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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "yann-48",
      "title": "期末总结 - yann学长的运维开发指南48",
      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0802/20180802211116.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0802/20180802211116.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 过程梳理\n> * 总结\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n### 过程梳理\n看看我们之前经过的内容\n\n#### 确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n这个内容是避免测试信息干扰生产\n使用了新的测试类,同时分离了不同的测试用例文件\n\n#### 解决页面刷新延迟\n这个内容是代码有故障但没有测试出来\n解决方案是升级了一下selenium\n同时设置了页面延时,以便抓取故障\n\n#### 使用TDD 实现新设计\n该内容没有操作,是讲思路的\n主要是避免增加不需要的功能\n\n#### 逐步迭代，实现新设计\n主要思路是如何区分不同用户的代办事项\n先设计出测试代码,逐步修正\n发现需要唯一的路径,发现视图需要匹配那个唯一路由\n\n#### 使用Django测试客户端\n一起测试视图、模板和URL\n这里说的是client工具,可以替代之前使用的URL,视图,渲染检查\n并使用了3个例子来验证client的效果\n注意,不同页面应该使用不同的HTML模板\n\n#### 用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n这个是说的是新建页面相关的内容\n\n#### 调整模型\n引入了list对象\n给.list属性赋值并相与比较\n并通过外键实现关联\n\n#### 每个列表都应该有自己的URL\n解决清单项目的唯一表示符的问题,以区分不同的清单\n捕获URL中传入的参数\n使用参数构造new_list视图\n\n#### 待办事项加入现有清单\n还需要一个添加页面,就像饭店门口的迎宾一样,让你输入一些东西,用来构建参数\n这里还解决了一个表达式问题\n\n#### 使用URL 引入做最后一次重构\n在路由上匹配新增页面,同时重构路由模块\n\n### 总结\n两月份开始写的,到7月底总算是到了一个小阶段,现在总结一下\n\n第一个问题就是战线拉的太长, 不说读者,我自己都有些记不清代码的细节,以后再分享打算一周内结束一个主题\n\n第二个问题是再现能力太差,为了手机上的显示效果,我大段代码都是用图片演示的,源文贴的也是一个网站,回头打算放github\n\n第三 感觉通过公众号还是表达能力有限,后期打算只描述一下思想,同学自己去跟随代码的提交查看细节\n\n后面打算会再起一个公众号,说说非it范围内的事情,有些人喜欢在一个公众号里说家常,我很排斥\n\n新的公众号也会在这边公布出来,请\n\n### 预告\n无\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "title": "在表单中使用URL - yann学长的运维开发指南47",
      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n调整模型\n每个列表都应该有自己的URL\n还需要一个视图，把待办事项加入现有清单\n使用URL 引入做最后一次重构\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726164344.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726164344.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 测试上下文响应\n> * 修改测试模块\n> * 更新视图\n> * 更新模板\n> * 尝试功能测试\n> * 路由重构\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n### 测试上下文响应\n修改模板,使用上节配置的URL\n#### 修改测试模块\n视图需要把清单穿入模板,新建一个单元测试方法\n\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162111.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162111.png)\n\n测试一下新建的单元测试\n\n#### 更新视图\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nKeyError: 'list'\n```\n\n原因是没有把视图传入模板\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162405.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162405.png)\n\n#### 更新模板\n再次测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAssertionError: False is not true : Couldnt find 'itemey 1' in response\n```\n模板期望的items没有传入,所以修改模板\n\n```bash\nvi lists/templates/list.html\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162728.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726162728.png)\n\n.item_set是一种反向查询的方法,后面会加以叙述\n\n继续测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nRan 9 tests in 0.040s\n\nOK\n```\n测试通过了\n\n#### 尝试功能测试\n再试一下功能测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n#\nRan 2 tests in 9.771s\n\nOK\n```\n\n功能测试也通过了,貌似工作全完成了\n\n\n### 路由重构\nsuperlists/urls.py是站点的路由, 如果是某个应用使用,可以单独配个文件夹\n\n复制路由文件并稍作修改\n```bash\ncp superlists/urls.py lists/\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726163608.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726163608.png)\n\n在父路由中导入了字路由并别名list_urls  \n```bash\nvi lists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726163737.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0726/20180726163737.png)\n\nlist部分的URL已近放在父路由里面了,这里只要写另一半就好\n\n\n再次测试,测试通过\n\n\n### 预告\n终于完成了,下次会梳理总结一下,然后django部分结束\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n调整模型\n每个列表都应该有自己的URL\n还需要一个视图，把待办事项加入现有清单\n\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724182726.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724182726.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 把代办事项加入现有清单\n> * 先写测试项\n> * 检查正则表达试\n> * 更新正则表达式\n> * 最后的新路由\n> * 再次更新视图\n> * 测试修改成果\n> * 按照设计调整new_list视图\n> * 配置重定向\n> * 配置试图提交\n\n\n\n\n\n\n### 把代办事项加入现有清单\n给新增事项用的视图\n#### 先写测试项\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724172514.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724172514.png)\n\n测试能否保存内容并跳转到新页面\n\n#### 检查正则表达试\n测试一下,应该会有404出现\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAssertionError: 301 != 302 : Response didn t redirect as expected: Response\ncode was 301 (expected 302)\n```\n\n还没有设置URL,应该是404,为什么会301呢\n查看一下URL的配置\n```bash\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n```python\nurl(r'^lists/(.+)/$', views.view_list, name='view_list'),\n```\n正则表达式的范围太大了\n\n#### 更新正则表达式\n把URL传入视图\n\n```bash\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724173337.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724173337.png)\n\n更新正则表达式,只匹配数字\n\n继续测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAssertionError: 404 != 302 : Response didn t redirect as expected: Response\ncode was 404 (expected 302)\n```\n符合期望值,测试成功\n\n#### 最后的新路由\n定义新路由用于新增项目\n\n```bash\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724173856.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724173856.png)\n\n\n### 再次更新视图\n再次测试, 报错有了变化\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAttributeError: module 'lists.views' has no attribute 'add_item'\n```\n\n添加视图\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n```python\ndef add_item(request):\n    pass\n```\n报错\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nTypeError: add_item() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given\n```\n#### 测试修改成果\n再测试一下\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n```python\ndef add_item(request, list_id):\n    pass\n```\n报错\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nValueError: The view lists.views.add_item didn t return an HttpResponse object.