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      "body": "Congratulations @usmanutmanzai! You received a personal award!\n\n<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/70x70/http://steemitboard.com/@usmanutmanzai/birthday2.png</td><td>Happy Birthday! - You are on the Steem blockchain for 2 years!</td></tr></table>\n\n<sub>_You can view [your badges on your Steem Board](https://steemitboard.com/@usmanutmanzai) and compare to others on the [Steem Ranking](https://steemitboard.com/ranking/index.php?name=usmanutmanzai)_</sub>\n\n\n###### [Vote for @Steemitboard as a witness](https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/account-witness-vote?witness=steemitboard&approve=1) to get one more award and increased upvotes!",
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      "body": "![235011.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ9MVwosSLxHaWUvW2XYXNuYZpvEoMXWJ6rHFmMEBb9iZ/235011.jpg)<h1>Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nAn Artificial Sweetener is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Those that are not produced by nature are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. \n\nArtificial Sweeteners are high-intensity sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible.\n\nBy offering the taste of sweetness without any calories, artificial sweeteners seem like they could be one answer to effective weight loss. The average 12-ounce can of sugar-sweetened soda delivers about 150 calories, almost all of them from sugar. The same amount of diet soda—zero calories. The choice seems like a no-brainer.\n\nArtificial sweeteners are widely used in processed foods, including baked goods, soft drinks, powdered drink mixes, candy, puddings, canned foods, jams and jellies, dairy products, and scores of other foods and beverages.\n\n\n<h1>Why To Use Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n![obesity-statistics.gif](https://steemitimages.com/DQmS9yiEzHdxbjzsj9yahKUAcspmkZ77S5ucteqo9Rt2YUh/obesity-statistics.gif)\nWith obesity rates among Americans at an all-time high, many people may think they have to give up sweets in order to lose weight. But there’s good news if you love sweets: Low-calorie sweeteners offer a way to reduce calories in sweet foods and beverages, which may help you lose or maintain your weight. They also offer a way for people with diabetes to decrease their carbohydrate intake.\n\nThe American Heart Association (AHA) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) have given a cautious nod to the use of artificial sweeteners in place of sugar to combat obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, all risk factors for heart disease.\n\n<h3>Possible Health Benefits:</h3>One benefit of artificial sweeteners is that they don't contribute to tooth decay and cavities. They may also help with the following:\n\n<h5>Weight control.</h5>One of the most appealing aspects of artificial sweeteners is that they are non-nutritive — they have virtually no calories. In contrast, each gram of regular table sugar contains 4 calories. A teaspoon of sugar is about 4 grams. For perspective, consider that one 12-ounce can of a sweetened cola contains 10 teaspoons of added sugar, or about 150 calories. If you're trying to lose weight or prevent weight gain, products sweetened with artificial sweeteners, rather than with higher calorie table sugar, may be an attractive option. On the other hand, some research has suggested that consuming artificial sweeteners may be associated with increased weight, but the cause is not yet known.\n<h5>Diabetes.</h5>Artificial sweeteners may be a good alternative to sugar if you have diabetes. Unlike sugar, artificial sweeteners generally don't raise blood sugar levels because they are not carbohydrates. But because of concerns about how sugar substitutes are labeled and categorized, always check with your doctor or dietitian about using any sugar substitutes if you have diabetes.\n\n<h1>Functioning Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n\nThe degree of sweetness we taste depends on how well the receptors in our tongue interact with the molecules. The stronger the interaction, the sweeter we perceive the taste.\nTaste scientists at a company called Senomyx have identified the taste bud receptor that is responsible for finding what we consider \"sweet.\" Sugar and artificial sweeteners bind to this receptor, creating the sweet sensation that we get when we eat them. The receptors are found on the surfaces of cells all over the tongue and inside the mouth. They send messages to the brain to tell it that we're eating something sweet.\nArtificial sweeteners are compounds that have been found to elicit the same (or a similar) \"sweet\" flavor we get from sugars. Some are low-calorie because they are so much sweeter than sugar that only a tiny amount is needed. For instance Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sugar.\nOn the other hand most of Artificial Sweeteners are NOT Digested by the body. They simply pass through our digestive system without being absorbed.\nThese all functions contributes to LOW CALORIES.\n\n<h1>Different Types Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nThere are Five Artificial Sweeteners that have been approved for use in U.S. The others are:\n\n<h5>Sucralose</h5><h5>Aspartame</h5><h5>Neotame</h5><h5>Saccharin</h5><h5>Acesulfame potassium</h5>\n\n<h1>Are Artificial Sweeteners Safe?:</h1>\nThe topic of sugar substitutes can be confusing. One problem is that the terminology is often open to interpretation. For instance, some manufacturers call their sweeteners \"natural\" even though they're processed or refined, as is the case with stevia(Plant) preparations. And some artificial sweeteners are derived from naturally occurring substances — sucralose comes from sugar.\n\nMost of the Artificial Sweeteners have always been considered to be biologically inert, meaning it passes through the human body untouched. However, a recent article posted to the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health noted that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized, meaning that it is not entirely inert.\n\nArtificial sweeteners have been scrutinized intensely for decades. Critics of artificial sweeteners say that they cause a variety of health problems, including cancer. That's largely because of studies dating to the 1970s that linked saccharin to bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Because of those studies, saccharin once carried a warning label that it may be hazardous to your health.\nBut according to the National Cancer Institute and other health agencies, there's no sound scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved for use in the U.S. cause cancer or other serious health problems. And numerous research studies confirm that artificial sweeteners are generally safe in limited quantities, even for pregnant women. As a result of the newer studies, the warning label for saccharin was dropped.\nIn addition to cancer, thousands of Web sites and forums have information on other dangers and side effects associated with aspartame, sucralose, and other artificial sweeteners. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, nervous disorders and other health problems have been blamed on them. Aspartame is getting most of the criticism, but sucralose is also under scrutiny.\n\nThere are other interactions that medical researchers are currently investigating; for instance, ingested sucralose has been linked to altered intestinal microbe levels in mice; and it is believed that cooking with sucralose may produce toxic compounds called chloropropanols.\nHuman and rodent studies also indicate that sucralose might alter glucose and insulin levels in the blood. More research is needed to confirm these findings, but this challenges the idea that the compound is inert.\n\nRecent research, published in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, suggests that Splenda may play a role in certain cancers.