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      "body": "<html>\n<p><strong>PART I : THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MONEY</strong></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;I just got out of a conversation with my mom. After a few TV documentaries on cryptocurrencies, she is just full of questions. Who would not ? What is all this agitation about these 'internet currencies' as some might call it any way ? &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, there is indeed a quivering activity happening in this part of the economy world. The Bitcoin line is breaking higher roofs every month and we all are staring at how it could slice through the real economy even more. But this &nbsp;practical approach of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies is just the tip of the spear. Of course there is a lot of interest in discussing about the future of the Coin, is it going to become the next worldwide leading currency, etc ... &nbsp;</p>\n<p>But there is something even bigger lurking down there. You see, when my mom asked me if the coins were supposed to be shipped home when you buy them online, I just somehow realised how blurry and distorted is our view of the economy on a general basis. Our head is just down on the track, we don't even see the road anymore. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>The <em>CryptoCoin </em>era is very likely to bring something in its suitcase that we have not expected. Something that might question our relationship with economy and capitalism. I have the firm conviction now that the development of these new technologies are about to unveil the features and nature of a simple daily useful and yet very old tool that we have all and always taken for granted, Money. CryptoCoins are going to explain money, and they are going to explain it to the world. &nbsp;Let's just raise our head from the track for a few moment. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>I. BACKGROUND</strong></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I usually encounter material on the money topic, whether it is books, articles, University classes etc ... the beginning of the explanation is not really focused on the nature of money, but on its functions. More specifically, there is a perfect confusion that leads to the conclusion that the nature of money IS what it is used for. And even if this assumption might sound true and actually satisfying, it jumps over some traits that need to be displayed to understand what we are actually dealing with. Obviousness does not explain anything.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;We have all already heard about the different forms that Money took through the history of mandkind, from tangible goods (wheat, gold, …) to intangible concepts (dollars, euros, ...). We are aware today that Money exists in two forms : a unit of measurement and a medium of exchange. Theoretically, those two notions can exist simultaneously or separately. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Let's say for example that I need a SUV, and the buyer is proposing me to exchange with my RV. After a quick check, we come to the conclusion that the values of both those vehicles match. Here we do use a unit of measurement to compare the value of the two vehicles, but the exchange do not need the intervention of a medium such as check, bank notes or bank transfer to be fully executed. The reason is both provide to each other the good they intend to acquire. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;One conclusion here is that money is <em>always</em> an unit of measurement, but only <em>sometimes</em> it is <em>also</em> a medium of exchange. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The medium of exchange is used to split this exchange into two parts : a selling and a buying. For example, I want to sell a printer in order to acquire a new computer. A serious buyer comes up with an interesting offer. Problem is, he does not have the computer I'm looking for. Instead, he is going to give me a medium of exchange that is goint to represent the value of the sale. In this situation, Money represent at the same time the unit of measurment and the medium of exchange. A bank note for example. Now that I have settled the sale, I can go and see a vendor to acquire my computer. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;The medium of exchange is then necessary in a 3-way scheme to allow the exchange to be delayed in time. The medium of exchange <em>store</em> the value of the printer sale into bank notes for example, so those can be used <em>later</em> to acquire the computer. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;I'm not going to treat here more on this topic, but it is meaningful to notice that through History, both the unit of measurement and the medium of exchange have been dematerialized. A quick view back in time would show that we have been through using wheat (as unit and medium), to gold (as unit and medium, and then medium <em>only</em>), to dollars. Nowadays, those dollars are not even physically existing, they are just coded lines in a computer. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Even if there is an obvious difference between wheat and an imaginative concept such as dollar, what can be the common feature that makes them used and considered as Money ? How an item is defined as Money ? &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>II. IS MONEY OBVIOUS ? &nbsp;</strong></p>\n<p><strong><br>\n</strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the introduction of “Money”, John Kenneth Galbraith defines in the simplest form that Money is merely what you give in exchange of what you get. Nothing more, nothing less. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Such a definition is however tricky, because it does not reveal clearly the fundamental feature of Money, even though it is really packed in this definition. Plus, we have seen previously that an exchange can occur between two people without a medium of exchange. In this situation Money is just a scale to compare the value of the two items. If it does serve for the exchange to happen here, it is however not <em>part </em>of the exchange. &nbsp;I am aware that this little clarification do not alter what Galbraith meant here. But it gives us an even more accurate view on the fundemantals elements of the definition of Money. Indeed, whether it serves only the exchange or it is part of it, in both cases <strong>Money needs an exchange to exist</strong>. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Money does not exist without a group of individuals structured with peculiar relationships and exchange flows. It necessarily pops out of a social group. I think it is safe to say that Robinson Crusoe did not have to bother with bank notes and bank accounts. However, if a social group is a requirement for Money to exist, it is not sufficient. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;What is not developed and displayed properly in the Galbraith's definition, is that exchange (actually some kind of exchange) implies Justice. And this is what it is, <strong>Money is an instrument of Justice in a social group</strong>. 'I give you this merchandise, but you <em>owe </em>me this merchandise or this amount of money in exchange'. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;As a conclusion, we could establish here that Money represents the reciprocity aspect in a exchange between two individuals within a social group. Of course, not all the exchanges are impacted with such reciprocity. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;In my next article, I will discuss the kind of exchanges that generates the necessity to use Money for reciprocity and Justice purposes. We will see that there are actually different zones in our social organization where Money do not have the same impact. We will see then that Money, given the social environment, is not something as obvious as it seems to be.&nbsp;</p>\n</html>",