\n```\n\n### 按照设计调整new_list视图\n修改测试\n```bash\ndef add_item(request, list_id):\n    pass\n```\n\n报错\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nself.assertEqual(Item.objects.count(), 1)\nAssertionError: 0 != 1\n```\n\n#### 配置重定向\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n重定向到有效地址\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724181154.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724181154.png)\n\n#### 配置试图提交\n\n再次测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nself.assertEqual(Item.objects.count(), 1)\nAssertionError: 0 != 1\n```\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724181757.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0724/20180724181757.png)\n\n补充上提交语句,测试通过\n\n\n### 预告\n今天的内容也差不多了,下次会再调整一下视图文件,敬请期待\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "url-yann-45",
      "title": "给列表自己的URL - yann学长的运维开发指南45",
      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n调整模型\n每个列表都应该有自己的URL\n\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719205349.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719205349.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 给列表自己的URL\n> * 更新测试\n> * 测试一下\n> * 捕获URL\n> * 更新视图文件\n> * 再次更新视图\n> * 测试修改成果\n> * 按照设计调整new_list视图\n> * 进行功能测试\n\n\n\n\n\n### 给列表自己的URL\n给每个列表自己的URL就是需要有唯一的标识符,比如数据库的id字段\n#### 更新测试\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719200530.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719200530.png)\n\n把test_displays_all_items修改成  test_displays_only_items_for_that_list\n\n#### 测试一下\n测试一下,应该会有404出现\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAssertionError: 404 != 200 : Couldn t retrieve content: Response code was 404\n(expected 200)\n```\n\n#### 捕获URL\n把URL传入视图\n\n```bash\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719201319.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719201319.png)\n\n调整URL中的正则表达式,加入捕获组,匹配 \"/\"后的任意字符,传入视图\n\n继续测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nTypeError: view_list() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given\n```\n\n#### 更新视图文件\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n```python\ndef view_list(request, list_id):\n```\n\n### 再次更新视图\n再次测试, 报错有了变化\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAssertionError: 1 != 0 : Response should not contain 'other list item 1'\n```\n报警符合预期,把代办事项传入模板\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719202303.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719202303.png)\n\n#### 测试修改成果\n再测试一下\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nERROR: test_redirects_after_POST (lists.tests.NewListTest)\nValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10:\n'the-only-list-in-the-world'\n```\n\n### 按照设计调整new_list视图\n修改测试\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719203824.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719203824.png)\n检查是否定义到新URL\n测试之后发现仍然报错,再修改一下\n\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n重定向到有效地址\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719204040.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0719/20180719204040.png)\n\n\n再次测试通过\n\n#### 进行功能测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n#\nAssertionError: '2: Use peacock feathers to make a fly' not found in ['1: Use\npeacock feathers to make a fly']\n```\n功能测试还是有故障,下节再修复\n### 预告\n今天的内容也差不多了,下次会再调整一下视图文件,敬请期待\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "permlink": "yann-44",
      "title": "调整模型 - yann学长的运维开发指南44",
      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n调整模型\n\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711142109.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711142109.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 调整模型\n> * 调整测试\n> * 故障排除\n> * 迁移数据库\n> * 用外键实现关联\n> * 测试修改成果\n> * 根据模型调整代码\n> * 修正第一个错误\n> * 修正其他错误\n\n\n\n\n### 调整模型\n前面做了很多修改,现在调整一下,让代码更好看一点\n#### 调整测试\n先看视图部分\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711111448.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711111448.png)\n\n新建了一个list对象,通过给.list属性赋值把代办事项归在对象下面\nlist是关键字,所以写成list_区别\n\n对比数据库中保存的值和list_的值\n\n#### 故障排除\n修改了测试类后,会出现许多熟悉的错误\n让我们来一一排查\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nImportError: cannot import name 'List'\n```\n需要在models.py里建一个Item类\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nAttributeError: 'List' object has no attribute 'save'\n```\n没有save属性,object改为继承model类\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\ndjango.db.utils.OperationalError: no such table: lists_list\n```\n数据库相关的故障\n\n#### 迁移数据库\n\n```bash\npython manage.py makemigrations\n#\nself.assertEqual(first_saved_item.list, list_)\nAttributeError: 'Item' object has no attribute 'list'\n```\n\n### 用外键实现关联\nItem没有list属性,要想办法实现\n先做个text属性试试\n\n```bash\nvi lists/models.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711114050.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711114050.png)\n\n#### 测试修改成果\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\ndjango.db.utils.OperationalError: no such column: lists_item.list\n```\n迁移一下\n\n```bash\npython manage.py makemigrations\n#\nAssertionError: 'List object' != <List: List object>\n```\n\nDjango只保存了list对象的字符串形式\n如果要保存对象之间的关系需要用外键\n\n```bash\nvi lists/models.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711134002.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711134002.png)\n\n\n再做一次数据库迁移\n```bash\nrm lists/migrations/0004_item_list.py\npython manage.py makemigrations\n```\n### 根据模型调整代码\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n#\nERROR: test_displays_all_items (lists.tests.ListViewTest)\ndjango.db.utils.IntegrityError: NOT NULL constraint failed: lists_item.list_id\n......\n```\n\n#### 修正第一个错误\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711141111.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711141111.png)\n\n为代办事项创建父清单\n\n#### 修正其他错误\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711141424.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0711/20180711141424.png)\n\n调用代办事项的父清单\n修改之后测试通过\n\n### 预告\n今天的内容也差不多了,下次会修改另一个内容,敬请期待\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "permlink": "url-yann-43",