\n\nThe researchers fed mice various levels of sucralose and noted any effects the sweetener had across their lifespan.\n\nOverall, the team noted an increase in malignant cancers as their intake of sucralose increased. Specifically, the researchers found a higher incidence of leukemia in male mice associated with sucralose intake.\n\nThe teams' findings go against the known data on sucralose up until this point; they note that, due to the popularity of Splenda, follow-up studies should be seen as urgent. Human studies will be necessary to establish the connection, if any, between cancer and sucralose.\n\nLargely due to this study, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) recently downgraded the safety rating of sucralose for a second time, from \"caution\" to \"avoid.\" However, Michael F. Jacobsen, the president of CSPI noted that:\n\n<h4>\"The risk posed by over-consumption of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, particularly from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages, of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, far outweighs the cancer risk posed by sucralose and most other artificial sweeteners.\"</h4>\n\nArtificial sweeteners are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food additives. They must be reviewed and approved by the FDA before being made available for sale.\n\nIn some cases, the FDA declares a substance \"generally recognized as safe\" (GRAS). These GRAS substances, including highly refined stevia preparations, are deemed by qualified professionals based on scientific data as being safe for their intended use, or they have such a lengthy history of common use in food that they're considered generally safe and don't require FDA approval before sale.\n\nThe FDA has also established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each artificial sweetener. This is the maximum amount considered safe to consume each day over the course of your lifetime. ADIs are intended to be about 100 times less than the smallest amount that might cause health concerns.\n<h2>What’s your definition of safe?</h2>\nWhether non-nutritive sweeteners are safe depends on your definition of safe. Studies leading to FDA approval have ruled out cancer risk, for the most part. However, those studies were done using far smaller amounts of diet soda than the 24 ounces a day consumed by many people who drink diet soda. We really don’t know what effect large amounts of these chemicals will have over many years.\n\nAnd there are other health concerns beside cancer. In the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, daily consumption of diet drinks was associated with a 36% greater risk for metabolic syndrome and a 67% increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Aren’t these diseases that artificial sweeteners may help prevent in the first place?\n\nMOST OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS BLOG IS COLLECTED FROM FOLLOWING ARTICLES AND WEBSITES:\nhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030\nhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/artificial-sweeteners/art-20046936\nhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php\nhttps://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/artificial-sweetener3.htm\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute",
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      "title": "WEIGHT LOSS By Using Artificial Sweeteners.(Are They SAFE Enough?!)",
      "body": "<center><a href='https://d.tube/#!/v/usmanutmanzai/orhvvww3'><img src='https://ipfs.io/ipfs/Qmbb4FdPzuBaGwbzqnkKFEdzYwxjLJErVL9tdHKNYtDdm5'></a></center><hr>\n\n<h1>Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nAn Artificial Sweetener is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Those that are not produced by nature are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. \n\nArtificial Sweeteners are high-intensity sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible.\n\nBy offering the taste of sweetness without any calories, artificial sweeteners seem like they could be one answer to effective weight loss. The average 12-ounce can of sugar-sweetened soda delivers about 150 calories, almost all of them from sugar. The same amount of diet soda—zero calories. The choice seems like a no-brainer.\n\nArtificial sweeteners are widely used in processed foods, including baked goods, soft drinks, powdered drink mixes, candy, puddings, canned foods, jams and jellies, dairy products, and scores of other foods and beverages.\n\n\n<h1>Why To Use Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n\nWith obesity rates among Americans at an all-time high, many people may think they have to give up sweets in order to lose weight. But there’s good news if you love sweets: Low-calorie sweeteners offer a way to reduce calories in sweet foods and beverages, which may help you lose or maintain your weight. They also offer a way for people with diabetes to decrease their carbohydrate intake.\n\nThe American Heart Association (AHA) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) have given a cautious nod to the use of artificial sweeteners in place of sugar to combat obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, all risk factors for heart disease.\n\n<h3>Possible Health Benefits:</h3>One benefit of artificial sweeteners is that they don't contribute to tooth decay and cavities. They may also help with the following:\n\n<h5>Weight control.</h5>One of the most appealing aspects of artificial sweeteners is that they are non-nutritive — they have virtually no calories. In contrast, each gram of regular table sugar contains 4 calories. A teaspoon of sugar is about 4 grams. For perspective, consider that one 12-ounce can of a sweetened cola contains 10 teaspoons of added sugar, or about 150 calories. If you're trying to lose weight or prevent weight gain, products sweetened with artificial sweeteners, rather than with higher calorie table sugar, may be an attractive option. On the other hand, some research has suggested that consuming artificial sweeteners may be associated with increased weight, but the cause is not yet known.\n<h5>Diabetes.</h5>Artificial sweeteners may be a good alternative to sugar if you have diabetes. Unlike sugar, artificial sweeteners generally don't raise blood sugar levels because they are not carbohydrates. But because of concerns about how sugar substitutes are labeled and categorized, always check with your doctor or dietitian about using any sugar substitutes if you have diabetes.\n\n<h1>Functioning Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n\nThe degree of sweetness we taste depends on how well the receptors in our tongue interact with the molecules. The stronger the interaction, the sweeter we perceive the taste.\nTaste scientists at a company called Senomyx have identified the taste bud receptor that is responsible for finding what we consider \"sweet.\" Sugar and artificial sweeteners bind to this receptor, creating the sweet sensation that we get when we eat them. The receptors are found on the surfaces of cells all over the tongue and inside the mouth. They send messages to the brain to tell it that we're eating something sweet.\nArtificial sweeteners are compounds that have been found to elicit the same (or a similar) \"sweet\" flavor we get from sugars. Some are low-calorie because they are so much sweeter than sugar that only a tiny amount is needed. For instance Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sugar.\nOn the other hand most of Artificial Sweeteners are NOT Digested by the body. They simply pass through our digestive system without being absorbed.\nThese all functions contributes to LOW CALORIES.\n\n<h1>Different Types Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nThere are Five Artificial Sweeteners that have been approved for use in U.S. The others are:\n\n<h5>Sucralose</h5><h5>Aspartame</h5><h5>Neotame</h5><h5>Saccharin</h5><h5>Acesulfame potassium</h5>\n\n<h1>Are Artificial Sweeteners Safe?:</h1>\nThe topic of sugar substitutes can be confusing. One problem is that the terminology is often open to interpretation. For instance, some manufacturers call their sweeteners \"natural\" even though they're processed or refined, as is the case with stevia(Plant) preparations. And some artificial sweeteners are derived from naturally occurring substances — sucralose comes from sugar.