astrobiology is crucial to look for life in space at the right direction using high-tech tools.   \n\n## Intelligent Design and Simulation Hypothesis\n\nIn fact, speculation could lead to the hypothesis of intelligent design that has been directly or indirectly seeded throughout the cosmos. Meyer argues that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection. The key to this hypothesis is information, which is carried by DNA, functioning like a software program, coding life wherever it migrates. He criticises evolutionary theory with the idea that random genetic mutations cannot increase the information content in the genome. \nBefore dismissing Meyer's hypothesis, one useful thought experiment would be the most efficient method to colonise the expanding universe. Surely, it wouldn't be with spaceships and astronauts with biological bodies, as our adaptive flexibility is limited to the conditions of our host planet and any identical options. However, unlike humans, the RNA ribozyme could replicate and evolve into different forms, responding to its surroundings. Furthermore, man-made space-ships require fuel, but comets and asteroids rely on the force of gravity to cover vast distances. The main difference between these two options is the degree of randomness. In the second case, physical forces act as external disturbances that influence the path of tiny “microbe spores” that are propelled through space. However, both RNA and DNA still have limitations in the form of mutations and are vulnerable to the extreme environmental conditions in outer space. To conclude this section, experimenting with DNA would allow us to uncover any hidden historical evolutionary information that has been waiting for billions of years. \nMy hypothesis is the profound interrelation between intelligence and evolution and their variable rate of causality. In a 'primordial soup' or anywhere else that was kinetically and thermodynamically feasible for life to arise, simple biopolymers emerged. Their subsequent evolution into DNA was the rate-limiting step in this multistage process. As soon as DNA-based life forms evolved, they exploited the rising oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere, leading to the Cambrian explosion and the diversity of life. Perhaps, intelligence is not the right word to describe the cell’s ability to survive and thrive in a dynamic environment, but I cannot think of a better way of quantifying and defining evolution’s rate constant.       \nAnother alternative extreme scenario is that our universe could be a simulation from a post-human civilisation (41). Given the exponential growth in computing power in the last decades, this hypothesis is not science fiction anymore, as Elon Musk portrayed his view on the topic in 2016. Arguably, if it is indeed a simulation, then it would have some goals and objectives that would help us understand why life evolved and what exactly is trying to verify; provided we manage to figure the rules out. \nOnce again, like panspermia, tracing the origin of life with these two options has two main drawbacks. It fails to really consider where life arose in the first place and more importantly it is extremely difficult to test them.  \n\n## Destination Mars – Empirical experiments in planets within the habitable zone\n\nA viable experiment to test panspermia is planet Mars. As space exploration gains momentum, it is highly likely that a mission to Mars would finally end the debate of whether or not there is dormant or even active life in its hostile environment. The first step is to identify locations that provide the essential ingredients of life (42) (e.g. liquid water) and also exist here on Earth and are inhabited with extremophiles. Detection of microbial unicellular life with the same universal properties that dates back to over 3 billion years ago would provide conclusive evidence to suggest that panspermia did indeed occur in our solar system. Having a second planet so close to Earth which is not identical to ours that supports life would prove that life is abundant in the universe, but biological evolution to complex life requires more rate-limiting steps than simple unicellular life. Therefore, this would suggest that the planetary conditions are responsible for the discrete evolutionary step between prokaryotic and eukaryotic life.     \n\n## Conclusion\nDespite not having the precise scenario for the emergence of life, the study shows that the mechanism behind it is survival which ultimately results in evolution. Life is about continuity. Everything is connected by a long unbroken string of continuous existence and is stored safely in the DNA. Hence, it will not be surprising if replicating polymers existed in a pre-RNA world that preserved this information. \nA living organism has a transient path between two states that we conventionally labelled as birth and death. The path is unique in each case, giving rise to individuality. Life follows a path function, just like heat and work in thermodynamics. These are properties whose values depend on the transition of a system from the initial state to the final. On the other hand, the emergence of life is a state function, an inevitable low probability event in the vastness of the universe. It is inevitable because not only it exists in our planet, but also thrives and adapts to variable and sometimes extreme conditions through time and space, like ice ages and deep sea hydrothermal vents, creating a life cycle which will never cease to exist until the planet runs out of energy sources. This special ability arises from its nano-level structural properties, specifically the membranes, as well as the functions of the organelles and the nucleic acids, inside cells. Perhaps it could be argued that the invention of the human language primarily and the internet later on were just imitations of natural biological communication processes. The bottom line is that regardless of what we might discover in the years to come, life has evolved to be extraordinary and extremely diverse in our very own pale blue dot.\n\n*Thanks for making it this far :)\nIf people are interested I will add the rest of my work in the near future.*   \n\n**References**\n\n1.\tMojzsis SJ, Arrhenius G, Mckeegan KD, Harrison TM, Nutman AP, Friend CRL. Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago. Nature. 1996;384(6604):55.\n2.