      "title": "表单指向添加的URL - yann学长的运维开发指南43",
      "body": "### 目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180710110213.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180710110213.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 删除冗余代码\n> * 删除代码\n> * 删除测试\n> * 表单指向新URL\n\n\n\n### 删除冗余代码\n基于前面的测试, 部分构建视图时的代码可以删除了\n#### 删除代码\n先看视图部分\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180705153957.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180705153957.png)\n\n删除request.method == 'POST'相关的3条判断语句\n\n#### 删除测试\n删除 test_only_saves_​items_when_necessary 方法\n\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180705163954.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0705/20180705163954.png)\n\n再次测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nRan 6 tests in 0.016s\nOK\n```\n\n### 表单指向新URL\n运行功能测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n\nERROR: test_can_start_a_list_for_one_user\n\nERROR: test_multiple_users_can_start_lists_at_different_urls\n\n```\n原因是表单的指向尚未修改\n```bash\nvi lists/templates/home.html\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0706/20180706182411.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0706/20180706182411.png)\n\n```bash\nvi lists/templates/list.html\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0706/20180706182717.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0706/20180706182717.png)\n\n\n再次测试,恢复之前的报错,修改成功\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n\nAssertionError: '1: Buy milk' not found in ['1: Buy peacock feathers', '2: Buy\nmilk']\n```\n\n测试通过\n\n### 预告\n今天的内容也差不多了,下次会调整一下代码,毕竟也修改了很多次\n\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "title": "添加项目的URL - yann学长的运维开发指南42",
      "body": "目前进度\n第6章的内容比较长,所以拆分成了若干个小节说明,以下为当前进度:\n\n确保功能测试之间相互隔离\n解决页面刷新延迟\n使用TDD 实现新设计\n逐步迭代，实现新设计\n使用Django测试客户端一起测试视图、模板和URL\n用于添加待办事项的URL和视图\n调整模型\n每个列表都应该有自己的URL\n还需要一个视图，把待办事项加入现有清单\n使用URL 引入做最后一次重构\n\nhttp://www.iamyann.com/images/0703/20180703202305.png\n\n内容介绍\n新增项目需要URL\n新建测试\n添加路由\n建立新的视图\n修改视图\n新增项目需要URL\n需要准备一个URL给新增list时使用\n\n新建测试\n再新建一个测试类\n\nvi lists\n/\ntests\n.\npy\nhttp://www.iamyann.com/images/0703/20180703194938.png\n\n测试插入一个新项目,及302状态码\n还有其他的写法,不过回头再说\n\n添加路由\n测试失败\n\npython manage\n.\npy test lists\nAssertionError\n:\n \n0\n \n!=\n \n1\ncode was \n404\n \n(\nexpected \n302\n)\n缺少路由\n\nvi superlists\n/\nurls\n.\npy\nhttp://www.iamyann.com/images/0703/20180703200306.png\n\n建立新的视图\n再次测试\n\npython manage\n.\npy test lists\nno attribute \n'new_list'\n报没有视图\n\nvi lists\n/\nviews\n.\npy\ndef\n new_list\n(\nrequest\n):\n    \npass\n告警更新\n\npython manage\n.\npy test lists\nThe\n view lists\n.\nviews\n.\nnew_list didn\n’\nt \nreturn\n an \nHttpResponse\n object\n修改视图\nvi lists\n/\nviews\n.\npy\nhttp://www.iamyann.com/images/0703/20180703200723.png\n再次进行测试\n\npython manage\n.\npy test lists\nself\n.\nassertEqual\n(\nItem\n.\nobjects\n.\ncount\n(),\n \n1\n)\nAssertionError\n:\n \n0\n \n!=\n \n1\n把数据库中没有查到数据\n\n补上提交语句\nhttp://www.iamyann.com/images/0703/20180703200926.png\n\n再次进行测试\n\npython manage\n.\npy test lists\nRan\n \n7\n tests \nin\n \n0.030s\nOK\n测试通过\n\n预告\n今天的内容也差不多了,新的测试类可以使用了,同时开发的语句也补充上去了\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\nhttp://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg",
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      "permlink": "url-yann-41",
      "title": "新的URL - yann学长的运维开发指南41",
      "body": "### 大纲\n第6章的内容还是比较激动的,在这个章节里会完成一个可用的网站\n加上域名就可以对外展示的那种\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621204227.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621204227.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 新的URL\n> * 新建清单测试\n> * 添加模板\n> * 建立新的模板\n> * 修改模板和视图\n\n### 新的URL\n在之前的测试中,发现需要额外的一个URL,不能用首页来展示查询内容\n\n所以本章就造一个URL出来\n\n#### 新建清单测试\n再新建一个测试\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621201550.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621201550.png)\n\n#### 添加模板\n测试失败\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAssertionError: False is not true : Template 'list.html' was not a template\nused to render the response. Actual template(s) used: home.html\n```\n缺少模板\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621201855.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621201855.png)\n\n#### 建立新的模板\n再次测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\ndjango.template.exceptions.TemplateDoesNotExist: list.html\n```\n报没有模板\n\n```bash\ntouch lists/templates/list.html\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAssertionError: False is not true : Couldn't find 'itemey 1' in response'\n```\n告警有了变化\n\n#### 修改模板和视图\n复制home.html的内容,再做一些修改\n\n```bash\ncp lists/templates/home.html lists/templates/list.html\n\nvi lists/templates/home.html\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621202957.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621202957.png)\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621203035.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0621/20180621203035.png)\n\n再次进行测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAssertionError: '1: Buy milk' not found in ['1: Buy peacock feathers', '2: Buy\nmilk']\n```\n新配置的URL起作用了,和首页区分开来\n\n### 预告\n战线拖的太长,我也快归纳不出全局了,下节要更新下结构,突出大纲\n\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "yann-40",