\n\nMost of the Artificial Sweeteners have always been considered to be biologically inert, meaning it passes through the human body untouched. However, a recent article posted to the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health noted that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized, meaning that it is not entirely inert.\n\nArtificial sweeteners have been scrutinized intensely for decades. Critics of artificial sweeteners say that they cause a variety of health problems, including cancer. That's largely because of studies dating to the 1970s that linked saccharin to bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Because of those studies, saccharin once carried a warning label that it may be hazardous to your health.\nBut according to the National Cancer Institute and other health agencies, there's no sound scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved for use in the U.S. cause cancer or other serious health problems. And numerous research studies confirm that artificial sweeteners are generally safe in limited quantities, even for pregnant women. As a result of the newer studies, the warning label for saccharin was dropped.\nIn addition to cancer, thousands of Web sites and forums have information on other dangers and side effects associated with aspartame, sucralose, and other artificial sweeteners. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, nervous disorders and other health problems have been blamed on them. Aspartame is getting most of the criticism, but sucralose is also under scrutiny.\n\nThere are other interactions that medical researchers are currently investigating; for instance, ingested sucralose has been linked to altered intestinal microbe levels in mice; and it is believed that cooking with sucralose may produce toxic compounds called chloropropanols.\nHuman and rodent studies also indicate that sucralose might alter glucose and insulin levels in the blood. More research is needed to confirm these findings, but this challenges the idea that the compound is inert.\n\nRecent research, published in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, suggests that Splenda may play a role in certain cancers.\n\nThe researchers fed mice various levels of sucralose and noted any effects the sweetener had across their lifespan.\n\nOverall, the team noted an increase in malignant cancers as their intake of sucralose increased. Specifically, the researchers found a higher incidence of leukemia in male mice associated with sucralose intake.\n\nThe teams' findings go against the known data on sucralose up until this point; they note that, due to the popularity of Splenda, follow-up studies should be seen as urgent. Human studies will be necessary to establish the connection, if any, between cancer and sucralose.\n\nLargely due to this study, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) recently downgraded the safety rating of sucralose for a second time, from \"caution\" to \"avoid.\" However, Michael F. Jacobsen, the president of CSPI noted that:\n\n<h4>\"The risk posed by over-consumption of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, particularly from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages, of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, far outweighs the cancer risk posed by sucralose and most other artificial sweeteners.\"</h4>\n\nArtificial sweeteners are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food additives. They must be reviewed and approved by the FDA before being made available for sale.\n\nIn some cases, the FDA declares a substance \"generally recognized as safe\" (GRAS). These GRAS substances, including highly refined stevia preparations, are deemed by qualified professionals based on scientific data as being safe for their intended use, or they have such a lengthy history of common use in food that they're considered generally safe and don't require FDA approval before sale.\n\nThe FDA has also established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each artificial sweetener. This is the maximum amount considered safe to consume each day over the course of your lifetime. ADIs are intended to be about 100 times less than the smallest amount that might cause health concerns.\n<h2>What’s your definition of safe?</h2>\nWhether non-nutritive sweeteners are safe depends on your definition of safe. Studies leading to FDA approval have ruled out cancer risk, for the most part. However, those studies were done using far smaller amounts of diet soda than the 24 ounces a day consumed by many people who drink diet soda. We really don’t know what effect large amounts of these chemicals will have over many years.\n\nAnd there are other health concerns beside cancer. In the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, daily consumption of diet drinks was associated with a 36% greater risk for metabolic syndrome and a 67% increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Aren’t these diseases that artificial sweeteners may help prevent in the first place?\n\nMOST OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS BLOG IS COLLECTED FROM FOLLOWING ARTICLES AND WEBSITES:\nhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030\nhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/artificial-sweeteners/art-20046936\nhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php\nhttps://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/artificial-sweetener3.htm\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute\n\n<hr><a href='https://d.tube/#!/v/usmanutmanzai/orhvvww3'> ▶️ DTube</a><br /><a href='https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmZf1Fcz7t7o59oB2kMfmmFXBgcQ4aBS6owcd2ng5vPUU1'> ▶️ IPFS</a>",
      "json_metadata": "{\"video\":{\"info\":{\"title\":\"WEIGHT LOSS By Using Artificial Sweeteners.(Are They SAFE Enough?!)\",\"snaphash\":\"QmTvcpZ1LvsE6Daxagh896eZTYJfoMxJdhB8Newe2eU9Nb\",\"author\":\"usmanutmanzai\",\"permlink\":\"orhvvww3\",\"duration\":210.349569,\"filesize\":30045298,\"spritehash\":\"QmeEKKMbAafKCmKYZVN7bHghrywrP8up8tBDNkBEddN3je\"},\"content\":{\"videohash\":\"QmZf1Fcz7t7o59oB2kMfmmFXBgcQ4aBS6owcd2ng5vPUU1\",\"video480hash\":\"QmXp71wehxKqGdv19BrJ49MCeTKMVge9CuaaJEvxHnNp6w\",\"magnet\":\"\",\"description\":\"<h1>Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\\nAn Artificial Sweetener is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Those that are not produced by nature are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. \\n\\nArtificial Sweeteners are high-intensity sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible.\\n\\nBy offering the taste of sweetness without any calories, artificial sweeteners seem like they could be one answer to effective weight loss. The average 12-ounce can of sugar-sweetened soda delivers about 150 calories, almost all of them from sugar. The same amount of diet soda—zero calories. The choice seems like a no-brainer.\\n\\nArtificial sweeteners are widely used in processed foods, including baked goods, soft drinks, powdered drink mixes, candy, puddings, canned foods, jams and jellies, dairy products, and scores of other foods and beverages.\\n\\n\\n<h1>Why To Use Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\\n\\nWith obesity rates among Americans at an all-time high, many people may think they have to give up sweets in order to lose weight. But there’s good news if you love sweets: Low-calorie sweeteners offer a way to reduce calories in sweet foods and beverages, which may help you lose or maintain your weight. They also offer a way for people with diabetes to decrease their carbohydrate intake.