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      "body": "<html>\n<p><strong>PART I : THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MONEY</strong></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;I just got out of a conversation with my mom. After a few TV documentaries on cryptocurrencies, she is just full of questions. Who would not ? What is all this agitation about these 'internet currencies' as some might call it any way ? &nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Well, there is indeed a quivering activity happening in this part of the economy world. The Bitcoin line is breaking higher roofs every month and we all are staring at how it could slice through the real economy even more. But this &nbsp;practical approach of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies is just the tip of the spear. Of course there is a lot of interest in discussing about the future of the Coin, is it going to become the next worldwide leading currency, etc ... &nbsp;</p>\n<p>But there is something even bigger lurking down there. You see, when my mom asked me if the coins were supposed to be shipped home when you buy them online, I just somehow realised how blurry and distorted is our view of the economy on a general basis. Our head is just down on the track, we don't even see the road anymore. &nbsp;</p>\n<p>The <em>CryptoCoin </em>era is very likely to bring something in its suitcase that we have not expected. Something that might question our relationship with economy and capitalism. I have the firm conviction now that the development of these new technologies are about to unveil the features and nature of a simple daily useful and yet very old tool that we have all and always taken for granted, Money. CryptoCoins are going to explain money, and they are going to explain it to the world. &nbsp;Let's just raise our head from the track for a few moment. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>I. BACKGROUND</strong></p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;When I usually encounter material on the money topic, whether it is books, articles, University classes etc ... the beginning of the explanation is not really focused on the nature of money, but on its functions. More specifically, there is a perfect confusion that leads to the conclusion that the nature of money IS what it is used for. And even if this assumption might sound true and actually satisfying, it jumps over some traits that need to be displayed to understand what we are actually dealing with. Obviousness does not explain anything.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;We have all already heard about the different forms that Money took through the history of mandkind, from tangible goods (wheat, gold, …) to intangible concepts (dollars, euros, ...). We are aware today that Money exists in two forms : a unit of measurement and a medium of exchange. Theoretically, those two notions can exist simultaneously or separately. &nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;Let's say for example that I need a SUV, and the buyer is proposing me to exchange with my RV. After a quick check, we come to the conclusion that the values of both those vehicles match. Here we do use a unit of measurement to compare the value of the two vehicles, but the exchange do not need the intervention of a medium such as check, bank notes or bank transfer to be fully executed. The reason is both provide to each other the good they intend to acquire. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;One conclusion here is that money is <em>always</em> an unit of measurement, but only <em>sometimes</em> it is <em>also</em> a medium of exchange. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;The medium of exchange is used to split this exchange into two parts : a selling and a buying. For example, I want to sell a printer in order to acquire a new computer. A serious buyer comes up with an interesting offer. Problem is, he does not have the computer I'm looking for. Instead, he is going to give me a medium of exchange that is goint to represent the value of the sale. In this situation, Money represent at the same time the unit of measurment and the medium of exchange. A bank note for example. Now that I have settled the sale, I can go and see a vendor to acquire my computer. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;The medium of exchange is then necessary in a 3-way scheme to allow the exchange to be delayed in time. The medium of exchange <em>store</em> the value of the printer sale into bank notes for example, so those can be used <em>later</em> to acquire the computer. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;I'm not going to treat here more on this topic, but it is meaningful to notice that through History, both the unit of measurement and the medium of exchange have been dematerialized. A quick view back in time would show that we have been through using wheat (as unit and medium), to gold (as unit and medium, and then medium <em>only</em>), to dollars. Nowadays, those dollars are not even physically existing, they are just coded lines in a computer. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;Even if there is an obvious difference between wheat and an imaginative concept such as dollar, what can be the common feature that makes them used and considered as Money ? How an item is defined as Money ? &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n<p><strong>II. IS MONEY OBVIOUS ? &nbsp;</strong></p>\n<p><strong><br>\n</strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;In the introduction of “Money”, John Kenneth Galbraith defines in the simplest form that Money is merely what you give in exchange of what you get. Nothing more, nothing less. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;Such a definition is however tricky, because it does not reveal clearly the fundamental feature of Money, even though it is really packed in this definition. Plus, we have seen previously that an exchange can occur between two people without a medium of exchange. In this situation Money is just a scale to compare the value of the two items. If it does serve for the exchange to happen here, it is however not <em>part </em>of the exchange. &nbsp;I am aware that this little clarification do not alter what Galbraith meant here. But it gives us an even more accurate view on the fundemantals elements of the definition of Money. Indeed, whether it serves only the exchange or it is part of it, in both cases <strong>Money needs an exchange to exist</strong>. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;Money does not exist without a group of individuals structured with peculiar relationships and exchange flows. It necessarily pops out of a social group. I think it is safe to say that Robinson Crusoe did not have to bother with bank notes and bank accounts. However, if a social group is a requirement for Money to exist, it is not sufficient. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;What is not developed and displayed properly in the Galbraith's definition, is that exchange (actually some kind of exchange) implies Justice. And this is what it is, <strong>Money is an instrument of Justice in a social group</strong>. 'I give you this merchandise, but you <em>owe </em>me this merchandise or this amount of money in exchange'. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;As a conclusion, we could establish here that Money represents the reciprocity aspect in a exchange between two individuals within a social group. Of course, not all the exchanges are impacted with such reciprocity. &nbsp;</p>\n<p><br>\n &nbsp;&nbsp;In my next article, I will discuss the kind of exchanges that generates the necessity to use Money for reciprocity and Justice purposes. We will see that there are actually different zones in our social organization where Money do not have the same impact. We will see then that Money, given the social environment, is not something as obvious as it seems to be.&nbsp;</p>\n<p><br></p>\n</html>",
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