      "title": "新的工具 - yann学长的运维开发指南40",
      "body": "### 大纲\n第6章的内容还是比较激动的,在这个章节里会完成一个可用的网站\n加上域名就可以对外展示的那种\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619175618.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619175618.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n> * 新的工具\n> * 新建测试类\n> * 配置新的URL\n> * 建立新的视图\n> * 再次更新\n> * 测试通过?\n> * 重新审视代码\n\n### 新的工具\n之前的测试代码比较繁琐,需要检查URL解析,检查视图函数及模板渲染\n\n这里介绍一个新的工具,来替代上述三种检查,虽然新工具一定会有新的问题,先用起来\n\n#### 新建测试类\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619171859.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619171859.png)\n\n#### 配置新的URL\n测试新写的测试类\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAssertionError: 404 != 200\n```\n设置的唯一URL还不存在,自己设定一下\n\n```bash\nvi superlists/urls.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619172403.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619172403.png)\n\n增加一条路由匹配\n\n#### 建立新的视图\n再次测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAttributeError: module 'lists.views' has no attribute 'view_list'\n```\n建了匹配没有给对应的视图,自己设定一下\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n```Python\ndef view_list(request):\n    pass\n```\n最简单的试图\n\n#### 再次更新\n再运行一下测试\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nIt returned None instead. FAILED (errors=1)\n```\n把视图函数补完,先借用home页面\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619173659.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0619/20180619173659.png)\n\n#### 测试通过?\n单元测试通过\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nRan 7 tests in 0.016s\nOK\n```\n再试一下功能测试\n```python\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n\nFAIL: test_can_start_a_list_for_one_user\n```\n依然失败\n\n#### 重新审视代码\n暂时没有很好的办法,重看下之前的代码\n然后发现了一个问题\n\n```bash\nvi lists/templates/home.html\n```\n```html\n<!-- <form method=\"POST\"> -->\n<form method=\"POST\" action=\"/\">  \n```\n在表单里,action表示提交后的跳转动作,之前一直没有写,也就没跳转orz\n\n再次测试一下\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n\nFAIL: test_multiple_users_can_start_lists_at_different_urls\n```\n回到了之前的状况,下次可以深入改造了\n### 预告\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "title": "一点设计 - yann学长的运维开发指南38",
      "body": "### 大纲\n第6章的内容还是比较激动的,在这个章节里会完成一个可用的网站\n加上域名就可以对外展示的那种\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614205540.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614205540.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n\n\n> * 下面来看今天的内容\n> * 具体内容如下:\n> * 访问方法\n> * 新建多用户测试\n> * 补完测试脚本\n> * 测试效果\n> * 构造唯一URL测试\n> * 尝试修改视图\n\n### 一点点设计\n#### 访问方法\n今天来说一点点设计,涉及备忘录的访问方式,新建条目和文件的方式\n\n作为一个web应用,所谓的方法也是通过web实现的\n\n/lists/id/\n表示清单各自独立的URL\n\n/lists/new\n表示新建清单条目\n\n/lists/id/add_item\n在已有的清单上建立文章\n\n#### 新建多用户测试\n老规矩, 有新的需求先把相关的测试写出来\n\n```bash\nvi functional_tests/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614201357.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614201357.png)\n\n增加了一个多用户测试,使用了 self.assertRegex() 函数,回头再讲解\n\n#### 补完测试脚本\n继续补充其他测试语句\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614202148.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614202148.png)\n\n内容如下:\n新用户,确认没有之前提交的条目 Buy peacock feathers和make a fly\n\n录入Buy milk 条目,获取唯一URL\n\n再次确认没有之前提交的条目\n\n#### 测试效果\n运行一下功能测试,发现一个成功,一个失败\n\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n.F\n'/lists/.+' not found in\n'http://localhost:8081/'\n```\n看来我们的测试方法还需要修正\n\n#### 构造唯一URL测试\n根据报错提示,没有唯一的URL\n\n鉴于相关的代码还没写,我们可以想办法构造一个,先增加点测试\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n```python\nself.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)\nself.assertEqual(response['location'], '/lists/the-only-list-in-the-world/')\n```\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nAssertionError: '/' != '/lists/the-only-list-in-the-world/'\n```\n没有这个网址\n\n\n这是我们最早设置的提示语句,说明功能测试已经跑到最后了,运行测试成功\n\n#### 尝试修改视图\n修改下视图文件,看能不能暂时构造出来\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614204648.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614204648.png)\n\n再次测试一下\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614204855.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0614/20180614204855.png)\n\n测试依然无法通过, 只有老老实实写语句了,下次会为其添加唯一URL\n\n### 预告\n时间过的飞快,下节再见\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "body": "### 大纲\n第6章的内容还是比较激动的,在这个章节里会完成一个可用的网站\n加上域名就可以对外展示的那种\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605211851.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605211851.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n今天说一下,修改代码以解决测试框架即时操作与网页渲染过慢的矛盾\n\n下面来看今天的内容\n具体内容如下:\n> * 整理模块\n> * 文件目录结构\n> * 添加NewVisitorTest类\n> * 修改访问地址\n> * 运行新的功能测试\n\n### 解决网页渲染时间\n#### 只运行单元测试\n现在运行测试命令,Django会运行功能测试和单元测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test\n\n......F\nRan 7 tests in 6.732s\n```\n如果打算只运行单元测试,就要额外指出\n```bash\npython manage.py test lists\n\nRan 6 tests in 0.009s\n```\n#### 升级Selenium\n原书的作者在这里升级了Selenium和Geckodriver,因为他遇到了问题\n\n但我并没有遇到,也可能是因为我没有使用Geckodriver. 总之贴一下方法.\n\n```bash\npip install --upgrade selenium\n# 下载新的Geckodriver\nhttps://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases\n```\n\n#### 说一下 time.sleep\n在之前的功能测试里,有这样一个语句\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605204949.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605204949.png)\n这个语句的意思是发送完Enter后休眠1秒钟,让测试框架有时间检查table的内容\n\n用这个的原因是,浏览器渲染需要时间\n\n#### 反复测试页面\n重构一下测试,在10秒内反复测试页面\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605205641.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605205641.png)\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605205945.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605205945.png)\n试了一下,方法可用,现在来改变测试方法\n\n#### 运行新的测试\n替换相关语句,具体对比如下\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605210957.