\\n\\nThe American Heart Association (AHA) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) have given a cautious nod to the use of artificial sweeteners in place of sugar to combat obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, all risk factors for heart disease.\\n\\n<h3>Possible Health Benefits:</h3>One benefit of artificial sweeteners is that they don't contribute to tooth decay and cavities. They may also help with the following:\\n\\n<h5>Weight control.</h5>One of the most appealing aspects of artificial sweeteners is that they are non-nutritive — they have virtually no calories. In contrast, each gram of regular table sugar contains 4 calories. A teaspoon of sugar is about 4 grams. For perspective, consider that one 12-ounce can of a sweetened cola contains 10 teaspoons of added sugar, or about 150 calories. If you're trying to lose weight or prevent weight gain, products sweetened with artificial sweeteners, rather than with higher calorie table sugar, may be an attractive option. On the other hand, some research has suggested that consuming artificial sweeteners may be associated with increased weight, but the cause is not yet known.\\n<h5>Diabetes.</h5>Artificial sweeteners may be a good alternative to sugar if you have diabetes. Unlike sugar, artificial sweeteners generally don't raise blood sugar levels because they are not carbohydrates. But because of concerns about how sugar substitutes are labeled and categorized, always check with your doctor or dietitian about using any sugar substitutes if you have diabetes.\\n\\n<h1>Functioning Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\\n\\nThe degree of sweetness we taste depends on how well the receptors in our tongue interact with the molecules. The stronger the interaction, the sweeter we perceive the taste.\\nTaste scientists at a company called Senomyx have identified the taste bud receptor that is responsible for finding what we consider \\\"sweet.\\\" Sugar and artificial sweeteners bind to this receptor, creating the sweet sensation that we get when we eat them. The receptors are found on the surfaces of cells all over the tongue and inside the mouth. They send messages to the brain to tell it that we're eating something sweet.\\nArtificial sweeteners are compounds that have been found to elicit the same (or a similar) \\\"sweet\\\" flavor we get from sugars. Some are low-calorie because they are so much sweeter than sugar that only a tiny amount is needed. For instance Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sugar.\\nOn the other hand most of Artificial Sweeteners are NOT Digested by the body. They simply pass through our digestive system without being absorbed.\\nThese all functions contributes to LOW CALORIES.\\n\\n<h1>Different Types Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\\nThere are Five Artificial Sweeteners that have been approved for use in U.S. The others are:\\n\\n<h5>Sucralose</h5><h5>Aspartame</h5><h5>Neotame</h5><h5>Saccharin</h5><h5>Acesulfame potassium</h5>\\n\\n<h1>Are Artificial Sweeteners Safe?:</h1>\\nThe topic of sugar substitutes can be confusing. One problem is that the terminology is often open to interpretation. For instance, some manufacturers call their sweeteners \\\"natural\\\" even though they're processed or refined, as is the case with stevia(Plant) preparations. And some artificial sweeteners are derived from naturally occurring substances — sucralose comes from sugar.\\n\\nMost of the Artificial Sweeteners have always been considered to be biologically inert, meaning it passes through the human body untouched. However, a recent article posted to the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health noted that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized, meaning that it is not entirely inert.\\n\\nArtificial sweeteners have been scrutinized intensely for decades. Critics of artificial sweeteners say that they cause a variety of health problems, including cancer. That's largely because of studies dating to the 1970s that linked saccharin to bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Because of those studies, saccharin once carried a warning label that it may be hazardous to your health.\\nBut according to the National Cancer Institute and other health agencies, there's no sound scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved for use in the U.S. cause cancer or other serious health problems. And numerous research studies confirm that artificial sweeteners are generally safe in limited quantities, even for pregnant women. As a result of the newer studies, the warning label for saccharin was dropped.\\nIn addition to cancer, thousands of Web sites and forums have information on other dangers and side effects associated with aspartame, sucralose, and other artificial sweeteners. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, nervous disorders and other health problems have been blamed on them. Aspartame is getting most of the criticism, but sucralose is also under scrutiny.\\n\\nThere are other interactions that medical researchers are currently investigating; for instance, ingested sucralose has been linked to altered intestinal microbe levels in mice; and it is believed that cooking with sucralose may produce toxic compounds called chloropropanols.\\nHuman and rodent studies also indicate that sucralose might alter glucose and insulin levels in the blood. More research is needed to confirm these findings, but this challenges the idea that the compound is inert.\\n\\nRecent research, published in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, suggests that Splenda may play a role in certain cancers.\\n\\nThe researchers fed mice various levels of sucralose and noted any effects the sweetener had across their lifespan.\\n\\nOverall, the team noted an increase in malignant cancers as their intake of sucralose increased. Specifically, the researchers found a higher incidence of leukemia in male mice associated with sucralose intake.\\n\\nThe teams' findings go against the known data on sucralose up until this point; they note that, due to the popularity of Splenda, follow-up studies should be seen as urgent. Human studies will be necessary to establish the connection, if any, between cancer and sucralose.\\n\\nLargely due to this study, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) recently downgraded the safety rating of sucralose for a second time, from \\\"caution\\\" to \\\"avoid.\\\" However, Michael F. Jacobsen, the president of CSPI noted that:\\n\\n<h4>\\\"The risk posed by over-consumption of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, particularly from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages, of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, far outweighs the cancer risk posed by sucralose and most other artificial sweeteners.\\\"</h4>\\n\\nArtificial sweeteners are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food additives. They must be reviewed and approved by the FDA before being made available for sale.\\n\\nIn some cases, the FDA declares a substance \\\"generally recognized as safe\\\" (GRAS). These GRAS substances, including highly refined stevia preparations, are deemed by qualified professionals based on scientific data as being safe for their intended use, or they have such a lengthy history of common use in food that they're considered generally safe and don't require FDA approval before sale.\\n\\nThe FDA has also established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each artificial sweetener. This is the maximum amount considered safe to consume each day over the course of your lifetime. ADIs are intended to be about 100 times less than the smallest amount that might cause health concerns.\\n<h2>What’s your definition of safe?</h2>\\nWhether non-nutritive sweeteners are safe depends on your definition of safe. Studies leading to FDA approval have ruled out cancer risk, for the most part. However, those studies were done using far smaller amounts of diet soda than the 24 ounces a day consumed by many people who drink diet soda. 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Aren’t these diseases that artificial sweeteners may help prevent in the first place?\\n\\nMOST OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS BLOG IS COLLECTED FROM FOLLOWING ARTICLES AND WEBSITES:\\nhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030\\nhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/artificial-sweeteners/art-20046936\\nhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php\\nhttps://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/artificial-sweetener3.htm\\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute\",\"tags\":[\"health\",\"weightloss\",\"food\",\"medical\"]},\"_id\":\"44017fa7e066b3f349eacbed0b9ea78d\"},\"tags\":[\"health\",\"weightloss\",\"food\",\"medical\",\"dtube\"],\"app\":\"dtube/0.6\"}"