\tMaturana HR. Autopoiesis. In: Zeleny M, editor. Autopoiesis: A theory of living organization. Boulder CO: Westview Press; 1981.\n3.\tPalmer JC, Debenedetti PG. Recent advances in molecular simulation: A chemical engineering perspective. AIChE Journal. 2015;61(2):370-83.\n4.\tSmith E, Morowitz HJ. The Origin and Nature of Life on Earth: The Emergence of the Fourth Geosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016.\n5.\tSweatman M. Giant SALR cluster reproduction, with implications for their chemical evolution. Sweatman , M 2017 , ' Giant SALR cluster reproduction, with implications for their chemical evolution ' Molecular Physics  DOI: 101080/0026897620171406164. 2017.\n6.\tTirard S. J. B. S. Haldane and the origin of life. Published by the Indian Academy of Sciences. 2017;96(5):735-9.\n7.\tMiller SL. A Production of Amino Acids under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions. Science. 1953;117(3046):528-9.\n8.\tFerus M, Pietrucci F, Saitta AM, Knížek A, Kubelík P, Ivanek O, et al. Formation of nucleobases in a Miller-Urey reducing atmosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2017;114(17):4306.\n9.\tIslam S, Powner MW. Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: Complexity Overcoming Clutter. Chem. 2017;2(4):470-501.\n10.\tPereto J. Out of fuzzy chemistry: from prebiotic chemistry to metabolic networks. Chemical Society Reviews. 2012;41(16):5394-403.\n11.\tWalton T, Szostak JW. A Kinetic Model of Nonenzymatic RNA Polymerization by Cytidine-5′-phosphoro-2-aminoimidazolide. Biochemistry. 2017;56(43):5739-47.\n12.\tKruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, Sands J, Gottschling DE, Cech TR. Self-splicing RNA: Autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of tetrahymena. Cell. 1982;31(1):147-57.\n13.\tDoudna JA, Cech TR. The chemical repertoire of natural ribozymes. Nature. 2002;418:222.\n14.\tGilbert W. Origin of life: The RNA world. Nature. 1986;319:618.\n15.\tAlonso R, Jack WS. Origin of Life on Earth. Scientific American. 2009;301(3):54.\n16.\tOrgel LE. The Origin of Life on the Earth. Scientific American. 1994;271(4):76-83.\n17.\tBecerra A, Delaye L, Islas S, Lazcano A. The Very Early Stages of Biological Evolution and the Nature of the Last Common Ancestor of the Three Major Cell Domains. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 2007;38(1):361-79.\n18.\tCouper JR, Penney WR, Fair JR, Walas SM. 0 - Rules of Thumb: Summary.  Chemical Process Equipment (Third Edition). Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2012. p. xiii-xx.\n19.\tEngland JL. Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2013;139(12):121923.\n20.\tTansley AG. The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Concepts and Terms. Ecology. 1935;16(3):284-307.\n21.\tGrover AM, He YC, Hsieh M-C, Yu S-S. A Chemical Engineering Perspective on the Origins of Life. Processes. 2015;3(2).\n22.\tRuiz-Mirazo K, Briones C, de la Escosura A. Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life. Chemical Reviews. 2014;114(1):285-366.\n23.\tFreeland SJ, Knight RD, Landweber LF, Hurst LD. Early Fixation of an Optimal Genetic Code. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2000;17(4):511-8.\n24.\tReece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson R, et al. Campbell biology. Tenth edition / Jane B. Reece, Berkeley, California; Lisa A. Urry, Mills College, Oakland, Califonia; Michael L. Cain, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine; Steven A. Wasserman, University of California, San Diego; Peter V. Minorsky, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York; Robert B. Jackson, Stanford University, Stanford, California.. ed: Boston : Pearson; 2014.\n25.\tBartik K, Bruylants G, Locci E, Reisse J. Liquid water: a necessary condition for all forms of life? In: Martin H, Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, editors. Origins and Evolution of Life: An Astrobiological Perspective. Cambridge Astrobiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. p. 205-17.\n26.\tLal AK. Origin of Life. Astrophysics and Space Science. 2008;317(3):267-78.\n27.\tShaw DE, Maragakis P, Lindorff-Larsen K, Piana S, Dror RO, Eastwood MP, et al. Atomic-Level Characterization of the Structural Dynamics of Proteins. Science. 2010;330(6002):341.\n28.\tSzostak JW. The Origin of Life on Earth and the Design of Alternative Life Forms. Molecular Frontiers Journal. 2017;01(02):121-31.\n29.\tSchrum JP, Zhu TF, Szostak JW. The Origins of Cellular Life. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2010;2(9):a002212.\n30.\tSkinner BJ, Murck BW. The blue planet : an introduction to earth system science. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2011.\n31.\tBhattacharya D, Yoon HS, Hackett JD. Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots. BioEssays. 2004;26(1):50-60.\n32.\tOparin AI. The origin of life on the earth. Third revised and enlarged edition.. ed. Edinburgh: Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd; 1957.\n33.\tCairns-Smith AG. The origin of life and the nature of the primitive gene. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 1966;10(1):53-88.\n34.\tArrhenius S, Borns H. Worlds in the making; the evolution of the universe. New York; London: Harper; 1908.\n35.\tSagan C. Cosmos: New York : Random House; 1980.\n36.\tSagan C, Drake F. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Scientific American. 1975;232(5):80-9.\n37.\tGillon M, Triaud AHMJ, Demory B-O, Jehin E, Agol E, Deck KM, et al. Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. Nature. 2017;542:456.\n38.\tFutuyma DJ. Evolution. Second edition.. ed. Sunderland, Mass.: Sunderland, Mass. : Sinauer Associates; 2009.\n39.\tChan QHS, Zolensky ME, Kebukawa Y, Fries M, Ito M, Steele A, et al. Organic matter in extraterrestrial water-bearing salt crystals. Science Advances. 2018;4(1).\n40.\tCanup RM, Asphaug E. Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of the Earth's formation. Nature. 2001;412:708.\n41.\tBostrom N. Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? The Philosophical Quarterly (1950-). 2003;53(211):243-55.\n42.\tBibring J-P. Water on Mars. In: Martin H, Gargaud M, López-Garcìa P, editors. Origins and Evolution of Life: An Astrobiological Perspective. Cambridge Astrobiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. p. 234-44.",
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