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0605/20180605210957.png)\n更新后,测试通过\n```bash\npython manage.py test\n......F\n```\n\n这是我们最早设置的提示语句,说明功能测试已经跑到最后了,运行测试成功\n\n\n### 预告\n今天和页面的渲染时间斗争了一晚上,新功能只能下会再说明了\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "body": "### 大纲\n第6章的内容还是比较激动的,在这个章节里会完成一个可用的网站\n加上域名就可以对外展示的那种\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531202651.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531202651.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 内容介绍\n\n根据大纲看来,这一章也是内容复杂的一章,不过请放心,最后会有总结的\n\n下面来看今天的内容:\n具体内容如下:\n> * 整理模块\n> * 文件目录结构\n> * 添加NewVisitorTest类\n> * 修改访问地址\n> * 运行新的功能测试\n\n### 功能测试的隔离\n#### 整理模块\n上一章最后遗留了一个问题:\n\n多执行几次功能测试后,页面上会留下复数的内容结果,虽然手动解决了,但不是最佳方法\n\n其实,单元测试是会自己建数据库内容,用完自己清除的,但功能测用的是真实库不能这样\n\n不过Django有一个类可以做这个工作 LiveServerTestCase\n\n先整理一下测试模块\n```bash\nmkdir functional_tests\ntouch functional_tests/__init__.py\n\ngit mv functional_tests.py functional_tests/tests.py\n```\n为功能测试专门建了一个目录\n__init__.py是模块必须的\n使用git mv移动了功能测试文件\n\n#### 文件目录结构\n调整后的文件目录结构如下:\n\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531204147.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531204147.png)\n\n各部分之前章节都有过说明,如果有疑问请留言咨询\n\n#### 添加NewVisitorTest类\n经过前几的几章,功能测试文件已经很大了,我们只能展示开头部分\n\n```bash\nvi functional_tests/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531204858.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531204858.png)\n添加 class NewVisitorTest()\n\n#### 修改访问地址\n引入新类的同时,也不能使用原有的localhost方式访问了\n```bash\nvi functional_tests/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531205513.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0531/20180531205513.png)\n双#的注释是我加的,可以看到get地址已经变掉了\n\n#### 运行新的功能测试\n使用新的命令来运动功能测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test functional_tests\n\nself.fail('Finish the test!')\nAssertionError: Finish the test!\n```\n\n这是我们最早设置的提示语句,说明功能测试已经跑到最后了,运行测试成功\n\n\n### 预告\n新的一章开始了,希望大家和我一同加油!\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "title": "内容总结5 - yann学长的运维开发指南33",
      "body": "### 大纲\n第五次内容终结的大纲\n本次的主要内容是把用户输入的内容保存到数据库中\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529134917.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529134917.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 分集介绍\n\n以下为前面数期的分集介绍,提供超链接指向,方便查看.\n\n具体内容如下:\n> * 编写表单，发送POST请求\n> * 在服务器中处理POST请求\n> * 把Python变量传入模板中渲染\n> * ORM及数据库模型\n> * 把POST请求中的数据存入数据库\n> * 处理完POST请求后重定向\n> * 在模板中渲染待办事项\n> * 使用迁移创建生产数据库\n\n\n\n\n### 分集大纲\n#### 编写表单，发送POST请求\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140043.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140043.png)\n\n#### 在服务器中处理POST请求\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140119.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140119.png)\n\n#### 把Python变量传入模板中渲染\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140145.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140145.png)\n\n#### ORM及数据库模型\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140212.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140212.png)\n\n#### 把POST请求中的数据存入数据库\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140241.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140241.png)\n\n#### 处理完POST请求后重定向\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140306.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140306.png)\n\n#### 在模板中渲染待办事项\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140328.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140328.png)\n\n#### 使用迁移创建生产数据库\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140348.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0529/20180529140348.png)\n\n### 预告\n对前面的8篇文章做了一个汇总, 本来是应该周末做的,但是远程不太方便又摸鱼了\n\n好吧,只是一个借口,周末光顾着听歌了,没去弄,顺便推荐一下我用的sonos极好用\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "permlink": "yann-33",
      "title": "迁移数据库 - yann学长的运维开发指南33",
      "body": "---\ntitle: 迁移数据库 - yann学长的运维开发指南33\ntags:\n  - python\ncategories:\n  - 运维开发\nkeywords: 'python,tdd,web开发'\ndescription: 操作数据库\ndate: 2018-05-24 21:21:09\n---\n\n\n### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524214623.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524214623.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n上节说到修改模板以显示多条记录,但并没有说完,现在补充余下的部分.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 代办事项传入模板\n> * 看不懂错误时换个方式\n> * 数据库位置\n> * 数据库迁移\n> * 修改模板中的序号表示\n> * 一点点小问题\n\n\n\n\n#### 代办事项传入模板\n修改视图文件,传值到模板\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524212629.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524212629.png)\n\n再次运行测试\n```bash\npython functional_tests.py\n\nAssertionError: 'To-Do' not found in 'OperationalError at /'\n```\n#### 看不懂错误时换个方式\n在浏览器下打开页面 http://localhost:8000\n\n\n```bash\nno such table: lists_item\n```\n渲染完毕的浏览器报出了故障的原因:\n找不到lists_item表\n需要做数据库迁移了\n\n#### 数据库位置\n数据库迁移只是一个说法,其实是用之前写好的建表文件在固定的地方来建立数据库\n\n建库的位置是写在配置文件里的,默认在项目的基础目录\n```bash\nvi superlists/settings.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524213414.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524213414.png)\n\n\n\n#### 数据库迁移\n在项目的基础目录运行数据库迁移命令,其实大多数命令都是在这个目录下运行的\n```bash\npython manage.py migrate\n```\n刷新刚才打开的浏览器\n```bash\nAssertionError: '2: Use peacock feathers to make a fly' not found in ['1: Buy\npeacock feathers', '1: Use peacock feathers to make a fly']\n```\n序号还是不对\n\n#### 修改模板中的序号表示\nforloop.counter标签\n```bash\nvi lists/templates/home.html\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524214002.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0524/20180524214002.png)\n\n再次运行,测试成功\n\n#### 一点点小问题\n再次确认测试成功.结果发现每测一次,页面会多两条相同的数据\n\n对于这个问题,目前先手动处理下\n```bash\nrm db.sqlite3\npython manage.py migrate --noinput\n```\n\n\n### 预告\n漫长的第五章终于完成了,周末我打算做一个大纲并附上链接,希望自己不要摸鱼^^\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "permlink": "post-yann-32",