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      "body": "![235011.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmZ9MVwosSLxHaWUvW2XYXNuYZpvEoMXWJ6rHFmMEBb9iZ/235011.jpg)<h1>Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nAn Artificial Sweetener is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Those that are not produced by nature are, in general, called artificial sweeteners. \n\nArtificial Sweeteners are high-intensity sweeteners. These are compounds with many times the sweetness of sucrose, common table sugar. As a result, much less sweetener is required and energy contribution is often negligible.\n\nBy offering the taste of sweetness without any calories, artificial sweeteners seem like they could be one answer to effective weight loss. The average 12-ounce can of sugar-sweetened soda delivers about 150 calories, almost all of them from sugar. The same amount of diet soda—zero calories. The choice seems like a no-brainer.\n\nArtificial sweeteners are widely used in processed foods, including baked goods, soft drinks, powdered drink mixes, candy, puddings, canned foods, jams and jellies, dairy products, and scores of other foods and beverages.\n\n\n<h1>Why To Use Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n![obesity-statistics.gif](https://steemitimages.com/DQmS9yiEzHdxbjzsj9yahKUAcspmkZ77S5ucteqo9Rt2YUh/obesity-statistics.gif)\nWith obesity rates among Americans at an all-time high, many people may think they have to give up sweets in order to lose weight. But there’s good news if you love sweets: Low-calorie sweeteners offer a way to reduce calories in sweet foods and beverages, which may help you lose or maintain your weight. They also offer a way for people with diabetes to decrease their carbohydrate intake.\n\nThe American Heart Association (AHA) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) have given a cautious nod to the use of artificial sweeteners in place of sugar to combat obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, all risk factors for heart disease.\n\n<h3>Possible Health Benefits:</h3>One benefit of artificial sweeteners is that they don't contribute to tooth decay and cavities. They may also help with the following:\n\n<h5>Weight control.</h5>One of the most appealing aspects of artificial sweeteners is that they are non-nutritive — they have virtually no calories. In contrast, each gram of regular table sugar contains 4 calories. A teaspoon of sugar is about 4 grams. For perspective, consider that one 12-ounce can of a sweetened cola contains 10 teaspoons of added sugar, or about 150 calories. If you're trying to lose weight or prevent weight gain, products sweetened with artificial sweeteners, rather than with higher calorie table sugar, may be an attractive option. On the other hand, some research has suggested that consuming artificial sweeteners may be associated with increased weight, but the cause is not yet known.\n<h5>Diabetes.</h5>Artificial sweeteners may be a good alternative to sugar if you have diabetes. Unlike sugar, artificial sweeteners generally don't raise blood sugar levels because they are not carbohydrates. But because of concerns about how sugar substitutes are labeled and categorized, always check with your doctor or dietitian about using any sugar substitutes if you have diabetes.\n\n<h1>Functioning Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\n\nThe degree of sweetness we taste depends on how well the receptors in our tongue interact with the molecules. The stronger the interaction, the sweeter we perceive the taste.\nTaste scientists at a company called Senomyx have identified the taste bud receptor that is responsible for finding what we consider \"sweet.\" Sugar and artificial sweeteners bind to this receptor, creating the sweet sensation that we get when we eat them. The receptors are found on the surfaces of cells all over the tongue and inside the mouth. They send messages to the brain to tell it that we're eating something sweet.\nArtificial sweeteners are compounds that have been found to elicit the same (or a similar) \"sweet\" flavor we get from sugars. Some are low-calorie because they are so much sweeter than sugar that only a tiny amount is needed. For instance Sucralose is approximately 600 times as sweet as sugar.\nOn the other hand most of Artificial Sweeteners are NOT Digested by the body. They simply pass through our digestive system without being absorbed.\nThese all functions contributes to LOW CALORIES.\n\n<h1>Different Types Of Artificial Sweeteners:</h1>\nThere are Five Artificial Sweeteners that have been approved for use in U.S. The others are:\n\n<h5>Sucralose</h5><h5>Aspartame</h5><h5>Neotame</h5><h5>Saccharin</h5><h5>Acesulfame potassium</h5>\n\n<h1>Are Artificial Sweeteners Safe?:</h1>\nThe topic of sugar substitutes can be confusing. One problem is that the terminology is often open to interpretation. For instance, some manufacturers call their sweeteners \"natural\" even though they're processed or refined, as is the case with stevia(Plant) preparations. And some artificial sweeteners are derived from naturally occurring substances — sucralose comes from sugar.\n\nMost of the Artificial Sweeteners have always been considered to be biologically inert, meaning it passes through the human body untouched. However, a recent article posted to the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health noted that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized, meaning that it is not entirely inert.\n\nArtificial sweeteners have been scrutinized intensely for decades. Critics of artificial sweeteners say that they cause a variety of health problems, including cancer. That's largely because of studies dating to the 1970s that linked saccharin to bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Because of those studies, saccharin once carried a warning label that it may be hazardous to your health.\nBut according to the National Cancer Institute and other health agencies, there's no sound scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved for use in the U.S. cause cancer or other serious health problems. And numerous research studies confirm that artificial sweeteners are generally safe in limited quantities, even for pregnant women. As a result of the newer studies, the warning label for saccharin was dropped.\nIn addition to cancer, thousands of Web sites and forums have information on other dangers and side effects associated with aspartame, sucralose, and other artificial sweeteners. Multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumors, nervous disorders and other health problems have been blamed on them. Aspartame is getting most of the criticism, but sucralose is also under scrutiny.\n\nThere are other interactions that medical researchers are currently investigating; for instance, ingested sucralose has been linked to altered intestinal microbe levels in mice; and it is believed that cooking with sucralose may produce toxic compounds called chloropropanols.\nHuman and rodent studies also indicate that sucralose might alter glucose and insulin levels in the blood. More research is needed to confirm these findings, but this challenges the idea that the compound is inert.\n\nRecent research, published in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, suggests that Splenda may play a role in certain cancers.