      "title": "处理完POST请求后跳转 - yann学长的运维开发指南32",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522181936.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522181936.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n上节介绍了如何测试数据库里数据的条数及如何识别空的提交内容.\n提示一下,目前的环境里每次测试是现插数据到数据库的,用完就清理掉了,请注意\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * POST请求后需要重定向\n> * 清理视图函数\n> * 分割测试内容\n> * 在模板中渲染多条记录\n> * 模板遍历列表\n\n\n\n#### POST请求后需要重定向\n处理完POST请求后是需要重定向的,先试一下重定向到首页,修改测试文件\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522171835.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522171835.png)\n\n测试断言状态码302和路径'/'\n\n#### 清理视图函数\n运行测试报错,200 != 302\n\n目标达到,调整视图\n\n```bash\nlists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522172233.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522172233.png)\n\n新增了重定向部分,测试通过\n\n#### 分割测试内容\n习惯上,一段测试代码只测一个内容,这样可以避免前面断言的失败影响后面的测试\n修改下现有的测试\n\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522173040.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522173040.png)\n\n\n#### 在模板中渲染多条记录\n这个是之前的需求之一,不能总显示一条记录\n继续新建测试\n```bash\nlists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180522173742.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180522173742.png)\n内容很简单,插入两条记录,期望显示2条\n\n#### 模板遍历列表\n意料之内的失败\n```bash\nAssertionError: 'itemey 1' not found in '<html>\\n    <head>\\n [...]'\n```\n\n更新home模板\n\n```bash\nlists/templates/home.html\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522181431.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0522/20180522181431.png)\n\n只更新模板,还不足以让测试通过,所以这里只是熟悉一下 %for in%的语法\n\n下一节会解决剩下的问题,同时迁移创建数据库\n\n\n### 预告\n写了30篇小短文后,回头看看自己的公众号,感觉不是很连续\n后续要整理下,每完成一个大的章节,就做一个大纲并附上链接,方便读者阅读\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "permlink": "post-yann-31",
      "title": "POST请求参数存入数据库 - yann学长的运维开发指南31",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517220201.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517220201.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n在上节的内容中,填写的内容是无法保持的,所以本节会介绍ORM,使用其比直接操作数据库方便一点.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 把POST请求的参数存入数据库\n> * 提交到数据库\n> * 修改函数返回值\n> * 不保存空内容的测试\n> * 更新视图\n\n\n\n#### 把POST请求的参数存入数据库\n更新上周的测试模块,添加三条语句\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517210947.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517210947.png)\n\nobjects.count()是objects.all().count()的简写\n对比数据库记录总笔数是不是等于1条\n\nobjects.first()第一条记录的对象\n再对比对象的text内容是否等于给定值\n\n测试文件也比较长了,回头需要重写一下\n\n#### 提交到数据库\n运行测试报错,数据库笔数为0\n```bash\nself.assertEqual(Item.objects.count(), 1)\nAssertionError: 0 != 1\n```\n调整视图\n\n```bash\nlists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517212032.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517212032.png)\n\n写了个不是很完善的home_page函数,通过了测试, 回头需要更新一下\n\n#### 修改函数返回值\n通过了单元测试,把返回修改下\n```python\nvi lists/views.py\n    return render(request, 'home.html', {\n        'new_item_text': item.text\n    })\n```\n不用获取了,直接使用对象\n\n#### 不保存空内容的测试\n下面开如新的测试,这次的测试起源于一个需求:无内容的提交不要保存\n\n再建一个测试方法\n\n```bash\nlists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517213236.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517213236.png)\n检测没有提交时,数据库笔数是否为0\n\n#### 更新视图\n测试报错 1 != 0 failure\n\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517214943.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0517/20180517214943.png)\n调整视图文件,测试通过\n\n建了一个新变量,其值是POST请求数据或空字符串\n\n.objects.create是创建新Item对象的简化方式,不需要调用保存方法\n\n\n\n### 预告\n写了30篇小短文后,回头看看自己的公众号,感觉不是很连续 \n后续要整理下,每完成一个大的章节,就做一个大纲并附上链接,方便读者阅读\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "parent_permlink": "devops",
      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "orm-yann-30",
      "title": "ORM及数据库模型 - yann学长的运维开发指南30",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0515/20180515174205.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0515/20180515174205.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n在上节的内容中,填写的内容是无法保持的,所以本节会介绍ORM,使用其比直接操作数据库方便一点.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 给ORM的测试\n> * 定义Item\n> * 继承save属性\n> * 构造lists_item表\n> * 定义text属性\n> * 生成数据库字段\n> * 定义默认值\n\n\n\n#### 给ORM的测试\n先写一个测试类,给ORM用\n```bash\nvi lists/tests.py\n```\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0515/20180515174605.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0515/20180515174605.png)\n\n内容为保存两个item到数据库,再查询数据库中的所有,看是不是有两个\n最后调出两个数据看和测试期望值是否匹配\n\n#### 定义Item\n运行测试,报无法导入Item模块\n```bash\nImportError: cannot import name 'Item'\n```\n去models.py里建立Item类\n\n```Python\nvi lists/models.py\n\nfrom django.db import models\n\nclass Item(object):\n    pass\n```\n\n#### 继承save属性\n再测试发现没有save属性\n```bash\nfirst_item.save()\nAttributeError: 'Item' object has no attribute 'save'\n```\n去models.py里建立Item类\n\n```python\nvi lists/models.py\n\nfrom django.db import models\n\nclass Item(models.Model):\n    pass\n```\n从Model类继承相关属性\n\n#### 构造lists_item表\n再次测试,报没有表 lists_item\n\n```bash\ndjango.db.utils.OperationalError: no such table: lists_item\n```\n开始建造结构\n```bash\npython manage.py makemigrations\n# 查看生成的文件\nls lists/migrations\n0001_initial.py  __init__.py  __pycache__\n```\n\n#### 定义text属性\n再次测试,报没有text属性\n\n```bash\nAttributeError: 'Item' object has no attribute 'text'\n```\n于是写入text的定义\n\n```python\nvi lists/models.py\n\nclass Item(models.Model):\n    text = models.TextField()\n```\n\n#### 生成数据库字段\n再次测试,报没有lists_item.text行\n\n```bash\ndjango.db.utils.OperationalError: no such column: lists_item.text\n```\n这是因为之前都是对数据库的设计,其实还没有定入数据库\n\n```bash\npython manage.py makemigrations\n```\n这时运行数据库,会有提示没有默认值,这时选择2退出去字段的默认值\n\n#### 定义默认值\n```python\nvi lists/models.py\n\nclass Item(models.Model):\n    text = models.TextField(default='')\n```\n再次迁移并运行测试,测试成功\n\n```bash\npython manage.py makemigrations\npython manage.py test lists\n```\n\n### 预告\n今天的内容,繁杂且乱,基于正式的开发,是不用这个样子操作的,但对于学习,这样的流程是很好的\n\n通过一步步说明了,操作ORM的需求,每个语句为什么要写\n\n基于长度考虑,我会尽量减少代码的演示,控制表达. 力求说明白,简短表达.\n\n现在还在过渡期,请大家逐渐习惯一下,因为我自己也觉得,手机上看自己写的东西没那么舒服.所以开始改变.\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "yann-29",
      "title": "关于表单提交的功能测试 - yann学长的运维开发指南29",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180508163521.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180508163521.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n今天的内容是服务端处理POST请求及模板渲染.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 再次发起功能测试\n> * 构造新的功能测试\n\n\n### 再次发起功能测试\n上节通过各种修改,我们POST的字符串,传到了模板上,并通过了相关的单元测试.\n\n这次我们要对其再进行功能测试\n\n```bash\npython functional_tests.py\n```\n结果测试失败,表格上并没有字符串\n```bash\nAssertionError: False is not true : New to-do item did not appear in table\n```\n\n为了让报错再明显一点,我们修改了functional_tests.py 测试文件\n\n[点击查看 functional_tests.py](https://github.com/lluxury/python-tdd-book/commit/4985c90533b73befa4d40d2832ebd2dd2ceb0773)\n\n以显示特定文字及table.text的变量\n\n其中这个f是python3.6才有的用法, 格式化的字符串常量,后面会找个机会说明一下\n\n```bash\npython functional_tests.py\n```\n再次测试,打印出的变量和测试设置的变量不同\n\n```bash\nAssertionError: False is not true : New to-do item did not appear in table.\nContents were:\nBuy peacock feathers\n```\n\n修改lists/templates/home.html 模板文件解决,修改之后测试通过\n\n[点击查看 lists/templates/home.html](https://github.com/lluxury/python-tdd-book/commit/e0b3a4a5c0092c3a026dce025a010f48308a1cf9)\n\n### 构造新的功能测试\n因为之前的功能测试, 我们是修改了测试文件才通过的,所以很怀疑其功能性\n\n把'1:'排在外面通过了,那再新添加一个项目,'1:'变成'2:'的时候,能通过么\n\n说干就干,下面构建新的测试\n[点击查看 functional_tests.py](https://github.com/lluxury/python-tdd-book/commit/e0b3a4a5c0092c3a026dce025a010f48308a1cf9)\n\n果然失败了\n\n```bash\nAssertionError: '1: Buy peacock feathers' not found in ['1: Use peacock\nfeathers to make a fly']\n```\n\n期待的'2:'项目没有出来,还是会去找第'1:'项\n\n其实我们感觉到缺什么东西, 但现在条件还不具备,只能用妥协的办法实现需求\n\n比如说,再改一次测试\n[点击查看 functional_tests.py](https://github.com/lluxury/python-tdd-book/commit/39ad0257329bf51ce15807acdb765e7174827811)\n\n手工写了第二条项目,测试又通过了,但我们都觉得,这样可不行.\n\n先暂停一下,提交并上传代码, 下一节会介绍一个超好用的工具,解决目前的问题. 本节因为时间的问题, 先再见 \n\n\n\n### 预告\n首先设置了折线的长度,但是不知道适合手机的阅读在电脑上是效果.\n\n但是我会尽量融合两种阅读习惯, 在手机上的碎片化阅读思路分享, 以及在电脑上的代码回顾.\n\n基于长度考虑,我会尽量减少代码的演示,控制表达. 力求说明白,简短表达.\n\n现在还在过渡期,请大家逐渐习惯一下,因为我自己也觉得,手机上看自己写的东西没那么舒服.所以开始改变.\n\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "yann-28",
      "title": "服务端处理表单提交 - yann学长的运维开发指南28",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180508163521.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180508163521.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n今天的内容是服务端处理POST请求及模板渲染.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 服务端处理提交的请求\n> * 构造正确的结果\n> * 把变量传入模板渲染\n> * 测试使用模板\n> * 更新视图模块\n\n\n### 服务端处理提交的请求\n复习一下之前的知识, form表单提交之后,会有一个action属性\n如果没有指定属性的话,提交后会返回之前的页面,这样往往是有问题的\n解决这个问题之前,先把测试文件写出来\n```bash\nvi  lists/tests.py\n```\n\n```python\ndef test_uses_home_template(self):\n    response = self.client.get('/')\n    self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'home.html')\n\n\ndef test_can_save_a_POST_request(self):\n    response = self.client.post('/', data={'item_text': 'A new list item'})\n    self.assertIn('A new list item', response.content.decode())\n```\n在HomePageTest类新加一个方法,检查POST后返回的是否html文件中是否有目标字段\n```bash\npython manage.py test\nAssertionError: 'A new list item' not found in '<html>\\n    <head>\\n'\n```\n提示没有找到提交的字段,显示的内容是首页的, 首页只有To-Do字样,测试看起来是正确的\n\n### 构造正确的结果\n暂时修改下视图模块,给一个期待的反馈\n```bash\nvi lists/views.py\n```\n```python\nfrom django.http import HttpResponse\nfrom django.shortcuts import render\n\ndef home_page(request):\n    if request.method == 'POST':\n        return HttpResponse(request.POST['item_text'])\n    return render(request, 'home.html')\n```\n如果遇到POST的方法,直接把提交的字符串返回回去\n这样测试是通过了,但也就没有测试应有的用途了\n\n### 把变量传入模板渲染\n```bash\nlists/templates/home.html\n```\n```html\n<body>\n    <h1>Your To-Do list</h1>\n    <form method=\"POST\">\n        <input name=\"item_text\" id=\"id_new_item\" placeholder=\"Enter a to-do item\" />\n        {% csrf_token %}\n    </form>\n\n    <table id=\"id_list_table\">\n        <tr><td>{{ new_item_text }}</td></tr>  \n    </table>\n</body>\n```\n在模板上写一个表格,来放传过来的字符串\n\n### 测试使用模板\n\n```bash\nlists/tests.py\n```\n```python\ndef test_can_save_a_POST_request(self):\n    response = self.client.post('/', data={'item_text': 'A new list item'})\n    self.assertIn('A new list item', response.content.decode())\n    self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'home.html')\n```\n增加模板测试内容,然后测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test\nAssertionError: No templates used to render the response\n```\n因为视图函数没有使用模板,所以测试失败,这样就排除了之前\"作弊\"的内容\n\n### 更新视图模块\n\n```bash\nlists/views.py\n```\n```python\ndef home_page(request):\n    return render(request, 'home.html', {\n        'new_item_text': request.POST['item_text'],\n    })\n```\n更新试图内容,然后测试\n```bash\npython manage.py test\n\nERROR: test_uses_home_template (lists.tests.HomePageTest)\n[...]\n  File \"...python-tdd-book/lists/views.py\", line 5, in home_page\n    'new_item_text': request.POST['item_text'],\n[...]\ndjango.utils.datastructures.MultiValueDictKeyError: \"'item_text'\"\n\n```\n意外故障出现,这是request.Post/Get 时，提取的 Key 不存在导致\n\n```bash\nlists/views.py\n```\n```python\ndef home_page(request):\n    return render(request, 'home.html', {\n        'new_item_text': request.POST.get('item_text', ''),\n    })\n```    \n更新,修改了获取的方法\n\n\n### 预告\n折腾了这么就,单元测试终于通过了,下一节会和功能测试做斗争\n\n回顾一下,这已经是第28篇文章了, 坚持了几个月,但是最近越来越没动力,偶然间读了下自己的文章,感觉代入感不强,也许,代码还是应该回归电脑之前,在手机端解释代码的做法还是有些愚笨,还有3期,我也在孕量修改,到30期应该会有一个大的变化.\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "author": "tmp4321",