\n\nThe researchers fed mice various levels of sucralose and noted any effects the sweetener had across their lifespan.\n\nOverall, the team noted an increase in malignant cancers as their intake of sucralose increased. Specifically, the researchers found a higher incidence of leukemia in male mice associated with sucralose intake.\n\nThe teams' findings go against the known data on sucralose up until this point; they note that, due to the popularity of Splenda, follow-up studies should be seen as urgent. Human studies will be necessary to establish the connection, if any, between cancer and sucralose.\n\nLargely due to this study, the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) recently downgraded the safety rating of sucralose for a second time, from \"caution\" to \"avoid.\" However, Michael F. Jacobsen, the president of CSPI noted that:\n\n<h4>\"The risk posed by over-consumption of sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, particularly from soda and other sugar-sweetened beverages, of diabetes, heart disease, and obesity, far outweighs the cancer risk posed by sucralose and most other artificial sweeteners.\"</h4>\n\nArtificial sweeteners are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as food additives. They must be reviewed and approved by the FDA before being made available for sale.\n\nIn some cases, the FDA declares a substance \"generally recognized as safe\" (GRAS). These GRAS substances, including highly refined stevia preparations, are deemed by qualified professionals based on scientific data as being safe for their intended use, or they have such a lengthy history of common use in food that they're considered generally safe and don't require FDA approval before sale.\n\nThe FDA has also established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for each artificial sweetener. This is the maximum amount considered safe to consume each day over the course of your lifetime. ADIs are intended to be about 100 times less than the smallest amount that might cause health concerns.\n<h2>What’s your definition of safe?</h2>\nWhether non-nutritive sweeteners are safe depends on your definition of safe. Studies leading to FDA approval have ruled out cancer risk, for the most part. However, those studies were done using far smaller amounts of diet soda than the 24 ounces a day consumed by many people who drink diet soda. We really don’t know what effect large amounts of these chemicals will have over many years.\n\nAnd there are other health concerns beside cancer. In the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, daily consumption of diet drinks was associated with a 36% greater risk for metabolic syndrome and a 67% increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Aren’t these diseases that artificial sweeteners may help prevent in the first place?\n\nMOST OF THE INFORMATION IN THIS BLOG IS COLLECTED FROM FOLLOWING ARTICLES AND WEBSITES:\nhttps://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/artificial-sweeteners-sugar-free-but-at-what-cost-201207165030\nhttps://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/artificial-sweeteners/art-20046936\nhttps://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/262475.php\nhttps://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/edible-innovations/artificial-sweetener3.htm\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_substitute",
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      "body": "<center><a href='https://d.tube/#!/v/usmanutmanzai/rw6qkr6w'><img src='https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmUkkhgPtgY6rhv23G1iVjLQTkteti1fp3decf4VDNZXsw'></a></center><hr>\n\nIf you’ve ever had surgery, unless you are super tough, you’ve gone through it with the benefit of anesthetics. But, how do these body-numbing elixirs work?\n\nPrior to the invention of anesthesia in the mid-1800s, surgeons had to hack off limbs, sew up wounds and remove mysterious growths with nothing to dull the patient's pain but opium or booze. While these drugs may have numbed the patient, they didn’t always completely block the pain, or erase the memory of it.\n\nSince then, doctors have gotten much better at putting us out with drug combinations that ease pain, relax muscles and, in some cases, put us in a deep state of hypnosis that gives us temporary amnesia. Today, there are two primary types of anesthesia drugs: those that knockout the whole body (general) and those that only numb things up locally.\n\nLocal anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region.\n\nFor serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.\n\nThe earliest examples of general anesthesia include ether and chloroform. But, there is a fine line between the amount of these drugs needed for surgery and the amount that can be fatal; these drugs were often administered with nothing more than a soaked sponge to the nose, which made it hard to control the dose.\n\nToday, the most common modern general anesthetics are mixtures of inhalable gases, which include nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and various derivatives of ether, such as Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, and desflurane. Skilled anesthesiologists administer the drugs via machines that measure the specific amount necessary to keep the patient out for the surgery, but not forever. Additionally, because the drugs interfere with breathing, patients are often intubated — meaning a plastic or rubber tube is inserted in the trachea to keep the airway open — and kept on a mechanical ventilator.\n\n<hr><a href='https://d.tube/#!/v/usmanutmanzai/rw6qkr6w'> ▶️ DTube</a><br /><a href='https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmRsfvu9SBE6i8Gwz38VNKPXvZfzR7N5xTgfG58nTNFfDy'> ▶️ IPFS</a>",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.timsreptiles.co.za/uncategorized/venom-types-and-there-effects-on-humans",
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      "permlink": "the-world-s-deadliest-snakes-and-understand-how-different-venom-s-work",
      "title": "The World's Deadliest Snakes And Understand How Different Venom's Work.",
      "body": "​This article will cover three different snake venom types, Cytotoxic, neurotoxic and hemotoxic. I have also added a category for other” which will describe venom types not covered by the three main types. Please note that many venomous snakes have a combination of venoms not just a single type. Example of this is the Papuan Taipan which has neurotoxic, myotoxins and hemotoxins in its venom, so you will experience the combined effects of all these different types of venom in a single bite.\n\n<h2>Cytotoxins:</h2>\n\n![cobra.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmNbnbbL3HEUZR1XggCTMZtwxSNwU1Wj82SCgEtrcTH3Tj/cobra.jpg)\n\n<h3>Major cytotoxic snakes include: </h3>\nPUFF ADDERS, GABOON ADDERS, MOZAMBIQUE SPITTING COBRA, WESTERN BARRED SPITTING COBRA (Namibia), WOOD’S BLACK SPITTING COBRA.\n\nSpitting Cobras have a Cytotoxic and to a lesser extent Neurotoxic venom.\nRinkhals in some areas have a strong cytotoxic effect as well.\n\n<h3>Minor cytotoxic snakes include:</h3>\nStiletto snake (also known as the burrowing asp), Horned Adder and Many-horned Adder, Night Adder and Snouted Night Adder, Desert Mountain Adder and Plain Mountain Adder.\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5dtpMj9Ehs\n\nSnake venom consists mainly of proteins. It is these proteins which cause the toxic effects on the body. Cytotoxic venom works on a molecular level by destroying the cell membrane thus destroying the tissue cell by cell. The macro effect of this cell destruction and the effect we can see with the naked eye is tissue necrosis. The swelling seen on cytotoxic bites is the bodys immune system flushing the area with lymphatic fluid in order to dilute the effects of the venom and to remove the destroyed cells. Cytotoxic venom will cause extreme pain as your bodies pain response is activated to tell you that you are experiencing a massive injury, our pain response is our nervous systems way of alerting us to bodily damage so we stop and do something about it and pain is relative to the degree of injury suffered, which shows you what a serious injury a cytotoxic envenomation is.  The pain from a cytotoxic bite is almost immediate and swelling and tissue necrosis will begin at the bite site and progress from there as the venom spreads through the body. Imagine getting bitten on the finger by a Puff Adder ( most bites occur on the limbs) you would experience pain from the moment you get bitten alerting you to the fact you are injured, the venom would begin destroying tissue cell by cell resulting in tissue necrosis even bone is slowly eaten away by the venom. You would then get massive swelling as your body desperately tries to slow down the effects of the venom proteins now causing havoc in your body, toxins in the venom will increase your heart rate in order to allow for greater disbursement of venom into your system. The muscle tissue which the cytotoxins are slowly eating away get into your blood stream and end up being filtered through your kidneys and liver, however the pieces of muscle tissue are too big to be properly processed by your kidneys and end up clogging them. Death will not come from the necrosis on your limb but from organ failure, or you will lose a limb and have partially functioning kidneys for the rest of your life. The previous is the worst case scenario were antivenom was needed but not given. Even bites from snakes considered much less venomous such as White Lipped Vipers and Copperheads can result in fewer fingers and reduced kidney function.\n\n<h2>Hemotoxic:</h2>\n\n![Бумсланг_(Dispholidus_typus).jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdxbBLtLdN1UPC8sQzVaFDxYfScxbEGWmVzdKUVXvEY24/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_(Dispholidus_typus).jpg)\n\n<h3>Major haemotoxic snakes include:</h3>\nBOOMSLANG, BIRD or TWIG SNAKE,North American Pit Vipers, Saw Scaled Vipers, African Bush Vipers, White Lipped Vipers.\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtkHNMk2jdE\n\nHemotoxic venoms can work in two ways they can affect the clotting factors in the blood or they will destroy the red blood cells. Imagine being bitten by a Boomslang there would be very little pain at the bite site and symptoms would be delayed for several hours. Inside your body the venom is busy destroying the lining of your red blood cells causing uncontrolled internal bleeding, the first outward signs of this would be bleeding from the bite site and bleeding from your mucus membranes in your mouth and eyes, death would occur from internal bleeding. This type of venom shows little external problems, its your insides that liquefy from massive internal bleeding. North American Pit Vipers have strong hemotoxins in their venom and patients have to go repeatedly for blood tests weeks after the bite to make sure their blood is clotting properly even after anti venom has been administered. There are also hemotoxins which cause the blood to clot. Some Australian Elapids have procoagulants in their venom which causes the blood to clot, you will eventually die of a heart attack as the blood cannot pump through the veins and your heart has to beat ever harder in order to try to circulate blood through your body causing your heart to overwork itself and heart attack follows. Many snakes that have cytotoxic venom also have hemotoxic effects, examples being the North American Pit Vipers, Saw Scaled Vipers, African Bush Vipers, White Lipped Vipers. The bruising seen in snake bites is caused by hemotoxins and dead blood cells can be mistaken for tissue necrosis this has been known to occur with treatment of the South American Lance Heads (Bothrops species). Hemotoxins can also result in kidney problems as the body has to filter large amounts of dead blood cells clogging the kidneys and resulting in reduced kidney function. In some of the bites from these snakes such as Western Diamond Back Rattlesnakes and Copperheads, blood blisters will develop near the bite site, this is caused by bleeding through the tissue just under the surface of the skin.\n\n<h2>Neurotoxins:</h2>\n\n![blackmamba_small.png](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSNzUS97Z8Gw6v3GTLnWcgM3bBLmmubvxprLStHqSrbgX/blackmamba_small.png)\n\n<h3>Major neurotoxic snakes include:</h3>\nBLACK MAMBA, GREEN MAMBA, CAPE COBRA, FOREST COBRA, SNOUTED COBRA (formerly known as Egyptian Cobra), RINKHALS, SEA SNAKES.\n\nRinkhals have a Cytotoxic as well as a Neurotoxic venom.\n\n<h3>Minor neurotoxic snakes include:</h3>\nCoral Snakes, Shield Nose Snakes, Garter Snakes, Berg adders (generally do not cause respiratory distress).\n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKyzoUpxcGA\n\nNeurotoxins in snake venom can be presynaptic or postsynaptic, both types can be found in a single species venom or only one can be present, these two different toxins work on two different nerve functions effecting the way nerve synapses function. Neurotoxins bind to the nerve receptors causing them to stop functioning. Neurotoxins effect the central nervous system and death will result from the nerves in your diaphragm not functioning and you will die from respiratory failure. Other signs of neurotoxic envenomation is drooping eyelids, slurred speech and excessive salvation all caused by nerves not functioning properly. There is very little pain from a neurotoxic snake bite and brain damage does not occur from the venom as the venom molecules are too big to pass through the blood brain barrier, although brain damage will occur from oxygen deprivation should you stop breathing for too long. Permanent nerve damage does not occur in most species such as Mambas and Cobras as the venom does not damage the nerve cell, however with bites from the Asian Kraits permanent or semi-permanent nerve damage can occur as the toxins adhere to the nerve cells for much longer. An interesting side effect from a neurotoxic snake from Australia the Collet’s Snake is the permanent loss of taste or smell after the bite has been successful treated. Bites from Berg Adders can also result in problems with smell and taste, however these effects are not permanent.",
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      "body": "Hi! I am a robot. I just upvoted you! I found similar content that readers might be interested in:\nhttps://www.livescience.com/33731-anesthesia-work.html",
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      "body": "![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmUribRfjmWvrDtC14fkoKByenpMfA2BNHafMHrhfF8hvR/image.png)\n\n\nIf you’ve ever had surgery, unless you are super tough, you’ve gone through it with the benefit of anesthetics. But, how do these body-numbing elixirs work?\n\nPrior to the invention of anesthesia in the mid-1800s, surgeons had to hack off limbs, sew up wounds and remove mysterious growths with nothing to dull the patient's pain but opium or booze. While these drugs may have numbed the patient, they didn’t always completely block the pain, or erase the memory of it.\n\nSince then, doctors have gotten much better at putting us out with drug combinations that ease pain, relax muscles and, in some cases, put us in a deep state of hypnosis that gives us temporary amnesia. Today, there are two primary types of anesthesia drugs: those that knockout the whole body (general) and those that only numb things up locally.\n\nLocal anesthetics block the nerves that connect a particular body part or region to the brain, preventing the nerves from carrying pain signals to your brain. Examples include novocaine shots, which dentists use to numb the nerves in your mouth during a root canal, and epidurals, which allow for a (relatively) painless childbirth by blocking the nerves that originate at the base of the spinal cord and serve the pelvic region. \n\nFor serious surgeries that require a patient to be completely unaware, doctors turn to general anesthesia. This renders patients unconscious with no perception or memory of the surgery (though pain from the surgical procedure will be apparent once you wake up). It also limits the physiological responses to surgical cuts, keeping blood pressure, stress hormone release and heart rate constant during the procedure.