      "permlink": "yann-27",
      "title": "编写表单发送请求 - yann学长的运维开发指南27",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180426144747.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180426144747.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n延续上节的内容,这次来实践一下.主要内容是修改模板,及解决跨站问题.\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 更新模板\n> * 奇怪的失败\n> * 稍微作弊一下\n> * 问题解决\n\n\n### 更新模板\n```bash\nvi  lists/templates/home.html\n```\n\n```html\n  <h1>Your To-Do list</h1>\n  <form method=\"POST\">\n      <input name=\"item_text\" id=\"id_new_item\" placeholder=\"Enter a to-do item\" />\n  </form>\n\n  <table id=\"id_list_table\">\n```\n\n```bash\npython functional_tests.py\n```\n为表单添加POST方法并测试\n\n### 奇怪的失败\n测试失败,报错如下\n```bash\n[...]\nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"functional_tests.py\", line 40, in\ntest_can_start_a_list_and_retrieve_it_later\n    table = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_list_table')\n[...]\nselenium.common.exceptions.NoSuchElementException: Message: Unable to locate\nelement: [id=\"id_list_table\"]\n```\n这个比较麻烦,没有明显的调试信息,说找不到的元素,其实也是有的\n\n### 稍微作弊一下\n```python\nvi functional_tests.py\n    inputbox.send_keys(Keys.ENTER)\n    time.sleep(10)\n\n    table = self.browser.find_element_by_id('id_list_table')\n```\n给操作的加一个休眠时间,在这个时间窗里,使用浏览器查看网页\n\n### 问题解决\n作弊还是有效的,页面显示大大的403,并且说明有CSRF验证失败,跨域了呢\n说明放在后面,先写下修正代码\n```bash\nvi  lists/templates/home.html\n```\n\n```html\n<form method=\"POST\">\n    <input name=\"item_text\" id=\"id_new_item\" placeholder=\"Enter a to-do item\" />\n    {% csrf_token %}\n</form>\n```\n\n```bash\npython functional_tests.py\n```\n报错消失\n\n### 预告\n今天的内容其实不完整,可以等下一篇一起看.本来打算一起做出来的,但是因为篇幅原因放弃了.\n\n上次是一小步,这次也是一小步,但是走一步算一步,只要坚持不倒退,总会到达目标的.\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0419/lists.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0419/lists.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n\n单元测试小有成就,这次来做一下功能测试\n\n今天的具体内容如下:\n> * 表单及请求\n> * 关于表单的及简说明\n> * POST请求和GET\n\n\n\n### 表单及请求\n下面进入list项目的第5个小节,保存用户的输入内容,这节可是很长的,请大家做好准备.\n先从上次分享的大图上撕下一小块内容来,如图:\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180426144747.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180426144747.png)\n\n* 编写表单，发送POST请求\n  >提交表单\n  >面对面调试\n  >开放访问权限\n  >CSRF错误\n  >模板标签\n\n本来打算一气说下去的. 如何提交表单,再调试,开放django的访问权限,果断的遇到跨域错误,再解决掉,再把提交的内容通过特殊标签打入模板.\n\n不过为了我们可爱的雏鸟,我先把两块基础知识相关的内容说明一下吧.\n\n### 关于表单的及简说明\n表单是啥,我也说不清楚. 自我的理解就是一种网页组件,可以用来提交一些信息.比如我们最熟悉的登录页面.\n\n另外,表单元素是可以操作的,之前流行的自动登录脚本,就是对表单元素操作的结果.\n\n以下例子引自我最喜欢的w3school网站,如果人家来抗议的话,我会换成别家的.\n\n```html\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<body>\n\n<form action=\"/demo/demo_form.asp\">\nFirst name:<br>\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"firstname\" value=\"Mickey\">\n<br>\nLast name:<br>\n<input type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\" value=\" \">\n<br><br>\n<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\">\n</form>\n\n<p>如果您点击提交，表单数据会被发送到名为 demo_form.asp 的页面。</p>\n\n</body>\n</html>\n```\n演示效果如图:\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180424153117.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0426/20180424153117.png)\n从界面看,比较重要的有输入框,提交按钮等\n从代码看,还需要注意 action, 指出向何处发送表单数据\n\n### POST请求和GET\n说完表单,我们还要说一下POST和GET,这东西嘛,我尽力说明,大家有个映象就行,实在理解不了,回头边敲代码边实践就好了.\n> * HTTP协议\nHTTP使用统一资源标识符(URI)来传输数据和建立连接.\nURL: 就是网址, 包括协议,域名,端口,虚拟目录,文件名,锚及参数\n\n> * URI和URL区别\n网上的文档,图像,视频,花鸟鱼虫都有URI,URL是一种特殊的URI\n\n> * HTTP状态码\n常见的500,404等,是服务端对客户端的响应\n\n> * GET 和POST请求\nGET和POST都是客户端向服务端请求方法,请求一定的Web页面的程序或用于特定的URL.\n  两者的主要差别是GET要提交数据的话,数据是放在URL里面的,非常不安全. 比如密码会被看到.\n  POST方法提交的数据是放在HTTP包的Body中,会好很多.\n\n\nps. 以上的说明非常的不完整,仅供科普,有意深究的同学请自己查询相关资料.\n### 预告\n今天没有代码,全是基础说明,请期待下一篇.\n\n上次是一小步,这次也是一小步,但是走一步算一步,只要坚持不倒退,总会到达目标的.\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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      "title": "测试回顾 part 1 - yann学长的运维开发指南25",
      "body": "### 说明\n目前的进度及后续的课程\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/0419/lists.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/0419/lists.png)\n<!--more-->\n\n### 介绍\n截至到上节,我们的进度到了一个小节点,对于首页的基本测试完成了. 本来打算上次分享上做总结的,谁知道堆积下来篇幅比较长,就放到这一次了.\n\n具体内容如下:\n> * 总结回顾对于首页的测试\n> * 说明保存用户输入\n\n\n\n### 总结回顾对于首页的测试\n因为关于首页的测试,是本教程的第一篇测试,所以我们花点时间,把过程重新梳理一下:\n\n#### 从零开始\n> * 我们先建了个Django的项目\ndjango-admin.py startproject superlists .\n\n> * 然后建了一个应用\npython manage.py startapp lists\n\n> * 在应用里的tests文件里写了一个测试\nvi lists/tests.py\n\n> * 逐步把tests里的测试调试成功,期间修改了 urls和view文件\nvi lists/views.py\nvi superlists/urls.py\n\n> * 为视图编写了一个单元测试 HomePageTest()\nvi lists/tests.py\n\n> * 调试通过后,又为其写了一个功能测试\nvi functional_tests.py\n\n> * 证明功能测试工作正常后,我们扩充了功能测试的内容\nvi functional_tests.py\n\n> * 正进一步的测试中,我们引入了模板,并重构了代码\nvi lists/templates/home.html\n\n> * 因为测试失败,我们在settings里注册了lists应用\nvi superlists/settings.py\n\n> * 逐步把functional_tests里的测试调试成功\nvi lists/templates/home.html\n\n以上就是目前的进度,跑到了靠近底部的功能测试,却无法通过,我们最后打了个标记在上面.\n\nps. 如果大家git用的熟练,可以自己checkout 相关分支查看代码细节,如果不是很熟悉这方面的技巧,请查看我前几期分享的内容.github下载的代码显示的是最终提交结果,文件和内容可能和前期描述并不一致.\n\n### 说明保存用户输入\n下一章的内容很多,先借参考书的目录来当大纲吧,反正内容我是会自己写的:\n![http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180424142642.png](http://www.iamyann.com/images/20180424142642.png)\n\n> 需要了解表单\n> 发送POST请求\n> 处理POST请求\n> 把URL的变量传入模板\n> 了解ORM工具\n> 把POST请求传入数据库\n> 以及重定向及模板渲染等\n\n\n### 预告\n敲字真的很耗时间啊,半小时过去了. 大约就是以上的情况, 之所以做个总结 or 小结, 就是想告诉大家,我们的教程是连续的, 请放心跟随,不是东一锤西一棒子的知识百科.\n\n上次是一小步,这次也是一小步,但是走一步算一步,只要坚持不倒退,总会到达目标的.\n\n\n![http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg](http://hero.iamyann.com/blog_webchat.jpg)",
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