\n\nThe earliest examples of general anesthesia include ether and chloroform. But, there is a fine line between the amount of these drugs needed for surgery and the amount that can be fatal; these drugs were often administered with nothing more than a soaked sponge to the nose, which made it hard to control the dose.\n\nToday, the most common modern general anesthetics are mixtures of inhalable gases, which include nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and various derivatives of ether, such as Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, and desflurane. Skilled anesthesiologists administer the drugs via machines that measure the specific amount necessary to keep the patient out for the surgery, but not forever. Additionally, because the drugs interfere with breathing, patients are often intubated — meaning a plastic or rubber tube is inserted in the trachea to keep the airway open — and kept on a mechanical ventilator.\n\nDespite their necessity in modern medicine, scientists aren't sure exactly how anesthetics work. The best theory suggests that they dissolve some of the fat present in brain cells, changing the cells’ activity. But, the precise mechanisms remain unknown. For now, next time you find yourself under the knife, just be happy they do. \n\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_tTymvDWXk",
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-14T10:48:18",
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      "parent_permlink": "news",
      "author": "usmanutmanzai",
      "permlink": "embracing-underdog-status-eagles-players-wear-dog-masks-after-beating-falcons",
      "title": "Embracing 'underdog' status, Eagles players wear dog masks after beating Falcons",
      "body": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRNGp8ZGeZc\n\n\nPHILADELPHIA -- The Eagles embraced the underdog role.\n\nBoy, did they embrace it.\n\nSo much so that a pair of veterans, right tackle Lane Johnson and defensive end Chris Long, went out and bought dog masks -- German Shepherd masks, to be precise -- to sport in order to get into full character in the days leading up to the game.\n\n![i.jpg](https://steemitimages.com/DQmdxrC7THg39AghAAKHXHEK3ZAtVnLeMUgXot99EnghEd1/i.jpg)\n\n\"Me and Chris Long were talking [at lunch], and everybody's calling us underdogs, so hey, let's go get us a dog mask,\" Johnson said. \"That's what we did.\"\n\nThe sixth-seeded Atlanta Falcons entered Saturday's divisional-round game in Philadelphia as three-point favorites. It was the first time in NFL history that a top seed was not favored in its first postseason game.\n\nThe Eagles organization pounced on this angle, playing up the idea that they were being disrespected. The Eagles even hung up copies of analyst predictions to show how many people were siding with the Falcons.\n\nPhilly used that edge to help fight past Atlanta 15-10 and into the NFC Championship Game.\n\nAnd the dog masks were donned after the game.\n\nEDITOR'S PICKS\n\nNick Foles, Eagles prove doubters wrong, advance to NFC title game\nThe underdog Eagles used a mistake-free performance from their backup QB and a spirited defensive performance to advance to the NFC title game.\n\n\nJones on 4th-and-goal play: 'I can make those'\nFalcons receiver Julio Jones didn't make any excuses for slipping and failing to come up with what would have been a winning touchdown reception in the final moments of Saturday's playoff loss to the Eagles.\n\n\"When did Carson [Wentz] go down? Since that point, no one's given us a chance,\" Eagles coach Doug Pederson coach, referring to the QB's Dec. 10 ACL tear. \"I understand Carson's a great player, but every week our guys are hearing the same thing. Now, all of a sudden, we're not good enough? We're 13-3, best record in football, home-field advantage throughout.\n\n\"The guys are gonna motivate themselves based on what they've heard for the last month. It really doesn't matter what you guys talk about, because [our] locker room is united. I'll go to bat for every one of those guys; I'll go to war for every one of those guys in that dressing room.\"\n\nThe loss of Wentz certainly factored into the questions about the Eagles' playoff viability, as did the shaky play of his replacement, Nick Foles, to close out the regular season. On Saturday, the offense was up and down against Atlanta and found the end zone just once, but it was backed by a lights-out defense that came up with a big stand in the shadow of the end zone to close the game.\n\nThe Eagles advance as a result and await the winner of Sunday's game between the New Orleans Saints and Minnesota Vikings. Philadelphia will have home-field advantage again, but as of Saturday, would be underdogs against either foe (Vikings -4.5, Saints -3), per the Westgate Sportsbook.\n\nThe Eagles certainly earned some respect by taking care of the Falcons, but Johnson is holding onto the dog mask, just in case.\n\n\"I would imagine we're probably not going to be favored next week, either,\" Johnson said. \"At this point in the season, it really don't matter; it's anybody's game.\"",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"news\",\"football\",\"superbowl\",\"entertainment\"],\"image\":[\"https://img.youtube.com/vi/CRNGp8ZGeZc/0.jpg\",\"https://steemitimages.com/DQmdxrC7THg39AghAAKHXHEK3ZAtVnLeMUgXot99EnghEd1/i.jpg\"],\"links\":[\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRNGp8ZGeZc\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\",\"format\":\"markdown\"}"
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-14T09:32:12",
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      "author": "cryptorg",
      "permlink": "kodak-launches-own-cryptocurrency-kodakcoin",
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{
  "trx_id": "347460d27073683c1736c5b19de202124321acc6",
  "block": 18966889,
  "trx_in_block": 56,
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-14T09:31:03",
  "op": [
    "comment",
    {
      "parent_author": "cryptorg",
      "parent_permlink": "snapshot-on-the-falcon-rocket-that-will-transport-humans-to-mars-built-by-elon-musk",
      "author": "usmanutmanzai",
      "permlink": "re-cryptorg-snapshot-on-the-falcon-rocket-that-will-transport-humans-to-mars-built-by-elon-musk-20180114t093516718z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "Life on Mars is going to be a truth...\nRead the new news which only 2 days old by Washington Post News Service (DC)\n\n1/11/2018 2:15:18 PM Central Standard Time.\n\nhttps://steemit.com/news/@usmanutmanzai/mars-hides-a-fantastic-find-of-thick-sheets-of-ice-just-below-the-surface",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"mars\"],\"links\":[\"https://steemit.com/news/@usmanutmanzai/mars-hides-a-fantastic-find-of-thick-sheets-of-ice-just-below-the-surface\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}"
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  "timestamp": "2018-01-14T09:28:45",
  "op": [
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    {
      "parent_author": "jungleebitcoin",
      "parent_permlink": "4jnb9l-nasa-s-newly-released-amazing-pictures-of-mars-must-watch",
      "author": "usmanutmanzai",
      "permlink": "re-jungleebitcoin-4jnb9l-nasa-s-newly-released-amazing-pictures-of-mars-must-watch-20180114t093256892z",
      "title": "",
      "body": "awesome post ..... also read the new news which is only 2 days old by \n\nWashington Post News Service (DC)\n\n1/11/2018 2:15:18 PM Central Standard Time.\n\nhttps://steemit.com/news/@usmanutmanzai/mars-hides-a-fantastic-find-of-thick-sheets-of-ice-just-below-the-surface",
      "json_metadata": "{\"tags\":[\"nasa\"],\"links\":[\"https://steemit.com/news/@usmanutmanzai/mars-hides-a-fantastic-find-of-thick-sheets-of-ice-just-below-the-surface\"],\"app\":\"steemit/0.1\"}"
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